RESUMEN
This systematic review identified 45 original published research articles related to oil and gas extraction activities and human reproductive endpoints. Reproductive outcomes were categorized as [1] birth outcomes associated with maternal exposure, [2] semen quality, fertility, and birth outcomes associated with adult paternal exposure, [3] reproductive cancers, and [4] disruption of human sex steroid hormone receptors. The results indicate there is moderate evidence for an increased risk of preterm birth, miscarriage, birth defects, decreased semen quality, and prostate cancer. The quality of the evidence is low and/or inadequate for stillbirth, sex ratio, and birth outcomes associated with paternal exposure, and testicular cancer, female reproductive tract cancers, and breast cancer, and the evidence is inconsistent for an increased risk of low birth weight; therefore, no conclusions can be drawn for these health effects. There is ample evidence for disruption of the estrogen, androgen, and progesterone receptors by oil and gas chemicals, which provides a mechanistic rationale for how exposure to oil and gas activities may increase the health risks we have outlined. The results from this systematic review suggest there is a negative impact on human reproduction from exposure to oil and gas activities. Many of the 45 studies reviewed identified potential human health effects. Most of these studies focused on conventional oil and gas activities. Few studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of unconventional oil and gas operations on human health. The impact of unconventional oil and gas activities may be greater than that of conventional activity, given that unconventional activities employ many of the same approaches and use dozens of known endocrine-disrupting chemicals in hydraulic fracturing.
Asunto(s)
Disruptores Endocrinos/efectos adversos , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales/efectos adversos , Gas Natural/efectos adversos , Yacimiento de Petróleo y Gas , Industria del Petróleo y Gas , Petróleo/efectos adversos , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Anomalías Inducidas por Medicamentos/etiología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Femenino , Fertilidad/efectos de los fármacos , Neoplasias de los Genitales Femeninos/inducido químicamente , Neoplasias de los Genitales Masculinos/inducido químicamente , Humanos , Fracking Hidráulico , Infertilidad/inducido químicamente , Infertilidad/fisiopatología , Masculino , Exposición Materna/efectos adversos , Exposición Paterna/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Complicaciones del Embarazo/inducido químicamente , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Receptores de Esteroides/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Esteroides/metabolismo , Medición de Riesgo , Factores de Riesgo , Espermatozoides/efectos de los fármacos , Espermatozoides/patologíaRESUMEN
A patient with psoriasis was found to have a large skin tumor on his scrotum. He had received psoralen and ultraviolet A radiation therapy to control psoriasis. Histopathologic study revealed that the tumor was a well-differentiated squamous cell carcinoma. We present this rare case and suggest that the genitalia be shielded during ultraviolet therapy.