Efeito in vitro do extrato etanólico das folhas do melão-de-São-Caetano (Momordica charantia L. ) sobre ovos e larvas de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos / In vitro effect of the ethanolic extract of "melão de São Caetano" (Momordica charantia L. ) leaves on the eggs and larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from goats

O experimento in vitro foi realizado para avaliar a ação do extrato etanólico das folhas do melão-de-São-Caetano (Momordica charantia L.) sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos e motilidade de larvas de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos. As larvas foram obtidas de coproculturas e a recuperação de ovos foi feita pela técnica dos quatro tamises, a partir de fezes de caprinos naturalmente infectados da mesorregião do Sertão Paraibano. O extrato foi utilizado nas diluições de 50; 25; 12,5; 6,25 e 3,12 por cento para ambos os testes e como controle positivo e para controle negativo, utilizou-se água destilada estéril. As placas foram examinadas ao microscópio óptico para contagem dos ovos em desenvolvimento e larvas móveis e imóveis, após 24, 48 e 72 horas de incubação. As concentrações do extrato etanólico de M. charantia e os tratamentos controle negativo e positivo diferiram quanto ao número de ovos inviáveis. No teste de motilidade larval as concentrações acima de 12 por cento apresentaram médias significativas quanto ao número de larvas inviáveis. Nas condições ensaiadas a M. charantia apresentou atividade ovicida e larvicida.

The experiment in vitro was performed to evaluate the action of the ethanolic extract of "melão de São Caetano" (Momordica charantia L.) leaves on the development of eggs and motility of larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes from goats. The nematode larvae were obtained from coproculture and the recovery of eggs was done in sieves, from feces of naturally infected goats from the Mesoregion of Paraíba State. The extract was used at the dilutions of 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.12 percent for both tests and as positive control; for negative control, sterile distilled water was used. The plates were examined under optical microscope to count the eggs in development and mobile larvae after 24, 48 and 72 h of incubation. The concentrations of M. charantia ethanolic extract and the negative and positive controls differed as to the number of eggs that were not viable. In the larval motility test, concentrations higher than 12 percent had significant means as to the number of larvae that were not viable. Under the tested conditions, M. charantia showed larvicidal and ovicidal activity.

Avaliação da eficácia de taboa (Typha domingensis Pers.) e batata-de-purga [Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples] in natura sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos, naturalmente infectados, em clima semi-árido / Evaluation of the effectiveness of "taboa" (Typha domingensis Pers.) and "batata-de-purga" [Operculina hamiltonii (G. Don) D.F. Austin & Staples] in natura on gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, naturally infected, in the semi-arid region

Avaliou-se a eficácia da Typha domingensis (taboa) e da Operculina hamiltonii (batata-de-purga) in natura sobre nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos, naturalmente infectados, em clima semi-árido. Foram utilizados 30 caprinos da raça Moxotó, e o rizoma da taboa e a raiz da batata-de-purga, avaliados através da fitoquímica. As fezes foram coletadas nos dias zero, sete e 25, após, o tratamento da contagem de OPG. Os animais foram distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Grupo I tratado com Moxidectina 0,2 por cento em dose única de 0,5 mg Kg-1; o Grupo II tratado com Taboa na dose (10 g 20 Kg-1 peso vivo); Grupo III com batata-de-purga na dose de 9 g 20 Kg-1 p.v.; Grupo IV tratado com taboa 10 g 20 Kg-1 p.v. associada a batata 9 g 20 Kg-1 p.v. durante três dias consecutivos, todos administrados oralmente e o Grupo V como grupo controle. Os grupos tratados apresentaram redução no número médio de OPG aos 7 e 25 dias pós-tratamento, quando comparado com o grupo controle no respectivo período, sendo a batata-de-purga com maior redução aos 7 e a taboa aos 25 dias. A maior eficácia foi da batata-de-purga de 84 por cento e 70 por cento, nos dias 7 e 25 pós-tratamento. Verificou-se que a batata-de-purga foi eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais de caprinos no clima semi-árido e que a taboa associada com a batata tem potencial para serem utilizadas em programas alternativos de controle parasitário.

The effectiveness of Typha domingensis ("taboa") and Operculina hamiltonii ("batata-de-purga") in natura was evaluated on gastrointestinal nematodes of goats, naturally infected, in the semi-arid region. Thirty Moxotó goats were used, and the rhizome of "taboa" and the root of "batata-de-purga" were analyzed through phytochemistry. Feces were collected on days zero, seven and 25 after the treatment for FECs. The distribution of animals was completely at random, with five treatments and six replicates. Group I was treated with Moxidectin 0.2 percent in a single dose of 0.5 mg kg-1; Group II was treated with "taboa" at the dose of 10 g 20 Kg-1 body weight; Group III was treated with "batata-de-purga" at the dose of 9 g 20 Kg-1 b.w.; Group IV was treated with "taboa" at 10 g 20 Kg-1 b.w. associated with "batata-de-purga" at 9 g 20 Kg-1 b.w. during three consecutive days. All treatments were orally administered and Group V was used as control. Treated groups showed a reduction in the average number of FECs at seven and 25 days post-treatment when compared to the control group in the respective period; "batata de purga" had a greater reduction at seven days, while "taboa" showed a more pronounced reduction at 25 days. The highest effectiveness was observed for "batata de purga": 84 percent and 70 percent at seven and 25 days post treatment. "Batata-de-purga" was effective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes of goats in the semi-arid climate and "taboa" associated with "batata de purga" have the potential to be used in alternative programs for parasite control.

Avaliação in vitro do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHA) de alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham. ) sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos de nematódeos gastrointestinais (Trichostrongylidae) / In vitro evaluation of alecrim pimenta (Lippia sidoides Cham. ) hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) on the development of gastrointestinal nematode (Trichostrongylidae) eggs

Atualmente a fito medicina vem sendo usada no controle de diversas doenças parasitárias particularmente as parasitoses gastrointestinais. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a eficácia do extrato hidroalcoólico (EHA) de Lippia sidoides Cham sobre o desenvolvimento de ovos de nematódeos gastrointestinais. O efeito ovicida foi determinado através de análise probabilística, modelo logístico, utilizados os softwares R versão 2.2.1 e EPI6. Foram obtidos ovos embrionados em fezes de cabras naturalmente infectadas com nematóides Trichostrongylidae e o número de ovos fecais foi determinado usando-se a técnica modificada de McMaster. Cinquenta μL da suspensão contendo 40 ovos foram transferidas a placas de poliestireno e incubadas com 12 concentrações diferentes do EHA sendo avaliada durante 72 horas a temperatura ambiente. Os resultados demonstraram diferentes eficácias para o fito medicamento com menor taxa de desenvolvimento de ovos na concentração de 500 mg mL-1 . Conclui-se que o EHA pode ter papel importante sobre o desenvolvimento in vitro de ovos de nematóides gastrintestinais, revelando atividade ovicida.

Phytomedicine has been currently used in the control of several parasitic diseases, particularly gastrointestinal ones. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) from Lippia sidoides Cham. on the development of gastrointestinal nematode eggs. The ovicidal effect was determined through probabilistic analysis, logistic model, by using the programs R version 2.2.1 and Epi InfoTM 6. Embryonated eggs were obtained from feces of goats naturally infected with Trichostrongylidae nematodes and the fecal egg count was determined by using the modified McMaster technique. Fifty microliters of the suspension containing 40 eggs were transferred to polystyrene plates and incubated with 12 different HAE concentrations, and evaluations were performed during 72h at room temperature. The results demonstrated different efficacy of extracts, with lower egg development rate at 500 mg mL-1. In conclusion, HAE may play an important role on the in vitro development of gastrointestinal nematode eggs, indicating ovicidal activity.

Occurrence of plant parasitic nematodes (Tylenchina) in sugar beet fields in Fars province, Iran.

On a survey of plant parasitic nematode fauna, belonging to the suborder Tylenchina, about 110 soil and root samples were collected from different sugar beet field in fars Province in Iran. The samples were washed and the nematodes were extracted by Centrifugal Flotation Technique according to the modified method by De Grisse, 1969. They were fixed and transferred to glycerine, then permanent slides were mounted. Morphological and morphometrical characters of collected species were carefully studied and the characters were compared with the original descriptions and differences were discussed. In this study 18 species belonging to 11 different genera of subordes Tylenchina were identified as follows. Boleodorus thylactus, Ditylenchus destructor, D. dipsaci Geocenamus brevidens, G. rugosus, Helicotylenchus digonicus, H. pseudorobustus, H. vulgaris, Heterodera filipjevi, H. schachtii, Pratylenchus neglectus, P. thornei, Psilenchus hilarulus, P. hilarus, Stictylus mucronatus, Tylenchorhynchus ventrosinatus, Tylenchus davainei and Zygotylenchus guevarai. The species of the genera Ditylenchus, Heterodera, Pratylenchus and Psilenchus were comparatively more distributed than the others. This investigation revealed that sugar beet cyst nematode (Heterodera schachti) was found already in most sugar beet fields in this Province. Fathabod, Marvdasht and Tasuj-kwar were the most infested areas. Cysts collected from 100 gr. Of soil samples were 120 to 121 in number and the eggs and second stage larvae in each gr. of soil were 104.1 to 104.5 respectively.

Nutritional requirements of Pochonia chlamydospora and ARF18, fungal parasites of nematode eggs.

Twenty carbohydrates (C), 18 nitrogen compounds (N), and 9 vitamins were examined for their effects on the growth and conidiation of the nematode-egg-parasitic fungi Arkansas Fungus 18 (ARF18, isolate 908) and Pochonia chlamydospora var. chlamydospora in solid and liquid cultures. Glycogen was the best, and inulin, D-(+)-galactose, and soluble starch were good C sources for the growth of ARF18 in both solid and liquid cultures. ARF18 could not utilize alpha-cellulose in liquid; alpha-lactose and D-mannitol in solid; and D-(+)-xylose, L-(-)-sorbose, and D-(-)-ribose in both solid and liquid cultures. Casein was the best N source for ARF18 growth in both solid and liquid cultures and L-aspartic acid, DL-glutamic acid, peptone, and L-histidine were good in solid culture. ARF18 could not utilize L-cystine and L-tyrosine in solid culture, and L-cystine, DL-methionine, peptone, L-proline, and ammonium nitrate in liquid culture. Supplement of vitamins appeared to be unnecessary for ARF18 to grow. For P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth, all test C sources, except L-(-)-sorbose, alpha-cellulose, citric acid, and D-(+)-glucose, were good in both solid and liquid cultures. Most N compounds were good for P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth with casein and peptone the best. Vitamins had limited effect on P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora growth. P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora conidiation was well supported by D-(-)-ribose, D-(-)-fructose, melibiose, and D-(+)-galactose as C sources and by L-aspartic acid, DL-glutamic acid, and L-arginine as N sources. Excluding myo-inositol from the medium containing all other test vitamins increased P. chlamydospora var. chlamydospora conidiation, while excluding pyridoxine appeared to reduce its conidiation.

Effect of condensed tannins extracted from four forages on the viability of the larvae of deer lungworms and gastrointestinal nematodes.

The inhibitory activity of condensed tannins extracted from four forage legume plants were evaluated by using a larval migration inhibition assay. The first (L1) and third (L3) stages of deer lungworm (Dictyocaulus viviparus), and the third stage (L3) of deer gastrointestinal nematodes were incubated with tannins extracted from Lotus pedunculatus, Lotus corniculatus, sulla (Hedysarum coronarium) and sainfoin (Onobrychus viciifolia). The tannins extracted from all the forages had inhibitory activity as measured by their ability to paralyse the larvae and inhibit them from passing through sieves. At the highest concentration used (1200 microg/ml) the tannins extracted from sainfoin had the highest activity against ensheathed L1 lungworm larvae (58 per cent), followed by L. pedunculatus (45 per cent), sulla (42 per cent) and L. comiculatus (35 per cent) when the larvae were incubated at 37 degrees C. The same trend, but with lower activities, was observed when the larvae were incubated at 22 degrees C. Anthelmintic activity against L3 lungworm larvae was evaluated by measuring the death rate of ensheathed L3 larvae after incubation with condensed tannins for two, 24 and 48 hours at room temperature (22 degrees C). The death rate was significantly higher (P<0.001) after 48 hours incubation than after two hours or 24 hours, and significantly higher (P<0.001) after 24 hours than after two hours incubation. Condensed tannins from sainfoin had the highest inhibitory activity followed by L. pedunculatus, sulla and L. comiculatus. The tannins from sainfoin also had the highest activity against L3 larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes, followed by L. pedunculatus, sulla and L. comiculatus. Exsheathed larvae of gastrointestinal nematodes were significantly more susceptible to the action of the tannins than ensheathed larvae.

Contaminaçäo por enteroparasitas em hortaliças comercializadas nas cidades de Niterói e Rio de Janeiro, Brasil / Intestinal parasites contamination from vegetables comercialized in Niterói and Rio de Janeiro cities, Brazil

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminaçäo por enteroparasitas em hortaliças consumidas cruas comercializadas nas cidades de Niterói e Rio de Janeiro. Foram estudadas 128 amostras de hortaliças - alface (Lactuca sativa) e agriäo (Nasturtium officinale) provenientes do comércio (supermercados, feiras-livre e quitandas) e de restaurantes tipo self-services. Apenas 6,2 por cento das amostras apresentaram presença de estruturas parasitárias com morfologia semelhante as de espécies parasitas de animais. Foi encontrado presença de contaminantes como ácaros, ovos de ácaros, insetos, larvas de nematóides e protozoários ciliados em quase todas as amostras (96,1 por cento), inclusive nas de restaurantes. Este alto percentual sugere a presença de risco de infecçäo, pois associado a esses agentes poderiam existir estruturas parasitárias infectantes para o homem

A DNA library from an individual Beta patellaris chromosome conferring nematode resistance obtained by microdissection of meiotic metaphase chromosomes.

We have used a standard protocol established for human chromosomes to create a chromosome-specific plasmid library from a Beta patellaris chromosome conferring nematode resistance. A monosomic addition line was chosen carrying 18 sugar-beet (Beta vulgaris L.) and one wild-beet (B. patellaris) chromosome. The wild-beet chromosome can readily be identified as a univalent during metaphase I of meiosis. Highly synchronized meiotic material was used to excise the univalents from four pollen mother cells. The chromatin was lysed in a 1 nl collection drop, the DNA purified and restricted with Rsa I, ligated into a vector containing universal sequencing primers, and amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The amplified DNA was inserted into a standard plasmid vector and cloned. Approximately 23,000 recombinant plasmids were obtained of which 15,800 could be utilized. Their insert sizes ranged from 80 to 700 bp with an average of 130 bp. 61 clones were tested in more detail by genomic Southern hybridization with sugar-beet and wild-beet DNA. Of these 32 plasmids (52%) contained single-copy inserts, 11 (18%) were specific for wild-beet DNA indicating that the DNA cloned originates in the univalent chromosome. The application of this technique for establishing high-density RFLP maps for discrete regions of plant genomes is discussed.