RESUMEN
This study evaluated the biological activity of an ether extract and barbatic acid (BAR) from Cladia aggregata on embryos and adult mollusks of Biomphalaria glabrata, cercariae of Schistosoma mansoni and the microcrustacean Artemia salina. The ether extract and BAR were obtained by successive extractions with diethyl ether. The obtained extracts were analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy. The results demonstrated that the ether extract exerted embryotoxic effects at 50 and 100 µg/mL and molluscicidal effects at 20 and 25 µg/mL. BAR exhibited no embryotoxicity, and its molluscicidal concentration was equal to that of the ether extract. However, after 60 min of exposure, 1 µg/mL BAR presented cercaricidal activity against the parasite S. mansoni at the second larval stage. Neither substance induced toxicity against A. salina. These results indicate the potential molluscicidal activities of the ether extract and BAR against B. glabrata and S. mansoni cercariae. In addition to these effects, there was a lack of toxicity against the aquatic environment and no damage to the biota, indicating the potential of these products for large-scale control and/or eradication of schistosomiasis.
Asunto(s)
Biomphalaria/efectos de los fármacos , Ácidos Ftálicos/farmacología , Ácidos Ftálicos/uso terapéutico , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Artemia/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión no Mamífero/efectos de los fármacos , Éter , Moluscocidas/química , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Ácidos Ftálicos/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/toxicidad , Schistosoma mansoni/efectos de los fármacos , Esquistosomiasis/parasitología , Pruebas de ToxicidadRESUMEN
The present study was based on assessments of the molluscicidal and antiparasitic activities of Solanum nigrum villosum. This plant has been collected in Tozeur's traditional oases (south-western Tunisia). Molluscicidal activities of leaves, ripe fruit and unripe fruit extracts of S. n. villosum have been assessed in experimental and semi-field conditions on uninfected Galba truncatula. Antiparasitic activities have also been assessed on larval stages (rediae, intraredial germinal masses and cercariae) of the parasite Fasciola hepatica infecting G. truncatula naturally. The unripe fruit extract (LC50 = 41.2 mg l- 1) was more toxic than the leaf (LC50 = 132.5 mg l- 1) and the ripe fruit (LC50 = 172.8 mg l- 1) extracts on the snail after 48 h of treatment. One mg l- 1 of cupric chloride produced the death of 97% of G. truncatula after 25 days of treatment. Solanum n. villosum extracts used at the lethal laboratory concentration in semi-field conditions were also toxic to G. truncatula. The unripe fruit extract was more toxic than the leaf and the ripe fruit extracts on larval stages of F. hepatica. Maximum deterioration rates were obtained with the unripe fruit extract: 65.6% for rediae, 77.8% for cercariae and 27.6% for intraredial germinal masses after 48 h of treating the snails. The possibility of the unripe fruit extract application for the control of G. truncatula and F. hepatica larval stages should be considered.
Asunto(s)
Fasciola hepatica/efectos de los fármacos , Fascioliasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Fitoterapia , Caracoles/parasitología , Solanum nigrum , Animales , Antiparasitarios/uso terapéutico , Cobre/uso terapéutico , Fasciola hepatica/aislamiento & purificación , Fascioliasis/veterinaria , Frutas , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Control Biológico de Vectores/métodos , Hojas de la Planta , Preparaciones de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Solanum nigrum/química , TúnezRESUMEN
Two extracts from the herbal plant, Commiphora molmol showed a high molluscicidal effect against Lymnaea natalensis. The oil extract was more potent than the oleo-resin. A concentration of 10 ppm of the oil extract killed 100% of L. natalensis after 5th day, but the oleo-resin extract killed 100% of them at a concentration 20 ppm after 5th day.
Asunto(s)
Commiphora/química , Lymnaea/efectos de los fármacos , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Factores de Tiempo , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
The origins of myrrh and frankincense are traced to the Arabian Peninsula. According to Herodotus (5th century BC): "Arabia is the only country which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia and cinnamon ... the trees bearing the frankincense are guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors." Diodorus Siculus writes, in the second half of the first century BC, that "all of Arabia exudes a most delicate fragrance; even the seamen passing by Arabia can smell the strong fragrance that gives health and vigor." He also mentioned gold mines so pure that no smelting was necessary. The Magi, carrying myrrh, frankincense, and gold, came from the East: Arabia. The frankincense trade route, with transport by donkeys and later by camel caravans, reached Jerusalem and Egypt from the Dhofar region of what is today Oman, through Yemen, turning north to follow the Red Sea coast. It is likely that the same or similar species of the resin-bearing plants grew across the Red Sea in the area that is now Somalia and Ethiopia, while the collection of the gum resins was initiated in Arabia. Myrrh contributed much in the human welfare. This review selected some but not all of the value application of myrrh (Commiphora molmol).
Asunto(s)
Commiphora/química , Medicina en la Literatura , Aceites de Plantas/química , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antiinfecciosos/uso terapéutico , Antiinflamatorios no Esteroideos/uso terapéutico , Arabia , Egipto , Etiopía , Grecia , Humanos , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Resinas de Plantas , TerpenosRESUMEN
Seven species of Solanum were screened for their molluscicidal properties against Biomphalaria glabrata, the intermediated host of Schistosoma mansoni, Solanum agrarium, S. jabrense, S. melissarum, S. megalonyx, S. paludosum, S. paraibanum and S. stipulaceum. Four extracts showed molluscicidal activity with LC(50) from 22 to 56 microg/ml.
Asunto(s)
Biomphalaria , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solanum , Animales , Biomphalaria/parasitología , Brasil , Vectores de Enfermedades , Frutas , Humanos , Concentración 50 Inhibidora , Medicina Tradicional , Moluscocidas/administración & dosificación , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Hojas de la Planta , Raíces de Plantas , Schistosoma , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
Members of the genus Echinops in the family of Asteraceae are widely used in Ethiopian herbal medicine for the treatment of various diseases and illness such as migraine, diarrhea, heart pain, different forms of infections, intestinal worm infestation and hemorrhoid. Hydroalcoholic extracts of the root, flower head, leaf and stem of Echinops ellenbeckii O. Hoffm. and Echinops longisetus A. Rich were investigated for their chemical constituents and biological activities. The presence of alkaloids, saponins, phytosterols, polyphenols and carotenoids in the different parts of the plants was observed whilst anthraquinones were not detected. The leaf extracts of both plants and stem extract of E. longisetus showed strong inhibitory activity against cultures of Staphylococcus aureus. None of the extracts were found to be active against Gram-positive organisms. The flower extract of E. ellenbeckii showed strong inhibitory activity against Candida albicans. Root and flower extracts of the plants investigated showed lethal activity against earthworms. Moreover, the extracts of the roots of both plants showed molluscicidal activity against schistosome-transmitting snail hosts. The biological activities observed were dose dependent.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Asteraceae , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Animales , Antihelmínticos/administración & dosificación , Antihelmínticos/farmacología , Antihelmínticos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Etiopía , Flores , Medicinas Tradicionales Africanas , Moluscos/efectos de los fármacos , Moluscocidas/administración & dosificación , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Oligoquetos/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas , Esquistosomiasis/prevención & control , Caracoles/efectos de los fármacos , Caracoles/parasitologíaRESUMEN
The endod (Phytolacca dodecandra)-based schistosomiasis mansoni control project was implemented in Ethiopia between 1994 and 1999. The aim was to develop an effective, cheap and sustainable method of controlling schistosomiasis. First, different formulations of the Ethiopian endod strain 44 (E-44) were compared for potency in the laboratory. Secondly, spray and drip-feeding methods were compared for simplicity and effectiveness in the field. Lastly, the efficacy of endod powder soap was compared with the endod spray method. In Bati stream, endod powder soap was distributed to the residents every weekend at laundry sites. In Worke stream, endod was sprayed along a 1-km stretch of the stream at 3-month intervals. No endod was applied in Harbu stream. The immediate and long-term effects of endod application on the snail population and schistosomal infection were determined. Using the spray method, 100% snail mortality could be obtained, and it was simpler and more effective than the drip-feeding method. Snail mortality ranged from 20 to 100% using endod soap. There was a progressive decline in the snail population and infection in Bati stream compared with Worke stream, mainly due to sustained use of endod soap. The advantages and disadvantages of the different endod delivery systems are discussed.
Asunto(s)
Vectores de Enfermedades , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Control de Plagas/métodos , Phytolacca dodecandra , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/prevención & control , Jabones/uso terapéutico , Animales , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Etiopía/epidemiología , Moluscocidas/química , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/epidemiología , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/transmisión , Caracoles , Jabones/químicaRESUMEN
The essential oil, various extracts at different polarity, fractions, and pure compounds obtained from Nigella damascena plants and seeds were screened for biological activity. Antimicrobial tests showed the essential oil to be active only against Gram positive bacteria; among the extracts, the BuOH was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus. Molluscicidal activity was absent.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Nigella damascena , Fitoterapia , Aceites de Plantas/farmacología , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/administración & dosificación , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Gramnegativas/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Moluscocidas/administración & dosificación , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/uso terapéutico , Caracoles/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
The methanolic extract of the fresh root bark and berries of Solanum aculeastrum showed significant activity against host snails of schistosomiasis. The berries extract was more potent with 100% snail kill at 50 ppm. Fractionation increased activity with 100% mortality at 20 ppm. The aqueous and methanolic extracts of the berries showed moderate antimicrobial activity, increasing by fractionation.
Asunto(s)
Antibacterianos/farmacología , Biomphalaria/efectos de los fármacos , Bacterias Grampositivas/efectos de los fármacos , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Fitoterapia , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Solanum , Animales , Antibacterianos/administración & dosificación , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Frutas , Humanos , Moluscocidas/administración & dosificación , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológicoRESUMEN
In the present study, the effects of CuSo4 and crude extracts of the different parts of Calendula micrantha officinalis and Ammi majus, i. e., leaves, stems, roots, and flowers, on adult Biomphalaria alexandrina and Bulinus truncatus were investigated. Generally, leaves and flowers of both plants exhibited marked potency in killing the snail vectors of schistosomiasis. The recorded LC50 and LC90 values showed that C. officinalis was more toxic to both snails than A. majus, and B. truncatus are more sensitive to the extracts of both plants than B. alexandrina. Snails that are produced from snails previously exposed to low doses were more sensitive to the tested extracts, which may give primary indication of no possibility of inherited resistance. Moreover, prolonged exposure to the sublethal concentrations of A. majus have a definite lethal effect on the egg laying and longevity of both snails. Also, treatment with sublethal doses of both plants clearly inhibited the transaminase activity (ALAT, ASAT), diminished the total protein content, and increased markedly total lipid contents in the hemolymph of both snails.
Asunto(s)
Hemolinfa/enzimología , Moluscocidas/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales/metabolismo , Esquistosomiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Alanina Transaminasa/metabolismo , Animales , Aspartato Aminotransferasas/metabolismo , Biomphalaria , Bulinus , Sulfato de Cobre/toxicidad , Fungicidas Industriales/toxicidad , Hemolinfa/efectos de los fármacos , Dosificación Letal Mediana , Moluscocidas/metabolismo , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Raíces de Plantas/metabolismo , Tallos de la Planta/metabolismo , Análisis de RegresiónRESUMEN
The West African legume Millettia thonningii is used in Ghana as an anthelmintic and as a purgative agent. A chloroform extract of the seeds of Millettia thonningii which is known to be molluscicidal and cercaricidal was topically applied to mouse skin 2 and 24 h prior to exposure to Schistosoma mansoni cercariae. The presence of Millettia thonningii extract components on the surface of the skin appeared to be effective in preventing subsequent establishment of infection. The compound responsible for the activity is thought to be the isoflavonoid alpinumisoflavone.
Asunto(s)
Fabaceae , Moluscocidas/farmacología , Plantas Medicinales , Schistosoma mansoni/efectos de los fármacos , Esquistosomiasis mansoni/prevención & control , Semillas , Administración Tópica , Animales , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Femenino , Flavonoides/administración & dosificación , Flavonoides/química , Flavonoides/farmacología , Flavonoides/uso terapéutico , Ratones , Moluscocidas/administración & dosificación , Moluscocidas/química , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Extractos Vegetales/química , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Piel/efectos de los fármacos , Solubilidad , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
Molluscicides are crucial for the control of schistosomiasis. The need to use plant molluscicides has received increased interest as an inexpensive technology because of the high cost of synthetic compounds for snail control in the endemic areas of poor nations of the world. Laboratory screening of Nigerian medicinal plants has shown that some of these contain chemicals which are among the most potent natural molluscicides available today. Field trials have been carried out on Tetrapleura tetraptera, locally known as Aridan, which is widely distributed in West Africa and can be collected and processed locally for the control of schistosomiasis. Research efforts in identifying botanical molluscicides, such as Aridan, should be encouraged by strong support, both from the Government and the private sector, in a current period of economic depression.
Asunto(s)
Moluscocidas/aislamiento & purificación , Plantas Medicinales , Schistosoma/fisiología , Esquistosomiasis/prevención & control , Animales , Biomphalaria , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Frutas , Humanos , Moluscocidas/uso terapéutico , Nigeria , Schistosoma/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Although mollusciciding can be a cost-effective method of controlling schistosomiasis transmission, only one organic molluscicide, niclosamide, is now being produced commercially, and only a few compounds are at present being tested in the laboratory. In future, improved cost-effective use of molluscicides will require more precise knowledge of schistosomiasis transmission patterns in each endemic area and improved application techniques. In snail control studies using controlled-release formulations only the organotins, especially tributyltin oxide (TBTO), have given satisfactory long-term results. However, large-scale field trials of organotin formulations have not been implemented and their use cannot be recommended as their chronic toxicity in mammals has not yet been determined. The development of molluscicides of indigenous plant origin deserves support. Endod, derived from the berries of the climbing plant Phytolacca dodecandra, is the most extensively tested plant molluscicide, but data on its chronic toxicity to non-target organisms are lacking. The mode of action of molluscicides has not been extensively studied, though knowledge of the properties required of molluscicidal molecules has contributed to the discovery and development of niclosamide and nicotinanilide. In general, molluscicides probably cause stress on the water balance system, which in gastropods in thought to be under neurosecretory control.