The acts of opening and closing the eyes are of importance for congenital blindness: Evidence from resting-state fMRI.

Volitional eye closure is observed only in conscious and awake humans, and is rare in animals. It is believed that eye closure can focus one's attention inward and facilitate activities such as meditation and mental imagery. Congenital blind individuals are also required to close their eyes for these activities. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI) studies have found robust differences between the eyes-closed (EC) and eyes-open (EO) conditions in some brain regions in the sighted. This study analyzed data from 21 congenital blind individuals and 21 sighted controls by using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of RS-fMRI. The blind group and the sighted group shared similar pattern of differences between the EC and EO condition: ALFF was higher in the EC condition than the EO condition in the bilateral primary sensorimotor cortex, bilateral supplementary motor area, and inferior occipital cortex, while ALFF was lower in the EC condition than the EO condition in the medial prefrontal cortex, highlighting the "nature" effect on the difference between the EC and EO conditions. The results of other matrices such as fractional ALFF (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) showed similar patterns to that of ALFF. Moreover, no significant difference was observed between the EC-EO pattern of the two subgroups of congenital blind (i.e., with and without light perception), suggesting that the EC-EO difference is irrespective of residual light perception which reinforced the "nature" effect. We also found between-group differences, i.e., more probably "nurture effect", in the posterior insula and fusiform. Our results suggest that the acts of closing and opening the eyes are of importance for the congenital blind, and that these actions and their differences might be inherent in the nature of humans.

Efficacy of wheat hot pack (dry heat) and pottery hot pack (moist heat) on eyelid temperature and tissue blood flow in healthy eyes: a randomized control trial.

PURPOSE: To investigate the eyelid temperature (Temp) and tissue blood flow (TBF) changes in healthy eyes using wheat hot pack (WHP) and pottery hot pack (PHP). METHODS: A randomized, double-blind, within-subject crossover study design was conducted in a Thai tertiary care center. All healthy subjects received warm compress treatment with WHP and PHP. The subjects were randomized to receive the WHP or the PHP at the first sequence. Temp and TBF measurements were taken at baseline, and every 2 min during the 10-min application of the heated compresses, and every 2 min for a 10-min duration after the compresses were removed. RESULTS: There were 29 females (96.7%) and 1 male. The mean (SD) age of the subjects was 33.17 (5.21) years. Two warm compresses were able to increase the surface lid Temp significantly from the baseline Temp at every time point of measurement and location. For the WHP application, the maximum surface Temp (SD) of the outer upper lid, outer lower lid, and inner lower lid were 40.07 (0.80) °C, 38.44 (0.91) °C, and 35.83 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001) and under the PHP application, the highest surface Temp (SD) were 40.63 (0.97) °C, 38.32 (1.27) °C, and 35.82 (0.71) °C, respectively (all P value < 0.001). Both WHP and PHP were able to increase TBF significantly with no adverse events and these effects can be sustained until 20 min. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest the potential of using these warm compresses for meibomian gland dysfunction. Further clinical research is needed.

Therapeutic profile of a latent heat eyelid warming device with temperature setting variation.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects on ocular temperature and tear film parameters following a single application of a latent heat eyelid warming device at a range of temperature settings. METHODS: Fifteen subjects were enrolled in a prospective, investigator-masked, randomised, cross-over trial. On separate days, participants were randomised to 10-minute application of a research latent heat device (Laboratoires Théa) at device temperature settings of 45 °C, 50 °C and 55 °C. Outer eyelid and corneal temperatures, tear film lipid layer grade, and non-invasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) were measured at baseline and immediately after 10 min of device application. RESULTS: Baseline measurements did not differ between treatment groups (all p > 0.05). Ocular temperatures, lipid layer grade and non-invasive tear film stability rose significantly following device application in all treatment groups (all p < 0.05). The 55 °C setting effected a mean ocular surface temperature rise in the order of +4 °C from baseline, which was 1.46 and 1.26 times greater than at the 45 °C and 50 °C temperature settings, respectively (all p < 0.05). Similarly, improvements in mean non-invasive tear film stability from baseline in the order of +7 s were observed, which were 2.43 and 1.66 times greater than those at the lower temperature settings of 45 °C and 50 °C, respectively (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: At all temperature settings, the latent heat device resulted in clinically and statistically significant increases in ocular temperature, lipid layer grade, and non-invasive tear film stability. However, the 55 °C setting proved to be most effective at raising ocular temperature (in the order of +4 °C from baseline) and improving tear film stability.

Ophthalmic features and management outcomes of 30 children having Goldenhar syndrome.

PURPOSE: To study the ophthalmic clinical profile and the management outcomes of children having Goldenhar syndrome (GS). METHODS: Retrospective review of included children fulfilling the diagnostic criteria of GS was performed. The demography, ophthalmic features, systemic anomalies, and treatment outcomes were recorded manually from patient files. An ENT, pediatrics, cardiology, and orthopedics consultation was sought for all GS patients before taking up for any ophthalmic surgical procedure. The anatomical (ocular surface and eyelid) and functional {vision and extraocular movements (EOM)} factors were exclusively studied. We ensured a minimum postoperative follow-up of 12 months, and our data were compared with the major studies featuring 'ophthalmic features' of GS. RESULTS: Totally 30 children (females = 18, 60%) were included with a median presenting age of 48 months. Twenty-seven (90%) had unilateral ophthalmic involvement with major features being upper eyelid coloboma (n = 25, 75.76%), lipodermoid (n = 18, 54.55%), and limbal dermoid (n = 10, 30.3%). Diminution of visual acuity was recorded in 22 (73.3%), while five (16.7%) had limitation of EOM. Systemically, the prominent features included hemifacial hypotrophy (100%), auricular anomalies (80%), cardiac anomalies (10%), and scoliosis (6.67%). The eyelid colobomas were repaired with the direct closure ± cantholysis technique or using a Tenzel's flap. All children had satisfactory anatomical and functional outcomes after ophthalmic surgical interventions without any significant complications. CONCLUSION: The tailored ophthalmic surgical intervention(s) provides satisfactory restoration of anatomy and functionality of the eye. These children need specific multi-discipline consultations for the holistic management and complete care.

Eyelid margin cleaning using Deep Cleaning Device for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-associated dry eye: a preliminary investigation.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of eyelid margin cleaning using Deep Cleaning Device for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction-associated dry eye. METHODS: This was a prospective, randomized, open-label, investigator-masked, and self-controlled study. We randomly assigned one eye of patients with meibomian gland dysfunction-associated dry eye to the treatment group, and the other eye to the control group. Both groups received artificial tears and lid warming; the treatment group received an additional one-time in-office eyelid margin cleaning using Deep Cleaning Device. Non-invasive tear break-up time (NITBUT) and tear meniscus height (TMH) of each eye, and Standard Patient Evaluation for Eye Dryness II (SPEED II) score of each patient were evaluated before and at one week after treatment. RESULTS: Thirty eyes of 15 patients were enrolled. No adverse effects occurred during the treatment. Compared with the baseline values, the SPEED score decreased significantly at one week after treatment (mean±95% confidence interval, 11.00±0.99 vs. 5.67±1.67, P<0.0001), the NITBUT-first in the treatment group increased significantly at one week after treatment ((4.74±1.27) s vs. (7.49±2.22) s, P=0.01). The NITBUT-first was significantly longer in the treatment group ((7.49±2.22) s) than in the control group ((5.17±0.91) s) at one week after treatment (P=0.042). No significant differences were found in other tear film parameters between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Eyelid margin cleaning using the novel Deep Cleaning Device is a convenient, effective, and safe treatment for patients with meibomian gland dysfunction-associated dry eye.

Activating the levator to elevate the eyelid.

PURPOSE: To demonstrate in an animal model the feasibility of elevating the eyelid in a functionally useful manner by chronically stimulating the levator palpebrae superioris (LPS) muscle with an implanted electrode. METHODS: Five rabbits were implanted with electrodes designed to stimulate the nerve innervating the LPS near its entry to the muscle. Bipolar platinum electrodes in a silicone rubber envelope with silicone-sleeved, PTFE-coated platinum lead wires were used to provide long-term stimulation with bipolar square-wave pulse trains of 0.18-0.80 mA and 200 Hz at a duty cycle of 8 seconds on and 2 seconds off. Explanted electrodes were examined for damage, and stimulated tissues were evaluated for abnormalities by light microscopy. RESULTS: We achieved mean lid elevation of 1.6 mm, approaching the diameter of the light-adapted pupil, with 0.5 mA stimulus. Stimulus currents below 1.0 mA produced no signs of discomfort. Three animals with which we attempted daily stimulation, averaged 16.1 hours per week. Experiments lasted 22 weeks on average. Lid lifting with a well-implanted platinum electrodes was stable, with no apparent tissue or electrode damage after as long as 29.1 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Stable, functionally useful eyelid lifting was achieved with stimulation currents that caused no apparent discomfort or damage to muscles or nerves. A simple, discrete bipolar electrode was effective and survivable.

Mechanical meibomian gland squeezing combined with eyelid scrubs and warm compresses for the treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction.

BACKGROUND: The aim was to investigate the efficacy of mechanical meibomian gland squeezing combined with eyelid scrubs and warm compresses in participants with moderate and severe meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD). METHODS: In this prospective, uncontrolled, open label, intervention study, 32 eyes of 32 participants with moderate and severe MGD were treated with mechanical squeezing of meibomian glands in combination with eyelid scrubs and warm compresses. We evaluated tear film break-up time (TBUT), corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining scores, biomicroscopic examination of lid margins and meibomian glands, Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI) questionnaire and tear film lipid layer thickness determined via an interferometer before initiating treatment and after one month of treatment. RESULTS: There were significant improvements in TBUT, corneal and conjunctival fluorescein staining scores, lid margin abnormality, meibum quality and expressibility, OSDI and MGD stage after mechanical meibomian gland squeezing combined with eyelid scrubs and warm compresses (p < 0.001 for TBUT, corneal fluorescein staining scores, Dry Eye Workshop score, Oxford staining score, lid margin abnormality, meibum quality, expressibility, OSDI and MGD stage and p = 0.001 for conjunctival fluorescein staining scores). There were no significant differences in lipid layer thickness or interferometer-derived parameters before treatment and after one month of treatment. Palpebral conjunctival erosion detected after the squeezing treatment resolved spontaneously in all participants. CONCLUSIONS: Mechanical squeezing of meibomian glands combined with eyelid scrubs and warm compresses can provide clinical benefits without serious adverse events.

Preventing long-lasting fear recovery using bilateral alternating sensory stimulation: A translational study.

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a highly debilitating and prevalent psychological disorder. It is characterized by highly distressing intrusive trauma memories that are partly explained by fear conditioning. Despite efficient therapeutic approaches, a subset of PTSD patients displays spontaneous recurrence of traumatic memories after successful treatment. The development of animal behavioral models mimicking the individual variability in treatment outcome for PTSD patients represent therefore an important challenge as it allows for the identification of predicting factors of resilience or susceptibility to relapse. However, to date, only few animal behavioral models of long-lasting fear recovery have been developed and their predictive validity has not been tested directly. The objectives of this study were twofold. First we aimed to develop a simple animal behavioral model of long-lasting fear recovery based on auditory cued fear conditioning and extinction learning, which recapitulates the heterogeneity of fear responses observed in PTSD patients after successful treatment. Second we aimed at testing the predictive validity of our behavioral model and used to this purpose a translational approach based (i) on the demonstration of the efficiency of Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) therapy to reduce conditioned fear responses in PTSD patients and (ii) on the implementation in our behavioral model of an electrical bilateral alternating stimulation of the eyelid which mimics the core feature of EMDR. Our data indicate that electrical bilateral alternating stimulation of the eyelid during extinction learning alleviates long-lasting fear recovery of conditioned fear responses and dramatically reduces inter-individual variability. These results demonstrate the face and predictive validity of our animal behavioral model and provide an interesting tool to understand the neurobiological underpinnings of long-lasting fear recovery.

All Warm Compresses Are Not Equally Efficacious.

PURPOSE: To investigate which warm compress (WC) methods used in a small case series are the most effective in providing heat to the inner eyelids for the supplemental treatment of meibomian gland dysfunction. METHODS: Inclusion criteria included the following: 18 years or older and willingness to participate in the study, no current ocular inflammation/disease, and no ocular surgery within the last 6 months. Five patients were fully consented and enrolled. Various forms of contact and noncontact WC heating methods (dry, wet/moist, and chemically activated dry heat) were tested. A paired contralateral design was used; each subject had a heated test eye and an unheated control eye. For both test and control eyes, the temperature of the external upper, external lower, and internal lower lids was measured at baseline and every 2 minutes for 10 minutes during application. Each participant underwent each of the eight treatments under study. Microwaved compresses were heated to 47 ± 1.0°C; two compresses were self-heating and thus not under investigator control. RESULTS: The mean (± SD) age of the patients was 42.2 (± 20.3) years. Out of the eight methods tested, the bundled wet/moist towel method was the only compress that elevated the temperature of all three lid surfaces (external upper, external lower, and internal lower lids) to 40°C or higher. The chemically activated EyeGiene, MGDRx EyeBag, and MediBeads compresses resulted in the lowest temperature increase at the inner palpebral surface. CONCLUSIONS: The Bundle method, although the most labor intensive, increased lid temperatures above therapeutic levels, as reported in the literature, for all measured sections during the WC application. As such, this method of WC application can be recommended for supplemental at-home therapy for meibomian gland dysfunction and any condition requiring that therapeutic heat of 40°C be administered to the meibomian glands.

Comparison of Self-applied Heat Therapy for Meibomian Gland Dysfunction.

PURPOSE: To compare the effects on ocular temperature, lipid layer grade, tear film stability, and tear meniscus height after a single application of two commercially available warm compresses in mild-to-moderate dry eye and to report participant treatment preference. METHODS: Forty-one subjects with mild-to-moderate dry eye symptoms were enrolled in a randomized, paired-eye, investigator-masked trial. Heat was applied simultaneously to one eye (randomized) with a portable eye mask (EyeGiene) and to the contralateral eye with a microwave-heated flaxseed eye bag (MGDRx Eye Bag). Outer and inner eyelid temperatures, tear film lipid layer grade (LLG), and noninvasive tear film breakup time (NIBUT) were measured at baseline and immediately after 10 minutes of device application. RESULTS: Outer and inner eyelid temperatures, LLG, and NIBUT did not differ before treatment between eyes assigned to eye mask and eye bag therapy. All measurements were significantly increased from baseline, after warming with both devices (all p < 0.05). Outer and inner eyelid temperature changes were significantly greater with the eye bag than with the eye mask (outer eyelid, +3.5 ± 1.0°C vs. +2.4 ± 0.8°C; inner eyelid, +3.5 ± 1.0°C vs. +2.5 ± 0.9°C; all p < 0.001), although there was no significant difference in LLG and NIBUT improvement between treatments (all p > 0.05). A majority of subjects (78%) preferred the application of heat with the eye bag over the eye mask. CONCLUSIONS: Both the EyeGiene mask and the MGDRx Eye Bag are convenient eyelid warming devices that result in clinically and statistically significant increases in NIBUT and LLG in patients with mild-to-moderate dry eye symptoms. The MGDRx Eye Bag is more effective in raising ocular temperature and is the preferred treatment method among subjects.

A blink restoration system with contralateral EMG triggered stimulation and real-time artifact blanking.

Patients suffering from facial paralysis are on the hazard of disfigurement and loss of vision due to loss of blink function. Functional-electrical stimulation (FES) is one possible way of restoring blink and other functions in these patients. A blink restoration system for uni-lateral facial paralyzed patients is described in this paper. The system achieves restoration of synchronized blink through processing the myoelectric signal of orbicularis oculi at the normal side in real-time as the trigger to stimulate the paralyzed eyelid. Design issues are discussed, including EMG processing, stimulating strategies and real-time artifact blanking. Two artifact removal approaches based on sample and hold and digital filtering technique are proposed and implemented. Finally, the whole system has been verified on rabbit models.

[Efficacy of lid hygiene in treatment of patients with blepharoconjunctival form of dry eye syndrome].

A complex of measures for lid hygiene in ocular surface disease is developed. These measures together with tear substitution and antibacterial treatment were revealed to result in elimination of blepharoconjunctivitis and dry eye signs, recovery of tear film and long-time remission, that significantly improved patient's life quality. When using this complex of measures meibomian glands are not damaged and their anatomy and functions are completely preserved. Lid hygiene affects all glands, there is no pain and no local anesthesia needed, normal tear film is formed

A comparison of an eyelid-warming device to traditional compress therapy.

PURPOSE: To assess the warming and humidifying effect and ocular safety of the Blephasteam® eyelid-warming device vs. warm and moist compresses in healthy volunteers. METHODS: Twenty subjects (8 females, 12 males; mean age 39.2 years) were included in the study. Temperature and relative humidity were measured over a period of 10 min at the lower eyelid margin of one randomly selected eye during application of the Blephasteam device and, 1 h later, during application of warm compresses (in a randomized order). Ocular signs and visual acuity were assessed before and after each application. RESULTS: The mean duration of warming (temperature ≥38°C) was significantly longer with Blephasteam than with compresses (7.5 vs. 1.0 min; p < 0.01). There was no significant difference between treatments in the duration of 100% relative humidity. Compared with pretreatment values, visual acuity significantly improved after Blephasteam treatment (p < 0.05) but significantly decreased after treatment with compresses (p < 0.05). Limbal redness, eyelid redness, and corneal staining scores all improved significantly after Blephasteam treatment (p < 0.05 for all). Ocular signs did not change after compress treatment except conjunctival redness, which was significantly increased (p = 0.01 vs. pretreatment). CONCLUSIONS: The Blephasteam eyelid-warming device appeared to provide more effective warming than warm and moist compresses in a group of healthy volunteers. Visual acuity, limbal redness, and eyelid redness were improved after Blephasteam use but not after treatment with compresses.

Primary bilateral silicone frontalis suspension for good levator function ptosis in oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy.

AIM: To evaluate outcomes of patients with oculopharyngeal muscular dystrophy (OPMD) with levator function (LF) ≥ 10mm who underwent primary bilateral silicone frontalis suspension. METHODS: 31 patients with OPMD satisfied the following inclusion criteria: LF ≥ 10 mm; no previous eyelid surgery; and pre-operative measurements, silcone frontalis suspension and post-operative measurements performed by a single individual. The following data were collected: age; gender; pre-operative margin reflex distance (MRD), palpebral fissure height (PF), and LF; post-operative MRD, PF and lagophthalmos; follow-up; and complications. RESULTS: Mean age at surgery was 61.5 ± 5.8 years. Pre-operative measurements for MRD, PF and LF were -0.05 ± 0.82 mm (OD), -0.13 ± 0.91 mm (OS); 5.2 ± 1.2 mm (OD), 5.2 ± 1.3 mm (OS); 11.6 ± 1.3 mm (OD), and 11.7 ± 1.3 mm (OS), respectively. Post-operative measurements for MRD and PF were 2.23 ± 0.97 mm (OD), 2.10 ± 1.09 mm (OS), 7.9 ± 1.4 mm (OD), and 7.7 ± 1.6 mm (OS), respectively (all p < 0.0001). The mean follow-up period was 22.8 ± 22.4 months. There was no sling (infection or extrusion) or ophthalmic (significant corneal compromise) complication after the surgery. Six patients (19%) underwent early (within 3 months) tightening of their slings for under correction. Three patients (10%) underwent late (> 39 months) tightening of their frontalis slings for recurrent ptosis after their initial surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Primary bilateral silicone frontalis suspension for good LF ptosis secondary to OPMD appears to be an effective, safe treatment which gives symmetrical upper lid elevation. Early sling adjustment may be required to attain optimal eyelid height and late tightening for expectant loosening of the sling is safe and effective.

Effects of varying subthalamic nucleus stimulation on apraxia of lid opening in Parkinson's disease.

Apraxia of lid opening (ALO) is a non-paralytic inability to open the eyes or sustain lid elevation at will. The exact pathophysiological mechanisms underlying the syndrome are still unknown. ALO has been reported in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) after subthalamic nucleus (STN) deep brain stimulation (DBS), suggesting a possible involvement of the basal ganglia. We aimed to assess the effects of varying STN stimulation voltage on ALO in PD patients. Seven out of 14 PD patients with bilateral STN stimulation consecutively seen in our centre presented with ALO. We progressively increased voltage on each STN, using either 130 Hz (high-frequency stimulation, HFS) or 2 or 3 Hz (low-frequency stimulation, LFS). In five patients, HFS induced ALO time-locked to stimulation in 7 out of 10 STNs at a voltage higher than that used for chronic stimulation. LFS induced myoclonus in the pretarsal orbicularis oculi muscle (pOOm) with a rhythm synchronous to the frequency. In the other two patients with ALO already present at the time of the study, HFS improved ALO in 3 out of 4 STNs. ALO recurred within minutes of stimulation arrest. Our findings show that STN-DBS can have opposite effects on ALO. On the one hand, ALO is thought to be a corticobulbar side effect due to lateral current spreading from the STN, in which case it is necessary to use voltages below the ALO-inducing threshold. On the other hand, ALO may be considered a form of off-phase focal dystonia possibly improved by increasing the stimulation voltages.

Myoelectric signals of levator palpebrae superioris as a trigger for FES to restore the paralyzed eyelid.

Some closed loop FES systems have been designed to restore the blinking function of facial paralysis patients. All of them used myoelectric signal of orbicularis oculi at the normal side as the trigger to stimulate the paralyzed side. They were limited to the one side facial paralysis. Here we proposed that the myoelectric signal of levator palpebrae superioris could be used as the trigger to stimulate the paralyzed orbicularis oculi. Because the levator palpebrae superioris and the innervating nerve are intact, the myoelectric signal of the paralyzed side still could be used as the trigger. It will be more acceptable for the patients and have the potential to resolve the bilateral facial paralysis.

[On conservative management of cicatricial eyelid malpositions].

Methods of conservative and complex rehabilitation of patients with cicatricial eyelid malpositions are proposed. Conservative treatment included developed regimen of antihomotoxic agents, different techniques of graduated extension of scar tissues, special eyelid exercises. In complex management conservative treatment was provided along with surgery, in some cases botulinum toxin A was administered. Duration, time and priorities were determined.

Restoration of meibomian gland functionality with novel thermodynamic treatment device-a case report.

A new and previously unpublished thermodynamic treatment device, which for the first time applies heat directly to both inner eyelid surfaces with a precision-controlled resistive heater while pulsating pressure is simultaneously applied to the outer eyelids using an inflatable air bladder, was used to restore meibomian gland functionality for a subject with severe evaporative dry eye. The subject, a 39-year-old white woman of light complexion with severe symptoms and corroborating objective signs of dry eye, had been unsuccessfully treated for 3 years by 7 practitioners. Using a new standardized meibomian gland expression device, a diagnosis of nonobvious meibomian gland dysfunction, where none of the approximately 24 meibomian glands of the right lower eyelid and 1 meibomian gland of the left lower eyelid were functional, was made. The patient underwent a single 12-minute treatment per eye with the treatment device. The treatment restored the functionality of 8 glands in each eye, doubled the fluorescein break-up time (FBUT) from 5 to 10 seconds, and decreased the symptom scores by approximately 80% for the entire follow-up period of 3 months.