O Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil e a construção de mitos: uma leitura bartheana / The More Doctors in Brazil Project and the construction of myths: a Barthean reading / El Proyect "Más Médicos para Brasil" y la construcción de mitos: una lectura bartheana

O Projeto Mais Médicos para o Brasil (PMMB) tenciona prover recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde por meio da melhoria da infraestrutura da rede de saúde; da ampliação das reformas educacionais dos cursos de Medicina e residência médica; e da provisão de médicos para áreas vulneráveis. A implantação do projeto enfrentou reações contrárias à proposta, envolvendo principalmente as instituições médicas do país. Inspirados no conceito de mito, realizamos uma leitura dos discursos com que o Conselho Federal de Medicina sustentou o debate, por meio da análise do Jornal Medicina durante os primeiros 24 meses da implantação do PMMB. O mito é revelador de como práticas discursivas introduzem no imaginário coletivo alegorias que demarcam espaços ideológicos e permite analisar o processo de disputa social e das condições históricas de formulação e implantação de um programa governamental.

The aim of the More Doctors in Brazil Project (MDBP) is to supply human resources to the Brazilian National Health System by improving the infrastructure of the healthcare network; expanding educational reforms in medical courses and residencies; and supplying physicians to vulnerable areas. The implementation of the MDBP faced strong opposition, especially from Brazilian medical institutions. Inspired by the concept of "myth," the present study conducted a reading of the discourse used by the Brazilian Federal Board of Medicine to support its arguments, by analyzing editions of the Medicina newletter published by the Board in the first 24 months of the project's implementation. The myth reveals how discursive practices introduce allegories into the collective imagery that define ideological spaces and enable an analysis of the process of social dispute and the historical conditions behind the formulation and implementation of a government program.

El objetivo del proyecto "Más Médicos para Brasil" (PMMB) es proporcionar recursos humanos para el Sistema Brasileño de Salud, por medio de la mejora de la infraestructura de la red de salud, de la ampliación de las reformas educativas de los cursos de Medicina y residencia médica y de la provisión de médicos para áreas vulnerables. La implantación del proyecto enfrentó reacciones contrarias a la propuesta, envolviendo principalmente a las instituciones médicas do país. Inspirados en el concepto de mito, realizamos una lectura de los discursos con que el Consejo Federal de Medicina sostuvo el debate, por medio del análisis del Jornal Medicina durante los primeros 24 meses de introducción del PMMB. El mito es un factor revelador de como las prácticas discursivas introducen en el imaginario colectivo alegorías que demarcan espacios ideológicos y permite analizar el proceso de disputa social y de las condiciones históricas de formulación e implantación de un programa gubernamental.

[The importance of the mother archetype in our day's Hungary]. / Az anya archetípus jelentosége a mai Magyarországon.

The worsening demographic situation in our mother country as in Europe too call for the investigation of family life and the feminine role. We began the analysis of the developing problem with the investigation of the spirit of the age in which it appears. We examine the importance of the family life and the woman's role in the foundation of the future. We point out that in the archaic pattern of family life, the mother archetype functions as energy generator from the point of the family and the society. The children make it possible and necessary for the parents to live over again the whole process of human development. Through empathy they make possible the spontaneous corrective examination of the parents own deep psychological relational patterns. These make it certain that family life works psychologically as the source of energy, and workshop.

[A clinical method for the investigation of spirituality]. / A spiritualitás vizsgálhatóságának egy klinikai módszere.

The purpose of the Religion Psychology Department of the National Institute of Psychiatry and Neurology, Budapest, was to provide hospital care and cure for psychiatric patients belonging to different religions and spiritual movements. Modern psychiatric treatment integrates the three main dimensions of psychiatry: the biological, the sociotherapeutic and the psychotherapeutic. To this we have added a fourth field involving the spiritual life. The department was organized by therapeutic community principles. At the beginning our work was made almost impossible by an extreme confusion of worldviews and theological concepts which hindered clients' communication with each other as well as the work of sociotherapy and psychotherapy. Thus it became unavoidable to elaborate a common language and value system. This task was accomplished by searching for common denominators. We traced back most problems to two main factors. The first had to do with the essence of humanness, with the main driving force of the human personality. The second related to the final value system by which human actions are judged. We located the first factor in the human aspiration for development in both the inner and outer life and in the need for community. In our department mutual help, the promotion of development and usefulness for the community came to be regarded the standards of behavior. We used these standards as coordinates in our discussions. These made possible the work of psychotherapy as well as life in the therapeutic community.

Mitologias: perspectivas clínicas dos movimentos de integração e desintegração / Mythologies: clinical perspectives of integration and disintegration movements / Mitologías: perspectivas clínicas de los movimientos de integración y desintegración

Inerentes à vida, em todas as espécies, as dinâmicas de integração e desintegração assumem no humano formas inesperadas e surpreendentes. Desde os primeiros momentos da concepção, na vida intrauterina, durante todo o desenvolvimento e até a morte, essas dinâmicas forjam a existência de cada um, marcando o corpo e a subjetividade. Vivemos e nos desenvolvemos em meio a tais dinâmicas. Em nós convivem e interagem, permanentemente, processos de organização, que promovem a vida, e de desorganização, que tendem a conduzir à morte. Na multiplicação celular e na apoptose, na diferenciação das funções corporais e nos processos neoplásicos de indiferenciação, na complexificação do aparelho em funções psíquicas e na pulverização e dissolução do pensamento e do desejo, entre muitas outras. Dessa perspectiva, sugerida por Freud, na segunda forma de sua teoria das pulsões ("a nossa mitologia", segundo ele), vislumbramos as experiências de prazer e de sofrimento, as manifestações sintomáticas orgânicas, psíquicas, motoras e, mesmo, sociais, no âmbito coletivo. A clínica oferece não apenas um lugar privilegiado para a observação dos processos de integração e desintegração, mas também um recurso relacional para lidar e transformar muitos dos efeitos de suas manifestações. Também ali, no par terapêutico ou na solidão dos momentos de relação impossível, vida e morte manifestam-se por meio de diferentes matizes transferenciais e contratransferenciais, que buscaremos reconhecer e compreender neste trabalho.(AU)

the integration and disintegration dynamics are inherent to all forms of life. In the human being, they assume unexpected and surprising manifestations. From the first moments of conception, during the intrauterine life, throughout the development and even in the death process, these dynamics fake the existence of each one, shaping the body and the subjectivity. We live and we develop throughout those dynamics, in which interact in a permanent way organization processes, promoting life, and disorganization ones, which lead to death, for example in cell proliferation and apoptosis, in neoplastic processes of indifference, in the complexity of the psychic functions and the dissolution of thought and desire, among many others. From this perspective - suggested by Freud in his second theory of drives ("our mythology", as he said), we glimpse the experiences of pleasure and pain, the physical, psychological, motor and even social symptomatic manifestations. The clinic offers us not only a privileged place for the observation of integration and disintegration processes, but also a relational tool to handle and transform many of the effects of those manifestations. Between the therapeutic pair or in the loneliness moments of impossible relationship, life and death manifest themselves through different shades of transference and counter transfers, which we'll seek to recognize and understand in this work.(AU)

En todas las especies, las dinámicas de la integración y la desintegración son inherentes a la vida. En el ser humano, pueden asumir formas inesperadas y sorprendentes. Desde los primeros momentos de la concepción, durante la vida intrauterina, a través del desarrollo e incluso hasta la muerte, estas dinámicas forjan la existencia de cada uno, marcando el cuerpo y la subjetividad. Vivimos y nos desarrollamos en medio a esas dinámicas. En nosotros, conviven et inter ajen (interactúan) de forma permanente, los procesos de organización, que promueven la vida, y los de desorganización, que tienden a provocar la muerte: en la proliferación celular y en la apoptosis, en la diferenciación de las funciones corporales y en los procesos neoplásicos de des diferenciación, en la complejidad de las funciones psíquicas, y en la dispersión y disolución del pensamiento y del deseo, entre muchos otros. Desde esta perspectiva, propuesta por Freud, en su segunda teoría de las pulsiones ("nuestra mitología", dice él), vislumbramos las experiencias de placer y de dolor, las manifestaciones sintomáticas físicas, psicológicas, motoras e incluso sociales. La clínica nos ofrece no sólo un sitio privilegiado para la observación de los procesos de integración y desintegración, sino también un recurso para manejar esas relaciones y transformar muchos de los efectos de sus manifestaciones. También allí, en la pareja terapéutica o en los momentos de soledad de una relación imposible, la vida y la muerte se manifiestan a través de diferentes modulaciones de la transferencia y de la contra transferencia, que trataremos de reconocer y comprender en este trabajo.(AU)

Mitologias: perspectivas clínicas dos movimentos de integração e desintegração / Mythologies: clinical perspectives of integration and disintegration movements / Mitologías: perspectivas clínicas de los movimientos de integración y desintegración

Inerentes à vida, em todas as espécies, as dinâmicas de integração e desintegração assumem no humano formas inesperadas e surpreendentes. Desde os primeiros momentos da concepção, na vida intrauterina, durante todo o desenvolvimento e até a morte, essas dinâmicas forjam a existência de cada um, marcando o corpo e a subjetividade. Vivemos e nos desenvolvemos em meio a tais dinâmicas. Em nós convivem e interagem, permanentemente, processos de organização, que promovem a vida, e de desorganização, que tendem a conduzir à morte. Na multiplicação celular e na apoptose, na diferenciação das funções corporais e nos processos neoplásicos de indiferenciação, na complexificação do aparelho em funções psíquicas e na pulverização e dissolução do pensamento e do desejo, entre muitas outras. Dessa perspectiva, sugerida por Freud, na segunda forma de sua teoria das pulsões ("a nossa mitologia", segundo ele), vislumbramos as experiências de prazer e de sofrimento, as manifestações sintomáticas orgânicas, psíquicas, motoras e, mesmo, sociais, no âmbito coletivo. A clínica oferece não apenas um lugar privilegiado para a observação dos processos de integração e desintegração, mas também um recurso relacional para lidar e transformar muitos dos efeitos de suas manifestações. Também ali, no par terapêutico ou na solidão dos momentos de relação impossível, vida e morte manifestam-se por meio de diferentes matizes transferenciais e contratransferenciais, que buscaremos reconhecer e compreender neste trabalho...

the integration and disintegration dynamics are inherent to all forms of life. In the human being, they assume unexpected and surprising manifestations. From the first moments of conception, during the intrauterine life, throughout the development and even in the death process, these dynamics fake the existence of each one, shaping the body and the subjectivity. We live and we develop throughout those dynamics, in which interact in a permanent way organization processes, promoting life, and disorganization ones, which lead to death, for example in cell proliferation and apoptosis, in neoplastic processes of indifference, in the complexity of the psychic functions and the dissolution of thought and desire, among many others. From this perspective - suggested by Freud in his second theory of drives ("our mythology", as he said), we glimpse the experiences of pleasure and pain, the physical, psychological, motor and even social symptomatic manifestations. The clinic offers us not only a privileged place for the observation of integration and disintegration processes, but also a relational tool to handle and transform many of the effects of those manifestations. Between the therapeutic pair or in the loneliness moments of impossible relationship, life and death manifest themselves through different shades of transference and counter transfers, which we'll seek to recognize and understand in this work...

En todas las especies, las dinámicas de la integración y la desintegración son inherentes a la vida. En el ser humano, pueden asumir formas inesperadas y sorprendentes. Desde los primeros momentos de la concepción, durante la vida intrauterina, a través del desarrollo e incluso hasta la muerte, estas dinámicas forjan la existencia de cada uno, marcando el cuerpo y la subjetividad. Vivimos y nos desarrollamos en medio a esas dinámicas. En nosotros, conviven et inter ajen (interactúan) de forma permanente, los procesos de organización, que promueven la vida, y los de desorganización, que tienden a provocar la muerte: en la proliferación celular y en la apoptosis, en la diferenciación de las funciones corporales y en los procesos neoplásicos de des diferenciación, en la complejidad de las funciones psíquicas, y en la dispersión y disolución del pensamiento y del deseo, entre muchos otros. Desde esta perspectiva, propuesta por Freud, en su segunda teoría de las pulsiones ("nuestra mitología", dice él), vislumbramos las experiencias de placer y de dolor, las manifestaciones sintomáticas físicas, psicológicas, motoras e incluso sociales. La clínica nos ofrece no sólo un sitio privilegiado para la observación de los procesos de integración y desintegración, sino también un recurso para manejar esas relaciones y transformar muchos de los efectos de sus manifestaciones. También allí, en la pareja terapéutica o en los momentos de soledad de una relación imposible, la vida y la muerte se manifiestan a través de diferentes modulaciones de la transferencia y de la contra transferencia, que trataremos de reconocer y comprender en este trabajo...

"Pur sarripu pursa trutin": monster-fighting and medicine in early medieval Scandinavia.

This paper seeks evidence among our extensive Scandinavian mythological texts for an area which they seldom discuss explicitly: the conceptualisation and handling of illness and healing. Its core evidence is two runic texts (the Canterbury Rune-Charm and the Sigtuna Amulet) which conceptualise illness as a "purs" ("ogre, monster"). The article discusses the semantics of "purs," arguing that illness and supernatural beings could be conceptualised as identical in medieval Scandinavia. This provides a basis for arguing that myths in which gods and heroes fight monsters provided a paradigm for the struggle with illness.

The experience of being an Anishinabe man healer: ancient healing in a modern world.

PURPOSE: The purpose was to understand the experience of being an Anishinabe man healer. Of particular relevance, healers explained how they provide Indigenous health care in a world dominated by Western biomedicine. DESIGN: A phenomenological approach was utilized to interview four Anishinabe men healers who reside in the United States and Canada. METHOD: In-person interviews were conducted using an interview guide. The interviews were audiotaped when permitted; otherwise notes were taken. Data analysis was conducted using techniques from Colaizzi and van Manen. FINDINGS: Seven themes were identified: (1) The Healer's Path, (2) Health as Wholeness, (3) Healing Ways, (4) Healing Stories, (5) Culture Interwoven with Healing, (6) Healing Exchange, and (7) Connection with Western Medicine. CONCLUSIONS: The themes identified inform nursing practice by pointing out the importance of culture within traditional Indigenous healing, as well as the need for a holistic approach when caring for Indigenous people. Additionally, the Indigenous men healers acknowledged their connection with Western medicine as part of the process of healing for their clients. This emphasizes the need for nurses and other health care providers to become knowledgeable regarding traditional Indigenous healing that their clients may be receiving, in order to foster open communication.

From victim to heroine: children's stories revisited.

The need to escape reality and the taste for adventure with the unknown fills a universal need for both adults and children. Fairy tales have a powerful grip on the imagination because they are homespun versions of myths and have passionate intensity without epic grandeur. The happy ending of fairy tales reflects gender stereotyping because the heroine usually does very little except sit, wish, and wait for marriage. She has no control over her destiny and no active involvement in selecting or planning her future. These heroines are really passive victims. Sexism was once rampant in children's books. The Oz books, with their independent, courageous, and active heroine were way ahead of their time. The advent of women's liberation has led to a reappraisal of the female in folk literature. Anthropologists have now discovered stories of admirable women who were strong characters in their own epic dramas.

On the Asclepian spirit and the future of psychoanalysis.

The dynamics of the Asclepian myth are analyzed, and generic dynamics of the healing imperative are illustrated. The story teaches much about the early theories and practice of ancient medicine, and originated the healing symbol of the staff and serpent which appears on the emblem of the American Academy. The multi-modal therapeutic approach used at the Asclepia was often climaxed by dream incubation as a centerpiece of the treatment. Dreams from modern physicians in analysis will be introduced to show that while our practice has changed in external trappings, the underlying dynamics of ancient and modern healers reflect a common humanity. Modern therapists have reacquired the use of dreams and invented a new set of explanatory myths. Consideration of future developments leads to linking the "psychosomatic model" of antiquity with the psychopharmacological interventions which are now common-place in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The Asclepian emphasis on spirituality is also finding increasing recognition among psychoanalysts and other scientists.

Utilizing traditional storytelling to promote wellness in American Indian communities.

Utilizing storytelling to transmit educational messages is a traditional pedagogical method practiced by many American Indian tribes. American Indian stories are effective because they present essential ideas and values in a simple, entertaining form. Different story characters show positive and negative behaviors. The stories illustrate consequences of behaviors and invite listeners to come to their own conclusions after personal reflection. Because stories have been passed down through tribal communities for generations, listeners also have the opportunity to reconnect and identify with past tribal realities. This article reports on a research intervention that is unique in promoting health and wellness through the use of storytelling. The project utilized stories to help motivate tribal members to once more adopt healthy, traditional life-styles and practices. The authors present and discuss the stories selected, techniques used in their telling, the preparation and setting for the storytelling, and the involvement and interaction of the group.

Orígenes de la psicoterapia / Origins of psycotherapy

Partiendo del chamán como iniciador de las prácticas que hoy conocemos como psicoterapia, el autor analiza la figura de éste, como sabio poeta y vidente en el contexto de la Grecia clásica de la antigüedad, época donde las concepciones míticas inician su viraje al mundo del logos, base de nuestra cultura occidental, y cuna del logos, como terapia. En dicha transición, el conjuro (epode) propio de las prácticas chamánicas desembocara, por un lado, en el logos filosófico y por ende en la palabra curativa, y por el otro, en la medicina. Dicha escisión, presenta un claro paralelismo con la dicotomía actual entre la physis, y el logos inmerso en las técnicas psicoterapéuticas de hoy en día. Se propone como nuevo paradigma, la Nueva Hermenéutica, que integra la physis y la palabra a su unidad de origen. (AU)

Pre-Hispanic perspectives on the modern Mexican psyche; contemporary subjects and ancient objects. A Mayan text of evolution: the stages of creation in the Popol Vuh or sacred book of the Mayans.

The ancestral tribes of Mexico, like any people living within a certain culture, may be affected by the archetypal images and values of their surroundings. Access to the imagery of the Mayan creation myth, the Popol Vuh, has provided an orientation in my analytical work with Mexican patients as they attempt to recreate themselves by engaging their conflicts around their reality, individuality and capacity to relate. I will address the psychological meaning of the different stages of creation: the original creative event, the man of mud, the man of wood, the false sun and the man of corn. With these images, I will illustrate their clinical application in analytic work with three Mexican middle age male patients dealing with different issues of identity and with a young female patient struggling to separate from a manipulative and destructive family system.

Abordaje transcultural del mito andino / Transcultural approach of the andine myth

Se revisa el mito andino según el cual la escuela representa el triunfo de la cultura invasora (hispánica), con sus propias categorías lógicas y escritura, en desmedro de la tradición oral y el animismo que caracterizan a la cultura quechua. La narración, cargada de metáforas, nos informa del temor que la escuela genera en el niño andino, en tanto espacio de imposición violenta y eventual pérdida de identidad. Tomando en cuenta que la aspiración a la escolaridad parece un anhelo muy sentido dentro de las expectativas sincréticas del mestizaje y que los hallazgos empíricos vendrían a demostrar que el bilingüísmo no es un impedimiento para el adecuado rendimiento escolar de un grupo de niños cusqueños, se replantean los alcances de este mito, circunscrito a las zonas más pobres del sur andino peruano, para dar paso a las aspiraciones de modernidad vía aculturación, prevalentes en la sociedad peruana actual. La riqueza simbólica de los contenidos del mito esclarece la comprensión de un modo de ver el mundo fascinante por su exotismo pero, a fin de cuentas, limitante para una aunténtica integración cultura