Fluid intake, hydration status and body mass changes in U-15 judo athletes during a training day

Despite numerous studies related to dehydration there is still a lack of scientific literature presenting hydration status and fluid intake of judo athletes during different periods. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate, fluid intake, hydration status and body weight changes of young judo athletes during a typical day of training in preparation period. Twenty-two young judo athletes (age: 12 ± 0.7 y, experience: 3.5 ± 1.1) voluntarily participated in this study. Hydration status and weight were examined in the morning, before and immediately after the training. All athletes trained 90 min and they consumed fluids ad libitum during the exercise. According to morning urine specific gravity (USG) values, 81.2% of the athletes were dehydrated while only 18.8% of the athletes were euhydrated. Pre-training urine measurements showed that 63.64% of the athletes presented dehydration and 77.27% of the athletes completed the training in dehydrated condition despite fluid availability during the training. Mean body weight loss during training was -0.64 ± 0.66%. It can be concluded that young judo athletes presented high prevalence of dehydration as indicated by USG values. Most of the athletes were dehydrated during a typical training day and completed the training in more dehydrated conditions compared to pre training values despite ad libitum fluid intake. It is of great importance to evaluate hydration status of the athletes before training to refrain from common practice of fluid restriction for weight loss and adverse effects of a persistent state of fluid deficit on physical and health related state.

Maternal selenium deficiency in mice promotes sex-specific changes to urine flow and renal expression of mitochondrial proteins in adult offspring.

Selenium deficiency during pregnancy can impair fetal development and predispose offspring to thyroid dysfunction. Given that key selenoproteins are highly expressed in the kidney and that poor thyroid health can lead to kidney disease, it is likely that kidney function may be impaired in offspring of selenium-deficient mothers. This study utilized a mouse model of maternal selenium deficiency to investigate kidney protein glycation, mitochondrial adaptations, and urinary excretion in offspring. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed control (>190 µg selenium/kg) or low selenium (<50 µg selenium/kg) diets four weeks prior to mating, throughout gestation, and lactation. At postnatal day (PN) 170, offspring were placed in metabolic cages for 24 hr prior to tissue collection at PN180. Maternal selenium deficiency did not impact selenoprotein antioxidant activity, but increased advanced glycation end products in female kidneys. Male offspring had reduced renal Complex II and Complex IV protein levels and lower 24 hr urine flow. Although renal aquaporin 2 (Aqp2) and arginine vasopressin receptor 2 (Avpr2) mRNA were not altered by maternal selenium deficiency, a correlation between urine flow and plasma free T4 concentrations in male but not female offspring suggests that programed thyroid dysfunction may be mediating impaired urine flow. This study demonstrates that maternal selenium deficiency can lead to long-term deficits in kidney parameters that may be secondary to impaired thyroid dysfunction. Considering the significant burden of renal dysfunction as a comorbidity to metabolic diseases, improving maternal selenium intake in pregnancy may be one simple measure to prevent lifelong disease.

Comparison of hot water immersion at 37.8°C with or without salt for rapid weight loss in mixed martial arts athletes.

Hot water immersion, known as a hot bath, is used by MMA athletes to produce rapid weight loss (RWL) by means of passive fluid loss. This study investigated the magnitude of body mass losses using a standardized hot bath protocol with or without the addition of salt. In a crossover design, eleven male MMA athletes (28.5 ± 4.6 y; 1.83 ± 0.07 m; 82.5 ± 9.1 kg) performed a 20-min immersion at 37.8°C followed by a 40-min wrap in a warm room. This bath and wrap was performed twice per visit. During one visit, only fresh water was used (FWB), and in the other visit, magnesium sulphate (1.6% wt/vol) was added to the bath (SWB). Prior to each visit, 24 h of carbohydrate, fibre, and fluid restriction was undertaken as part of the RWL protocol. Body mass losses induced by the hot bath protocols were 1.63 ± 0.75 kg and 1.60 ± 0.80 kg for FWB and SWB, respectively, and equivalent to ~2.1% body mass. Under the conditions employed, the magnitude of body mass loss in SWB was similar to FWB. However, further research should explore bathing in a temperature that is consistent with that habitually used by fighters, and/or higher concentrations of salt.

Enzymes and Pathways of Kavain Bioactivation and Biotransformation.

Kavain is an active and major component in Piper methysticum Forst. (kava), which is a widely used dietary supplement for the treatment of anxiety, insomnia, and stress. However, kava-containing products can cause liver toxicity, and its underlying mechanisms are understudied. Cytochrome P450s (CYPs)-mediated bioactivation and biotransformation are highly associated with drug toxicity. In the current study, we profiled the metabolic pathways of kavain in mouse liver, urine, and feces. Overall, 28 kavain metabolites were identified including 17 new ones. The metabolic pathways of kavain include glutathione (GSH) conjugation, oxidation, dehydrogenation, O-demethylation, sulfation, and glucuronidation. The identification of kavain-GSH adducts suggests the formation of reactive metabolites of kavain in the liver. We further illustrated that CYP2C19, a highly polymorphic and inducible enzyme, was the major enzyme contributing to kavain biotransformation and bioactivation. Our data can be used to guide the safe use of kava products by preventing potential herb-drug interactions and hepatotoxicity.

Urine can speed up the re-epithelialization process of prostatic urethra wounds by promoting the proliferation and migration of prostate epithelial cells.

OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to investigate the influence of urine on re-epithelialization in canine prostatic urethra after prostatectomy and explore possible causes. METHOD: We established two groups of prostatic canine models. The first group contained urine that canines underwent the surgery by two-micron laser resection of the prostate-tangerine technique (TmLRP-TT), and no transurethral catheter was required. The second group was without urine that canines accepted the surgery by TmLRP-TT add ureter skin ostomy urine bypass. Histopathology of re-epithelialization of repair in trauma in canine prostatic urethra was observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, and immunochemistry was used to determine the expression of transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1). Human prostate epithelial line (BPH-1) cells were cultured with or without urine and the abilities of proliferation and migration were tested by CCK-8 and transwell assays, respectively. RESULTS: The histology displayed that there was distinct proliferation of prostatic cell under the wound after 3 days, re-epithelialization began after 9 days, and finished after 28 days at urine group. The TGF-ß1 like-IR in prostatic epithelium cells and fibroblast cells under the wound at urine group were strikingly increased as compared with the cells at no urine group after 3, 9, and 11 days, respectively (p < 0.05). In CCK-8 and Transwell assays, an increase of cells' proliferation and migration was detected in urine culture group compared with no urine culture group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Urine may speed up the re-epithelialization process for prostatic urethra wounds by promoting proliferation and migration of prostate epithelial cells.

Green Urine in Traditional Persian Medicine: Differential Diagnosis and Clinical Relevance.

The color of urine is an important factor in urine examination, which can help physicians differentiate various diseases. Today, it is known that certain dyes, drug intoxications, and diseases can induce green urine discoloration. In the view of traditional Persian medicine, which is based on humoral medicine, green urine discoloration is generally referred to the dominance of coldness in the body. In fact, it is considered to be a result of a special kind of humoral imbalance and fluid depletion or retention in the human body. Persian scholars believed that green urine could be an indicator of intoxication or a predictor of an imminent spasm or convulsion in pediatric patients. Further investigations could result in finding new diagnostic scales of urine color based on the teachings of traditional Persian medicine.

Fármacocinética del genérico zidovudina en pacientes cubanos infectados por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana / Pharmacokinetic of generic formulations of zidovudine in human immunodeficiency virus infected cuban patients

Objetivo: El objetivo del presente trabajo es caracterizar los parámetros farmacocinéticos de la zidovudina (AZT) en pacientes cubanos seropositivos al virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH). Materiales y métodos: Para ello se realizó un estudio de dosis única (300mg) a 13 pacientes "naives" seropositivos al VIH-1 donde se midieron, según la cinética establecida, las concentraciones de AZT en plasma y orina. Estas concentraciones se determinaron por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución en fase reversa (RP-HPLC) con detección UV (λ=267nm). Resultados: Los parámetros farmacocinéticos fueron calculados usando técnicas estándares no compartimentales. Entre las variables determinadas están: Concentración máxima (Cmax= 3,35±1,41 μg/mL), Recobrado urinario (RU= 25,36±9,25%), Aclaramiento renal (ClR= 17,56±7,78L/h), Aclaramiento plasmático (CLp= 47,09±29,45 L/h), Tiempo de vida media de eliminación (t½= 1,19±0,30h) y Biodisponibilidad relativa (F= 63,12±16,59%). Conclusiones: Los valores de los parámetros calculados posibilitan la caracterización del perfil farmacocinético del genérico cubano AZT. Esto es útil para posteriores correcciones de los regímenes de dosificación según las especificidades de cada paciente

Aims: The purpose of this study was to characterize pharmacokinetic parameters of zidovudine generic (AZT) in human inmunodeficiency virus (HIV) infected cuban patients. Materials and methods: A single-dose study (300mg AZT) was made in 13 "naive" patientes for determination of the AZT concentrations in plasma and urine, fallowed an established kinetic. These concentration values were measured by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) with UV detection (λ=267nm). Results: Pharmacokinetic parameters for zidovudine were estimated from data of concentration in plasma and urine versus time by using noncompartmental methods. The most important parameters obtained were: maximum concentration (Cmax= 3,35±1,41 μg/mL), urinary recovery (UR= 25,36±9,25 %), renal clearance (ClR= 17,56±7,78L/h), plasmatic clearance (CLp= 47,09±29,45 L/h), terminal elimination half-life (t½= 1,19±0,30h), and apparent bioavailability (F= 63,12±16,59%). Conclusions: The values of pharmacokinetic parameters made possible to the establishment of the pharmacokinetic profile for the Cuban generic zidovudine. This is very important for future dose adjustment of patient

[Renal physiology]. / Physiologie rénale.

The kidneys are responsible for the urinary excretion of uremic toxins and the regulation of several body systems such as intra and extracellular volume status, acid-base status, calcium and phosphate metabolism or erythropoiesis. They adapt quantitative and qualitative composition of the urine to keep these systems in balance. The flow of plasma is filtered in the range of 120 mL/min, and depends on the systemic and renal hemodynamics which is subject to self-regulation. The original urine will then be modified in successive segments of the nephron. The proximal nephron is to lead the massive reabsorption of water and essential elements such as sodium, bicarbonates, amino-acids and glucose. The distal nephron includes the distal convoluted tubule, the connector tube and the collecting duct. Its role is to adapt the quality composition of urine to the needs of the body.

Sacral neuromodulation in urological indications: the Finnish experience.

OBJECTIVE: Sacral neuromodulation is a treatment modality for voiding dysfunction that is resistant to conventional medical and surgical treatments. In Finland, sacral neuromodulation has been used for the treatment of urgency-frequency syndrome, non-obstructive urinary retention and painful bladder/interstitial cystitis since 1996. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The investigation retrospectively evaluated 180 tested patients, 74 of whom underwent permanent implantation of the InterStim device. RESULTS: A positive test result leading to implantation was significantly more frequent among females than males. Among urinary retention patients, the patients with a positive test leading to implantation were significantly younger than those without implantation. The implantation operation time was significantly shorter when using a tined lead device compared with open electrode insertion (76 vs 122 min). The mean follow-up time was 41 months (range 0-143). Significant improvement after implantation was noted in the mean urinated volumes and number of daily urinations, as well as in the number of catheterizations in urgency-frequency syndrome and urinary retention, respectively. The subjective long-term outcome was similar in these indications. Surgical revision was required for 15 patients (20.3% of implanted patients). CONCLUSIONS: The difference in gender distribution compared with earlier published series may be explained by a selection bias due to the limited referrals of female patients from gynaecologists. The results favour the use of a tined lead device because of the shorter operating room time. Furthermore, the outcome seems to be more favourable among patients with a staged implant procedure compared with a one-stage operation with a tined lead device.

Effects of high potassium chloride supplementation on water intake, urine volume and nitrogen balance in mice.

Sixteen ICR male mice were assigned to a control diet group or a KCl diet group in metabolic cages to clarify the effects of KCl supplementation on water intake, urine volume and N balance, and 5% of KCl was supplemented in KCl diets for 4 or 8 weeks. Bodyweight of KCl supplemented mice was significantly higher than that of control mice from 24 to 28 days after treatment. Feed intake, water intake and urine volume of KCl supplemented mice were significantly higher than those of control mice, and the increased water intake and urine volume in KCl supplemented mice were 4.49 and 4.15 g, respectively. Urinary N, K and Cl excretion were significantly higher in KCl supplemented mice. Although N retention was not significantly different between control and KCl supplemented mice, N retention in KCl supplemented mice tended to be lower. Serum creatinine concentration at 8 weeks after treatment was lower in KCl supplemented mice. Histological alteration using hematoxylin-eosin and Sirius red staining was not found in the kidney of each mouse at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. These results suggest that high KCl supplementation increases water intake, urine volume and urinary N excretion in mice.

[Long-term results of lower urinary tract symptoms and urinary flow rate after transurethral resection of the prostate].

We investigated lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) and the urinary flow rates of patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TUR-P) for benign prostatic hyperplasia to determine the persistence of the efficacy of TUR-P. We mailed questionnaires for evaluation of LUTS to 1236 patients who had received TUR-P. In addition, we encouraged them to visit a clinic for uroflowmetry if possible. LUTS using the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) and QOL index, and uroflowmetry were analyzed in 847 (68.5%) and 150 patients (12.1%), respectively. The IPSS of patients who had received TUR-P more than 5 years earlier was higher than that of patients who had received it in the preceding 5 years. However, more than 80% of the patients in both groups were satisfied with their urinary condition at evaluation. Although no obvious change in the maximum urinary flow rate was observed in the patients who had received TUR-P in the preceding 5 years, it was significantly decreased in the patients who had received it more than 5 years earlier. The tendency was marked in the patients when TUR-P was performed at 70 years of age and older. Although the change in detrusor function determined by the age at surgery and the postoperative period may cause LUTS and reduce the urinary flow rate in the long-term after TUR-P, the efficacy of TUR-P appears to last for long periods in terms of the maintenance of QOL.

Changes in the visceral functions of Plasmodium berghei-infected and -uninfected rats following administration of artemether.

1. The effects of artemether (12.5, 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg per day, i.m.), administered to different groups of Plasmodium berghei-infected and -uninfected adult Wistar rats for 1 week, were investigated. 2. The parameters evaluated were the feeding, drinking and urinating patterns of the rats and these were compared with those of rats that received normal saline. 3. Artemether caused a significant dose-dependent reduction in food consumption of both P. berghei-infected and -uninfected rats (P < 0.05). Food intake in infected rats was reduced by approximately 7 g/24 h. This reduction in food intake was further reduced during drug treatment with artemether. Artermether also reduced food intake in uninfected rats. The food consumption of rats that received 12.5 and 25.0 mg/kg artemether was restored after stopping treatment, in contrast with rats that received 50.0 mg/kg, in which the significant reduction in food consumption persisted 1 week after drug administration. 4. During treatment with artemether, the water intake of infected rats was significantly lower than that of uninfected rats in the 12.5 mg/kg artemether-treated group, but was significantly higher in infected rats than in uninfected rats dosed with 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg artemether. 5. For all doses of artemether tested, a significant increase in urine output was observed in infected rats during treatment and 1 week after treatment, whereas in uninfected rats a significant increase in urine output was observed only following 25.0 and 50.0 mg/kg artemether 1 week after drug administration. 6. The present study confirms the anorexic activity of a high dose of artemether in both P. berghei-infected and -uninfected rats. It also indicates that high doses of the drug could cause impaired renal function in rats and that the significant increase in urine output could also be due to other effects of artemether, namely those on thirst, anti-diuretic hormone output and the osmotic pressure of the blood.

Black tea intake modulates the excretion of urinary mutagens in rats exposed to 6-aminochrysene: induction of cytochromes P450 by 6-aminochrysene in the rat.

Rats were exposed to black tea (2.5% w/v) as their sole drinking liquid for either 1 day (short-term) or 1 month (long-term), while controls received water. After exposure, all animals received a single oral dose of 6-aminochrysene and urine was collected for 72 h. Urinary mutagenicity was determined in the Ames test using an activation system comprising hepatic cytosol from Aroclor 1254-induced rats and utilizing the Salmonella typhimurium O-acetylase overexpressing bacterial strain YG1024. Both tea treatments suppressed the urinary excretion of indirect acting mutagens; no direct acting mutagenic activity was detectable. Furthermore, both tea treatments induced hepatic CYP1A2 activity, as exemplified by the O-demethylation of methoxyresorufin, when compared with the corresponding controls; similarly, an increase in CYP1A2 apoprotein levels was observed. The O-depentylation of pentoxyresorufin was also induced by the long-term tea treatment only, but the effect was less pronounced. No significant changes were seen in glutathione S-transferase and glucuronosyl transferase activities. When rats were exposed to caffeine at a dose level corresponding to that in black tea, a marked decrease was observed in the urinary excretion of indirect acting mutagens following a single oral dose of 6-aminochrysene. It is concluded that even after short-term exposure, black tea enhances the metabolism of 6-aminochrysene and that this is probably related to the up-regulation of hepatic CYP1A2 by the caffeine present in black tea. Finally, 6-aminochrysene was a potent inducer of CYP1A1, as assessed by the O-deethylation of ethoxyresorufin and immunoblot analysis. The same treatment modestly increased glutathione S-transferase activity when assessed using 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene as the accepting substrate.

Physiological responses to short-term exercise in the heat after creatine loading.

PURPOSE: This investigation was designed to examine the influence of creatine (Cr) supplementation on acute cardiovascular, renal, temperature, and fluid-regulatory hormonal responses to exercise for 35 min in the heat. METHODS: Twenty healthy men were matched and then randomly assigned to consume 0.3 g.kg(-1) Cr monohydrate (N = 10) or placebo (N = 10) for 7 d in a double-blind fashion. Before and after supplementation, both groups cycled for 30 min at 60-70% VO2(peak) immediately followed by three 10-s sprints in an environmental chamber at 37 degrees C and 80% relative humidity. RESULTS: Body mass was significantly increased (0.75 kg) in Cr subjects. Heart rate, blood pressure, and sweat rate responses to exercise were not significantly different between groups. There were no differences in rectal temperature responses in either group. Sodium, potassium, and creatinine excretion rates obtained from 24-h and exercise urine collection periods were not significantly altered in either group. Serum creatinine was elevated in the Cr group but within normal ranges. There were significant exercise-induced increases in cortisol, aldosterone, renin, angiotensin I and II, atrial peptide, and arginine vasopressin. The aldosterone response was slightly greater in the Cr (263%) compared with placebo (224%) group. Peak power was greater in the Cr group during all three 10-s sprints after supplementation and unchanged in the placebo group. There were no reports of adverse symptoms, including muscle cramping during supplementation or exercise. CONCLUSION: Cr supplementation augments repeated sprint cycle performance in the heat without altering thermoregulatory responses.

Sacral nerve stimulation and diurnal urine volume.

OBJECTIVES: During a screening trial to determine candidacy for sacral nerve stimulation (SNS), several patients were required to repeat the baseline dietary because of discrepancies in the 24-hour urine output before and after successful stimulation. This raised a question regarding the relationship between urine production and neuromodulation. A more complete diary analysis of patients affected by urgency/frequency and/or urge incontinence was therefore carried out to evaluate the possibility of a direct modulatory influence of SNS on urine production. METHODS: Voiding diaries of 40 patients (37 females and 3 males, average age 39.4 years) who underwent SNS were evaluated. Voiding diaries were obtained at baseline, during and after peripheral nerve evaluation (PNE) and after permanent implantation. RESULTS: There was an increase in the average volume/void during PNE in 39 patients. Twenty-four-hour urine volume during PNE was statistically greater than that at baseline. Volume/void and diurnal volume were also significantly greater in follow-up periods after permanent implantation. CONCLUSION: SNS appears to influence not only bladder function but also urine production. Increase in volume/void is paralleled by an increase in 24-hour urine output. The mechanism is unclear, but it is consistent with an altered release of antidiuretic hormone. This observation reflects the direct refractory involvement of the hypothalamus in micturition.

The effect of combined oestrogen and progesterone replacement on the renal responses to oxytocin and vasopressin in ovariectomized rats.

OBJECTIVE: Renal responsiveness to the neurohypophyseal hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, has been shown in the rat to vary during pregnancy and lactation. A study was performed to determine whether ovarian steroids could contribute to the observed changes. DESIGN: Using a previously validated method, fluid excretion during infusion of oxytocin or vasopressin was monitored in ovariectomized animals with and without chronic administration of oestrogen and progesterone. METHODS: After 14 days treatment with vehicle or 12.5 mg hydroxyprogesterone caproate and 0.25 mg oestradiol valerate injected every 3 days, rats were infused with 0.077 mol/l NaCl for an equilibration period of approximately 2.5h. Timed urine collections for the determination of volume and electrolytes were then made during a control period of at least 45 min and for 60 min while the infusate was supplemented with vasopressin (40 fmol/min) or oxytocin (50 fmol/min). Further observations were made for a final 90 min of hypotonic saline infusion. In control infusions saline alone was given. RESULTS: Treatment with ovarian steroids did not affect the volume of urine excreted during hormone infusion. Electrolyte excretion, however, was affected with lower concentrations of sodium and chloride on oxytocin infusion being seen in the steroid-treated animals. During vasopressin infusion, peak electrolyte concentrations were also achieved later in this group of animals. CONCLUSION: The increased circulating concentrations of oestrogen and progesterone seen during pregnancy could contribute to variations in the natriuretic response to neurohypophyseal hormones observed in the rat.

Methods of semen collection not based on masturbation or surgical sperm retrieval.

Although masturbation is the standard method for the collection of a sperm sample, both for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes, other approaches have been described and assessed. Production of semen using specially designed condoms has been shown to result in samples with better laboratory characteristics than samples obtained after masturbation or coitus interruptus. However, this has not resulted in a general acceptance and use of this approach, except in special circumstances where masturbation is impossible or unacceptable. Direct retrieval of spermatozoa from morning urine is another method which has been used to study spermache in boys, but not to treat infertility. Sperm production techniques such as vibro- and electrostimulation are dealt with elsewhere, as are surgical retrieval techniques used in azoospermia.

[Counteracting effect of Chinese herbs-compounds on "blood stasis" induced by bed rest].

Objective. To observe the improved effect of syndromes of blood stasis by taking Chinese medicine during bed-rest simulated weightlessness. Method. Ten subjects were randomly divided into two groups: Chinese medicine group and control group. Both of them were exposed to HDBR -6 degrees for a week. The Chinese medicine group took Chinese medicine during the bed rest, and the control group took sugar water. Result. Syndromes of blood stasis of Chinese medicine group had a significant relief. And some physiological parameters, such as blood pressure, pulse graph, and amount of urine, maintained the level of pre-bed rest. While the control group was more severe than the Chinese medicine group in syndromes of blood stasis. Conclusion. Chinese medicine can be a measure in preventing the effect of weightlessness.

Analysis of outcome after thermotherapy using different classifications of bladder outlet obstruction.

The urodynamic profiles of 97 patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia undergoing low-energy transurethral microwave thermotherapy (TUMT) for lower urinary tract symptoms were analysed using the Abrams/Griffiths nomogram, the urethral resistance algorithm, the linPURR, Schäfer nomogram, and the CHESS classification. A significant clinical response was seen for the whole group, as shown by changes in symptom score, free flow rate, and residual urine. The best symptomatic response was identified in patients in whom obstruction was present, whatever the classification used. Only the two-dimensional CHESS classification was found to predict a group of patients with a better response in both symptoms and objective variables. Obviously, a better response from TUMT can only be predicted by a classification system that identifies the independent variables of footpoint and slope of the PURR. The CHESS classification was the only one of those studied that satisfactorily identified these two parameters and could be used as a system of case selection for this minimally invasive treatment.