Dietary inclusion of watermelon rind powder and Lactobacillus plantarum: Effects on Nile tilapia's growth, skin mucus and serum immunities, and disease resistance.

An eight-week investigation was conducted to access the potential impact of dietary watermelon rind powder (WMRP) and L. plantarum CR1T5 (LP) administered individually or in combination on immunity, disease resistance, and growth rate of Nile tilapia fingerlings cultured in a biofloc system. Three hundred twenty fish (average weight 16.57 ± 0.14 g) were distributed into 16 tanks at a rate of 20 fish per tank. The fish were fed different diets: Diet 1 (0 g kg-1 WMRP and 0 CFU g-1 L. plantarum) (control), Diet 2 (40 g kg-1 WMRP), Diet 3 (108 CFU g-1 LP), and Diet 4 (40 g kg-1 WMRP + 108 CFU g-1 LP) for eight weeks. A completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications was applied. Skin mucus, serum immunity, and growth parameters were analyzed every 4 weeks, and a challenge study against S. agalactiae was conducted at the end of the experiment. The findings showed that the inclusion of WMRP + LP, administrated individually or in a mixture, significantly (P<0.05) stimulated growth, skin mucus, and serum immune parameters of Nile tilapia fingerlings compared with the control. The highest values were detected in fish fed the combination of WMRP and LP, as opposed to individual administration of either WMRP or LP, in which no significant differences were detected. Within the challenge study, the relative percent survival (RPS) in Diet 2, Diet 3, and Diet 4 was 48.0%, 52.0%, and 68.0%, respectively. Fish fed 40 g kg-1 WMRP + LP produced significantly higher RPS and protection against S. agalactiae than the other treated groups. Current results suggest that the dual administration of WMRP and LP maybe an effective feed additive for Nile tilapia grown in an indoor biofloc system, capable of improving growth parameters and increasing resistance to S. agalactiae infection.

Ultrasonic microencapsulation of oil-soluble vitamins by hen egg white and green tea for fortification of food.

We report the microencapsulation of oil soluble vitamins (A, D and E) using a one pot ultrasonic process and raw egg white proteins as a shell material. Green tea catechin/iron complex coating method was further developed to impart UV filtering property to the microcapsules in order to protect the encapsulated nutrients from photodegradation. The microcapsules showed antibacterial properties and long shelf-life. The encapsulated vitamins were protected from degradation upon heating, UV irradiation, simulated storage/transit and cooking processes. The in-vitro digestion study showed that functional vitamin D can be potentially released in the gastrointestinal tract improving vitamin D availability by more than 2-fold compared to the free vitamin. The vitamin D microcapsules were highly stable and maintained their microstructures once incorporated into staple food products. The low-cost egg white shell encapsulated vitamins can improve the nutritional value of staple food products to combat maternal and child malnutrition.

Asperorydines N-P, three new cyclopiazonic acid alkaloids from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus flavus SCSIO F025.

Three new tricyclic cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) related alkaloids asperorydines N-P (1-3), together with six known compounds (4-9) were isolated and characterized from the fungus Aspergillus flavus SCSIO F025 derived from the deep-sea sediments of South China Sea. The structures including absolute configurations of 1-3 were deduced from spectroscopic data, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism (ECD). All compounds were evaluated for the antioxidative activities against DPPH, cytotoxic activities against four tumor cell lines (SF-268, HepG-2, MCF-7, and A549), and antimicrobial activities. Compound 9 showed significant radical scavenging activities against DPPH with an IC50 value of 62.23 µM and broad-spectrum cytotoxicities against four tumor cell lines with IC50 values ranging from 24.38 to 48.28 µM. Furthermore, compounds 4-9 exhibited weak antimicrobial activities against E scherichia coli, and compound 9 also showed antibacterial activity against Bacillus thuringiensis, Micrococcus lutea, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus.

Bioremediation of soils saturated with spilled crude oil.

A desert soil sample was saturated with crude oil (17.3%, w/w) and aliquots were diluted to different extents with either pristine desert or garden soils. Heaps of all samples were exposed to outdoor conditions through six months, and were repeatedly irrigated with water and mixed thoroughly. Quantitative determination of the residual oil in the samples revealed that oil-bioremediation in the undiluted heaps was nearly as equally effective as in the diluted ones. One month after starting the experiment. 53 to 63% of oil was removed. During the subsequent five months, 14 to 24% of the oil continued to be consumed. The dynamics of the hydrocarbonoclastic bacterial communities in the heaps was monitored. The highest numbers of those organisms coordinated chronologically with the maximum oil-removal. Out of the identified bacterial species, those affiliated with the genera Nocardioides (especially N. deserti), Dietzia (especially D. papillomatosis), Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Arthrobacter, Pseudomonas, Cellulomonas, Gordonia and others were main contributors to the oil-consumption. Some species, e.g. D. papillomatosis were minor community constituents at time zero but they prevailed at later phases. Most isolates tolerated up to 20% oil, and D. papillomatosis showed the maximum tolerance compared with all the other studied isolates. It was concluded that even in oil-saturated soil, self-cleaning proceeds at a normal rate. When pristine soil receives spilled oil, indigenous microorganisms suitable for dealing with the prevailing oil-concentrations become enriched and involved in oil-biodegradation.

GC-MS analysis of volatile organic compounds from Bambara groundnut rhizobacteria and their antibacterial properties.

Bacterial metabolites have been observed to be important in new drug formulation for both plant, animals and human beings. The aim of this study was to identify the different bioactive compounds found in three rhizobacterial isolates (B. amyloliquefaciens, B. thuringiensis and Bacillus sp.) from the rhizosphere of Bambara groundnut and to assay for their antibacterial properties. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to carry out the analysis using seven extraction solvents. In the GC-MS analysis, 68 compounds were identified based on peak area percentage, retention time and structure. From the bioactive compounds in B. amyloliquefaciens and B. thuringiensis, the peak area percentage shows that dimethylfuvene from ethyl acetate extraction had the highest relative abundance with 89.11% while Formic acid 2-methylpropyl ester from hexane extraction had the lowest with 6.25%. Others are tridecane, acetic acid butyl ester, paraldehyde, s-(+)-1,2 propanediol, tropone, phthalan and p-xylene with relative abundance of 61.72%, 60.41%, 83.79%, 71.53%, 24.06%, 86.72% and 64.33% respectively. These extracts inhibited the growth of the four test organisms, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Micrococcus cryophilus and Enterococcus feacalis. Butanol extract from B. amyloliquefaciens had 28 mm zone of inhibition against B. cereus compared to 18 mm and 16 mm by Bacillus sp. and B. thuringiensis respectively. Its zone of inhibition was 24 mm zone against M. cryophilus compared to 12 mm and 19 mm by Bacillus sp. and B. thuringiensis respectively. Butanol extract from B. thuringiensis suppressed E. feacalis and P. aeruginosa having 23 mm and 26 mm zones of inhibition respectively. This was higher compared to Bacillus sp. and B. amyloliquefaciens having 18 mm/15 mm and 21 mm/15 mm against E. feacalis and P. aeruginosa respectively. Hexane and ethyl acetate extract from Bacillus sp. suppressed P. aeruginosa with 12 mm and 17 mm inhibition zones respectively compared to no inhibition zones from hexane extract of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. thuringiensis. Zones of inhibition of 2 mm and 6 mm were observed against P. aeruginosa from ethyl acetate extract of B. amyloliquefaciens and B. thuringiensis respectively. These results suggest that the three isolates are quite rich in the production of bioactive compounds that are also very effective antibacterial agents. These volatile organic compounds are promising compounds for more antibacterial bioactivity development.

Onion and Garlic Extracts Potentiate the Efficacy of Conventional Antibiotics against Standard and Clinical Bacterial Isolates.

INTRODUCTION: Onion (Allium cepa L.) and garlic (Allium sativum L.) extracts are traditionally used in many cultures as antimicrobial agents. Nonetheless, there is still a dearth of scientific validation pertaining to the antibacterial and possible antibiotic potentiating activity of these plants. METHODS: Decoction as traditionally used and methanol, ethanol, ethyl acetate, and acetone extracts of onion and garlic were evaluated for their antibacterial activity against 15 bacterial strains (6 ATCC strains and 9 clinical isolates) using the broth microdilution method to establish the minimum inhibitory concentration. The bacteriostatic and bactericidal actions were determined as compared to conventional antibiotics (streptomycin and chloramphenicol). Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) was determined to establish any synergistic interaction between the extracts and antibiotics using a modified checkerboard assay. RESULTS: The ethyl acetate extract of garlic showed bactericidal effect against 1 ATCC (E. coli) and 2 clinical isolates. Streptomycin produced only indifferent effect (FIC 1< and ≤ 4) when combined with ethyl acetate extract of onion. Chloramphenicol showed synergism with ethyl acetate extract of onion against ATCC S. aureus (FIC 0.27-0.30) and Micrococci species (FIC 0.27-0.32). Streptomycin showed mostly antagonism whereas chloramphenicol showed synergism effects with the ethyl acetate extract of garlic. The observed antibacterial activity might be justified due to the presence of high concentration of phenolic compounds in the extracts. CONCLUSION: This study has provided an opportunity to establish valuable baseline information on the antibiotic potentiating activity of onion and garlic which can be further exploited for the treatment and/or management of infectious diseases.

Effect of halotolerant rhizobacteria isolated from halophytes on the growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) under salt stress.

Utilization of rhizobacteria that have associated with plant roots in harsh environments could be a feasible strategy to deal with limits to agricultural production caused by soil salinity. Halophytes occur naturally in high-salt environments, and their roots may be associated with promising microbial candidates for promoting growth and salt tolerance in crops. This study aimed to isolate efficient halotolerant plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterial strains from halophytes and evaluate their activity and effects on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) growth under salinity stress. A total of 23 isolates were initially screened for their ability to secrete 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACD) as well as other plant-growth-promoting characteristics and subsequently identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Three isolates, identified as Micrococcus yunnanensis, Planococcus rifietoensis and Variovorax paradoxus, enhanced salt stress tolerance remarkably in sugar beet, resulting in greater seed germination and plant biomass, higher photosynthetic capacity and lower stress-induced ethylene production at different NaCl concentrations (50-125 mM). These results demonstrate that salinity-adapted, ACD-producing bacteria isolated from halophytes could promote sugar beet growth under saline stress conditions.

Identification and characterization of a laccase from Litopenaeus vannamei involved in anti-bacterial host defense.

Phenoloxidases (POs) are a family of enzymes including tyrosinases, catecholases and laccases, which play an important role in immune defences of various invertebrates. Whether or not laccase exists in shrimp and its function is still poorly understood. In this study, a laccase (LvLac) was cloned and identified from Litopenaeus vannamei for the first time. The full length of LvLac is 3406 bp, including a 2034 bp open reading frame (ORF) coding for a putative protein of 677 amino acids with a signal peptide of 33 aa. LvLac contains three Cu-oxidase domains with copper binding centers formed by 10 histidines, one cysteine and one methionine, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LvLac was close to insects laccase 1 family. LvLac expression was most abundant in heart and the crude LvLac protein could catalyze the oxidation of hydroquinone. Real-time PCR showed that LvLac expression was responsive to Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Micrococcus lysodeikticus and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) infection. Knockdown of LvLac enhanced the sensitivity of shrimps to V. parahaemolyticus and M. lysodeikticus challenge, suggesting that LvLac may play a positive role against bacterial pathogens.

[Secondary metabolites from a deep-sea-derived actinomycete Micrococcus sp. R21].

To investigate cytotoxic secondary metabolites of Micrococcus sp. R21, an actinomycete isolated from a deep-sea sediment (-6 310 m; 142 degrees 19. 9' E, 10 degrees 54. 6' N) of the Western Pacific Ocean, column chromatography was introduced over silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20. As a result, eight compounds were obtained. By mainly detailed analysis of the NMR data, their structures were elucidated as cyclo(4-hydroxy-L-Pro-L-leu) (1), cyclo(L-Pro-L-Gly) (2), cyclo( L-Pro-L-Ala) (3), cyclo( D-Pro-L-Leu) (4), N-ß-acetyltryptamine (5), 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (6), and phenylacetic acid (7). Compound 1 exhibited weak cytotoxic activity against RAW264. 7 cells with IC50 value of 9.1 µmol x L(-1).

Bioremediation potential of microorganisms derived from petroleum reservoirs.

Bacterial strains and metagenomic clones, both obtained from petroleum reservoirs, were evaluated for petroleum degradation abilities either individually or in pools using seawater microcosms for 21 days. Gas Chromatography-Flame Ionization Detector (GC-FID) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were carried out to evaluate crude oil degradation. The results showed that metagenomic clones 1A and 2B were able to biodegrade n-alkanes (C14 to C33) and isoprenoids (phytane and pristane), with rates ranging from 31% to 47%, respectively. The bacteria Dietzia maris CBMAI 705 and Micrococcus sp. CBMAI 636 showed higher rates reaching 99% after 21 days. The metagenomic clone pool biodegraded these compounds at rates ranging from 11% to 45%. Regarding aromatic compound biodegradation, metagenomic clones 2B and 10A were able to biodegrade up to 94% of phenanthrene and methylphenanthrenes (3-MP, 2-MP, 9-MP and 1-MP) with rates ranging from 55% to 70% after 21 days, while the bacteria Dietzia maris CBMAI 705 and Micrococcus sp. CBMAI 636 were able to biodegrade 63% and up to 99% of phenanthrene, respectively, and methylphenanthrenes (3-MP, 2-MP, 9-MP and 1-MP) with rates ranging from 23% to 99% after 21 days. In this work, isolated strains as well as metagenomic clones were capable of degrading several petroleum compounds, revealing an innovative strategy and a great potential for further biotechnological and bioremediation applications.

Yam tuber mucilage as a candidate substance for saliva substitute: in vitro study of its viscosity and influences on lysozyme and peroxidase activities.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the viscosity of yam tuber mucilage (YTM) and its effects on lysozyme and peroxidase activities in solution phase and on surface phase. METHODS: Two kinds of YTM were extracted, one containing both protein and carbohydrate and the other containing mainly carbohydrate. Hen egg-white lysozyme and bovine lactoperoxidase were used as lysozyme and peroxidase sources, respectively. Viscosity was measured with a cone-and-plate digital viscometer. Lysozyme activity was determined using the turbidimetric method, and peroxidase activity was determined using the NbsSCN assay. Hydroxyapatite beads were used as a solid phase. RESULTS: The viscosity values of YTM followed a pattern of a non-Newtonian fluid. The carbohydrate concentration affected the viscosity values at all shear rates, while the protein concentration affected the viscosity values at low shear rates. It could be suggested that YTM composed of 1.0 mg/ml protein and 1.0 mg/ml carbohydrate has viscosity values similar to those of unstimulated whole saliva at shear rates present at routine oral functions. Hydroxyapatite-adsorbed YTM significantly increased the adsorption and subsequent enzymatic activities of lysozyme, but not those of peroxidase. CONCLUSIONS: Yam tuber mucilage has viscoelastic properties similar to those of human saliva and enhances the enzymatic activity of lysozyme on hydroxyapatite surfaces.

Synthesis, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) with silver nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology is expected to open some new aspects to fight and prevent diseases using atomic-scale tailoring of materials. The main aim of this study is to biosynthesize silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using Trichoderma viride (HQ438699); the metabolite of this fungus will help either in reduction of the silver nitrate-adding active materials which will be loaded on the surface of the produced AgNPs. Poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl methacrylate) copolymer (poly (AN-co-MMA)) was grafted with the prepared AgNPs. The poly(AN-co-MMA)/AgNPs were examined against ten different pathogenic bacterial strains, and the result was compared with another four different generic antibiotics. The produced poly(AN-co-MMA)/AgNPs showed high antibacterial activity compared with the four standard antibiotics. Moreover, the grafting of these AgNPs into the copolymer has potential application in the biomedical field.

Experimental investigation of microbiologically influenced corrosion of selected steels in sugarcane juice environment.

In the current study, ferritic stainless grades AISI 439 and AISI 444 were investigated as possible construction materials for machinery and equipment in the cane-sugar industry. Their performance in corrosive cane-sugar juice environment was compared with the presently used low carbon steel AISI 1010 and austenitic stainless steel AISI 304. The Tafel plot electrochemical technique was used to evaluate general corrosion performance. Microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) behaviour in sugarcane juice environment was studied. Four microbial colonies were isolated from the biofilms on the metal coupon surfaces on the basis of their different morphology. These were characterized as Brevibacillus parabrevis, Bacillus azotoformans, Paenibacillus lautus and Micrococcus sp. The results of SEM micrographs showed that AISI 439 and AISI 304 grades had suffered maximum localized corrosion. MIC investigations revealed that AISI 444 steel had the best corrosion resistance among the tested materials. However from the Tafel plots it was evident that AISI 1010 had the least corrosion resistance and AISI 439 the best corrosion resistance.

Design and evaluation of a novel nanoparticulate-based formulation encapsulating a HIP complex of lysozyme.

Formulation development of protein therapeutics using polymeric nanoparticles has found very little success in recent years. Major formulation challenges include rapid denaturation, susceptibility to lose bioactivity in presence of organic solvents and poor encapsulation in polymeric matrix. In the present study, we have prepared hydrophobic ion pairing (HIP) complex of lysozyme, a model protein, using dextran sulfate (DS) as a complexing polymer. We have optimized the process of formation and dissociation of HIP complex between lysozyme and DS. The effect of HIP complexation on enzymatic activity of lysozyme was also studied. Nanoparticles were prepared and characterized using spontaneous emulsion solvent diffusion method. Furthermore, we have also investigated release of lysozyme from nanoparticles along with its enzymatic activity. Results of this study indicate that nanoparticles can sustain the release of lysozyme without compromising its enzymatic activity. HIP complexation using a polymer may also be employed to formulate sustained release dosage forms of other macromolecules with enhanced encapsulation efficiency.

Prenylated acylphloroglucinols, chipericumins A-D, from Hypericum chinense.

Two new tetracyclic prenylated acylphloroglucinols, chipericumins A (1) and B (2), were isolated from the roots of Hypericum chinense, together with two new tricyclic prenylated acylphloroglucinols, chipericumins C (3) and D (4). Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic data. Chipericumins A-D (1-4) are prenylated acylphloroglucinols having a spiro skeleton with an acyl group, a methyl group, a C(5) unit, and a monoterpene moiety in common.

Bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use.

Ear cleaning solutions are designed for repeated use, which raises the possibility for bacterial contamination leading to recurrent or persistent infectious otitis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of bacterial contamination of commercial ear cleaners following routine home use in dogs and to describe the characteristics that are associated with contamination. Used ear cleaner bottles and information regarding their use were obtained from canine owners visiting veterinary dermatologists. Both the bottle applicator tips and the solution contents were cultured for aerobic bacteria. Bacterial contamination was present on 10% of the bottle tips and in 2% of the solutions. Isolated bacteria included Staphylococcus pseudintermedius, Bacillus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp., Micrococcus spp. and Burkholderia cepacia. The contamination rate was significantly higher on the applicator tips than in the solutions (P = 0.0076). The applicator tip contamination rate was significantly higher in expired samples (17%) than in-date samples (4%; P = 0.0277). The bottle sizes were significantly larger for the samples with contaminated applicator tips compared with noncontaminated tips (P = 0.0455). The contamination rate was significantly higher when Tris-EDTA was an ingredient. Cleanliness of the bottle, contact with the ear canal and infection status of the ear at time of culture had no bearing on the contamination rate. In summary, with routine home use of commercial ear cleaners, pathogenic bacterial contamination is of minor concern. This concern may increase when expired products or larger bottles of ear cleaner are used and when Tris-EDTA is an ingredient.

Antiseptic activity and phenolic constituents of the aerial parts of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia.

Four phenolics, salviaplebeiaside (1), γ-tocopherol (2), chrysosplenol-D (4), and isovitexin (5), along with α-tocoquinone (3) and ß-sitosterol (6) were isolated from the aerial parts of Vitex negundo var. cannabifolia. The isolation was performed using bio-assay tracking experiments. The structures of compounds 1-5 were established by spectroscopic means. The antibacterial activities of the compounds were assessed against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Micrococcus tetragenus and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Chrysosplenol-D (4) exhibited activities against all the four spoilage microorganisms.

Prompt diagnosis and treatment of microbial keratitis in a daily wear lens.

PURPOSE: Microbial keratitis (MK) is a serious sight-threatening complication occurring with and without contact lens wear. The task of diagnosing MK is difficult because each presentation of the disease is different and can be mistaken for noninfectious ulcers such as contact lens peripheral ulcer (CLPU). The purpose of this article is to present a case report of MK initially diagnosed as a CLPU. CASE REPORT: We report the incidence of a 21-year-old female presenting with signs and symptoms in her left eye, which initially suggested a CLPU. At the 24-h follow-up, contrary to expected indications of healing, her condition had deteriorated. The diagnosis was reevaluated as an MK. Ciloxan was prescribed under care of an ophthalmologist. Despite initial misdiagnosis, due to aggressive topical treatment and the peripheral location of the lesion, <1 line of vision was lost. DISCUSSION: Defined signs and symptoms criteria have been established for the differential diagnoses of MK and CLPU. However, there is often an overlap in the signs and symptoms that can complicate the diagnosis. A critical sign, however, is progress immediately after lens wear is discontinued. Prophylaxis and rapid appropriate treatment and follow-up are vitally important if there is any doubt and to ensure correct diagnosis and resolution. CONCLUSION: Any diagnosis of CLPU must be monitored carefully to ensure it is not MK. Prompt diagnosis and treatment of MK are essential for a good visual outcome.

Characterisation of lysozyme activity in the in situ pellicle using a fluorimetric assay.

Lysozyme is among the most protective enzymes in the pellicle layer. The aim of the present study was to establish a precise fluorimetric assay for determination and characterisation of lysozyme activity immobilised in the initial in situ formed pellicle. For in situ pellicle formation, bovine enamel slabs were fixed on maxillary splints and carried by six subjects for different times (3, 30 min) on buccal and palatal sites. The enzymatic assay was based on hydrolysis of cell walls from Micrococcus lysodeicticus linked to a fluorogenic substance. When the substrate is hydrolysed, a fluorescing product is released. Furthermore, the effects of chlorhexidine and black tea on lysozyme in the in situ pellicle were investigated. The fluorimetric method allowed direct determination of the enzyme activity with the slab inside the well of a microtiter plate. The mean immobilised activity over all samples amounted to 68.67 +/- 27.35 U/cm(2) (desorbed activity = 46.76 +/- 21.18 U/cm(2)). The enzyme activity exposed at the pellicles' surfaces increased in a time-dependant manner and showed a Michaelis-Menten kinetic. Chlorhexidine and black tea reduced lysozyme activity of the in situ pellicle significantly. After rinsing with tea or chlorhexidine, V(max) was reduced, whereas K(m) remained unaffected indicating a negative allosteric effect of the V type. The fluorimetric method is appropriate for determination of pellicle lysozyme activity. The influence of effectors on immobilised lysozyme activity can be monitored.

[Correlations between the level of bacterial resistance and the rate of clinical efficiency in the therapy of community-acquired respiratory tract infections]. / Corelatii intre nivelul rezistentei bacteriene si rata de succes clinic in terapia infectiilor de tract respirator comunitare.

The aim of the study is to evaluate the efficiency of the first-line antibiotic treatment of the community-acquired respiratory tract infections in a population of young adults from an urban setting and to establish the pattern of antibiotic resistance of the germs involved. The bacteria most frequently identified have been: S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, M. catarrhalis, atypical agents also being suspected. Antibiotic treatment has been chosen accordingly to the recent guidelines, total clinical remission rate being of 91.08%, despite the increasing resistance for the commonly used antibiotics; a close monitoring of the phenomenon is mandatory.