Anti-Periodontitis Effects of Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév Leaf Extract on Ligature-Induced Periodontitis in Rats.

Periodontitis is caused by pathogens in the oral cavity. It is a chronic infectious disease that causes symptoms including gingival bleeding and tooth loss resulting from the destruction of periodontal tissues coupled with inflammation. Dendropanax morbiferus H.Lév (DM) is a natural product that exhibits various biological activities with few side effects. In this study, the potential of DM leaf hot-water extracts (DMWE) as a treatment for periodontitis was determined and its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were evaluated. Compounds in DMWE were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was measured in RAW 264.7 cells. We measured the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth, and micro-CT was performed in vivo using a ligature-induced periodontitis rat model, which is similar to human periodontitis. The DMWE-treated group exhibited a decrease in cytokine concentration and relieved the gingival index and gingival sulcus depth compared with the periodontitis-induced control group. In addition, micro-CT and histological analysis revealed that DMWE exhibited anti-inflammatory effects and improved alveolar bone loss in periodontitis-induced rats. These findings suggest that DMWE has excellent anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects that protect and prevent periodontal tissue damage and tooth loss caused by the inflammatory response.

Biological Activity of Copaiba in Damage to the Alveolar Bone in a Model of Periodontitis Induced in Rats.

Several studies have investigated the effects of natural products in the treatment of diseases. Traditional Amazonian populations commonly use copaiba due to its well-known anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and healing properties. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of systemic administration of copaiba oleoresin (Copaifera reticulata Ducke) on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats. To do so, 21 adult rats were divided into three groups (n = 7 each): a control group, ligature-induced periodontitis group, and ligature-induced periodontitis group treated with copaiba oleoresin (200 mg/kg/day). The ligature remained from day 0 to 14, and the copaiba oleoresin was administered via oral gavage during the last seven days. On day 14, the animals were euthanized, and mandibles were collected for histopathological evaluation and microcomputed tomography analysis. Our data showed that the administration of copaiba considerably reduced the inflammatory profile. Moreover, copaiba oleoresin limited alveolar bone loss, increased trabecular thickness and bone-to-tissue volume ratio, and decreased the number of trabeculae compared with those of the untreated experimental periodontitis group. Our findings provide pioneering evidence that supports the potential of copaiba oleoresin in reducing periodontitis-induced alveolar bone damage in rats.

The Treatment Efficiency and Microbiota Analysis of Sapindus mukorossi Seed Oil on the Ligature-Induced Periodontitis Rat Model.

Periodontitis is a common oral disease mainly caused by bacterial infection and inflammation of the gingiva. In the prevention or treatment of periodontitis, anti-bacterial agents are used to inhibit pathogen growth, despite increasing levels of bacterial resistance. Sapindus mukorossi Gaertn (SM) seed oil has proven anti-bacterial and anti-inflammation properties. However, the possibility of using this plant to prevent or treat periodontitis has not been reported previously. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of SM oil on experimental periodontitis in rats by using micro-CT and microbiota analysis. The distance between cementoenamel junction (CEJ) and alveolar bone crest (ABC) on the sagittal micro-CT slide showed that total bone loss (TBL) was significantly lower in CEJ-ABC distances between SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 14. Histology data also showed less alveolar bone resorption, a result consistent result with micro-CT imaging. The microbiota analyzed at phylum and class levels were compared between the SM oil and SM oil-free groups on Day 7 and Day 14. At the phylum level, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, and Actinobacteria were the dominant bacterium. Firmicutes in box plot analysis was significantly less in the SM oil group than in the SM oil-free group on Day 7. At the class level, Bacteroidia, Gammaproteobacteria, Bacilli, Clostridia, and Erysipelotrichia were the dominant bacteria. The bacteria composition proportion of Bacilli, Clostridiay, and Erysipelotrichia could be seen in the SM oil group significantly less than in t SM oil-free group on Day 7. Overall, the present results show that topical application of SM oil can reduce bone resorption and change bacteria composition in the ligature-induced periodontitis model. According to these results, it is reasonable to suggest SM oil as a potential material for preventing oral disease.

Effect of low level laser therapy on crestal bone levels around dental implants-A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Implant success is affected by initial bone resorption at the implant surface. Continuous efforts have been made to reduce the peri-implant crestal bone loss. Limited information is available regarding the influence of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on interaction between the bone and implant surface. PURPOSE: The aim of this pilot study was to assess the effect of LLLT on peri-implant crestal bone levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty implants were placed in 20 patients who were randomly assigned to two groups. Group I patients' received no adjunctive treatment and group II patients' were administered LLLT using 980 nm diode laser at 0.1 W output power following implant placement. The energy density of 4 J/cm2 was delivered at six sites for a duration of 10 seconds per site. Crestal bone levels were evaluated primarily using digital intraoral periapical (IOPA) radiograph. The measurements were made immediately (T0) and 6 weeks (T1) post implant placement; and 6 months (T2) and 1 year (T3) post prosthetic loading time intervals and compared using repeated measures ANOVA test. RESULTS: Crestal bone levels at baseline were statistically not significant between groups (P = .880). At T3 time interval, the mean change in crestal bone levels around all anatomical implant sites measured was 0.81 (SE 0.04) mm for irradiated group and 0.97 (SE 0.04) mm for nonirradiated group. Intergroup analysis revealed statistically significant (P = .020) less crestal bone loss in group that received LLLT. CONCLUSION: Under the conditions of this study, LLLT reduced the crestal bone resorption surrounding dental implants. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The present clinical trial was not registered.

SIRT1/FOXO3a axis plays an important role in the prevention of mandibular bone loss induced by 1,25(OH)2D deficiency.

It has been reported that 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] deficiency leads to the loss of mandibular bone, however the mechanism is unclear. We investigated whether the Sirt1/FOXO3a signaling pathway is involved in this process. Using a 1,25(OH)2D deficiency model induced by genetic deletion in mice of 25-hydroxyvitamin D-1α hydroxylase [1α(OH)ase-/- mice]. We first documented a sharp reduction of expression levels of Sirt1 in the 1α(OH)ase-/- mice in vivo. Next, we demonstrated dose-dependent upregulation of Sirt1 by treatment with exogenous 1,25(OH)2D3in vitro. We then identified a functional VDR binding site in the Sirt1 promoter. By crossing Prx1-Sirt1 transgenic mice with 1α(OH)ase-/- mice we demonstrated that the overexpression of Sirt1 in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) greatly improved the 1α(OH)ase-/- mandibular bone loss phenotype by increasing osteoblastic bone formation and reducing osteoclastic bone resorption. In mechanistic studies, we showed, in 1α(OH)ase-/- mice, decreases of Sirt1 and FoxO3a, an increase in oxidative stress as reflected by a reduction of the antioxidant enzymes peroxiredoxin1 (Prdx1), SOD1 and SOD2 expression, and an increase of markers for osteocyte senescence and senescence associated secretory phenotypes (SASP), including ß-galactosidase (ß-gal), p16, p53 and p21. The targeted overexpression of Sirt1 in the 1α(OH)ase-/- mice restored the expression levels of these molecules. Finally, we demonstrated that a Sirt1 agonist can upregulate FOXO3a activity by increasing deacetylation and nuclear translocation. Overall, results from this study support the concept that targeted increases in Sirt1/FOXO3a signaling levels can greatly improve the bone loss caused by 1,25(OH)2D deficiency.

Bromelain reduces the non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and periodontal damages caused by ligature-induced periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of bromelain (derived from Ananas comosus) upon periodontitis in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four rats were separated into groups: control, periodontitis, and bromelain treatment. Bromelain was administered daily by intraperitoneal injection for 20 days. Periodontitis was induced by ligature around the first molars. Oral parameters and blood biomarkers were measured. The histopathological evaluation of the hepatic tissue was performed. Bromelain treatment significantly reduced several oral inflammatory parameters, alveolar bone loss, and blood biomarkers compared to the rats on periodontitis. RESULTS: Treatment with bromelain improved the steatosis score. Bromelain used in ligature-induced periodontitis in rats was able to reduce the oral inflammatory parameters Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI), tooth mobility (TM), probing pocket depth (PPD), malondialdehyde (MDA), alveolar bone height (ABH) and gingival myeloperoxidase (MPO) and blood parameters (cholesterol, triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase). Bromelain treatment reduced the impact of periodontitis, such as the reduction of hepatic steatosis and improvement in the dosages of MDA and GSH. CONCLUSION: Bromelain acts as a potential adjunct in the non-surgical treatment of periodontitis and, consequently, reduces the impact of periodontitis, acting as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.

The Influence of Local Pamidronate Application on Alveolar Dimensional Preservation after Tooth Extraction-An Animal Experimental Study.

The aim of this randomized, controlled animal exploratory trial was to investigate the influence of local application of aminobisphosphonate pamidronate during the socket preservation procedure. Mandibular premolars were extracted in five Göttingen minipigs. Two animals underwent socket preservation using BEGO OSS (n = 8 sockets) and three animals using BEGO OSS + Pamifos (15 mg) (n = 12 sockets). After jaw impression, cast models (baseline, eight weeks postoperative) were digitized using an inLab X5 scanner (Dentsply Sirona) and the generated STL data were superimposed and analyzed with GOM Inspect 2018 (GOM, Braunschweig). After 16 weeks, the lower jaws were prepared and examined using standard histological methods. In the test group (BEGO OSS + pamidronate), buccooral dimensional loss was significantly lower, both vestibulary (0.80 ± 0.57 mm vs. 1.92 ± 0.63 mm; p = 0.00298) and lingually (1.36 ± 0.58 mm vs. 2.56 ± 0.65 mm; p = 0.00104) compared with the control group (BEGO OSS). The test group showed a significant difference between vestibular and lingual dimensional loss (p = 0.04036). Histology showed cortical and cancellous bone in the alveolar sockets without signs of local inflammation. Adjuvant application of pamidronate during socket preservation reduces alveolar dimensional loss significantly. Further investigations with regard to dose-response relationships, volume effects, side effects, and a verification of the suitability in combination with other bone substitute materials (BSMs) are necessary.

WNT3A accelerates delayed alveolar bone repair in ovariectomized mice.

Our goal was to evaluate alveolar bone healing in OVX mice, and to assess the functional utility of a WNT-based treatment to accelerate healing in mice with an osteoporotic-like bony phenotype. INTRODUCTION: Is osteoporosis a risk factor for dental procedures? This relatively simple question is exceedingly difficult to answer in a clinical setting, for two reasons. First, as an age-related disease, osteoporosis is frequently accompanied by age-related co-morbidities that can contribute to slower tissue repair. Second, the intervals at which alveolar bone repair are assessed in a clinical study are often measured in months to years. This study aimed to evaluate alveolar bone repair in ovariectomized (OVX) mice and provide preclinical evidence to support a WNT-based treatment to accelerate alveolar bone formation. METHODS: OVX was performed in young mice to produce an osteoporotic-like bone phenotype. Thereafter, the rate of extraction socket healing and osteotomy repair was assessed. A liposomal WNT3A treatment was tested for its ability to promote alveolar bone formation in this OVX-induced model of bone loss. RESULTS: Bone loss was observed throughout the murine skeleton, including the maxilla, and mirrored the pattern of bone loss observed in aged mice. Injuries to the alveolar bone, including tooth extraction and osteotomy site preparation, both healed significantly slower than the same injuries produced in young controls. Given sufficient time, however, all injuries eventually healed. In OVX mice, osteotomies healed significantly faster if they were treated with L-WNT3A. CONCLUSIONS: Alveolar bone injuries heal slower in OVX mice that exhibit an osteoporotic-like phenotype. The rate of alveolar bone repair in OVX mice can be significantly promoted with local delivery of L-WNT3A.

Interplay between P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans in murine alveolar bone loss, arthritis onset and progression.

Increasing evidence supports the association of periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis. Even though a prominent role has been postulated for Porphyromonas gingivalis, many bacterial species contribute to the pathogenesis of periodontal disease. We therefore investigated the impact of Porphyromonas gingivalis as well as other major pathobionts on the development of both, periodontitis and arthritis in the mouse. Pathobionts used - either alone or in combination - were Porphyromonas gingivalis, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomintans. Periodontitis was induced via oral gavage in SKG, DBA/1 and F1 (DBA/1 × B10.Q) mice and collagen-induced arthritis was provoked via immunization and boost with bovine collagen type II. Alveolar bone loss was quantified via micro computed tomography, arthritis was evaluated macroscopically and histologically and serum antibodies were assessed. Among the strains tested, only F1 mice were susceptible to P. gingivalis induced periodontitis and showed significant alveolar bone loss. Bone loss was paralleled by antibody titers against P. gingivalis. Of note, mice inoculated with the mix of all three pathobionts showed less alveolar bone loss than mice inoculated with P. gingivalis alone. However, oral inoculation with either F. nucleatum or A. actinomycetemcomintans alone accelerated subsequent arthritis onset and progression. This is the first report of a triple oral inoculation of pathobionts combined with collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse. In this interplay and this particular genetic setting, F. nucleatum and A. actinomycetemcomitans exerted a protective impact on P. gingivalis induced alveolar bone loss. By themselves they did not induce periodontitis yet accelerated arthritis onset and progression.

Effects of an ethanol extract from Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101 fermented skimmed milk on lipopolysaccharide-induced periodontal inflammation in rats.

The increased incidence of periodontal disease in recent years has garnered considerable attention. Numerous studies have confirmed that probiotics, such as lactic acid bacteria, can ameliorate periodontal inflammation. The current study aimed to assess the effect of an ethanol extract of Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei NTU 101-fermented skimmed milk (NTU101FM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced periodontal inflammation in rats. NTU101FM ethanol extract significantly ameliorated the weight loss caused by periodontal inflammation. NTU101FM ethanol extract treatment also reduced the oral microbial levels and decreased the levels of alveolar bone loss. Finally, NTU101FM ethanol extract was found to ameliorate periodontal inflammation by decreasing the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and reducing oxidative stresses induced by LPS. Overall, our findings demonstrate that NTU101FM ethanol extract could be developed as a functional food that could ameliorate periodontal inflammation.

Bone loss and hematological malignancies in adults: a pilot study.

PURPOSE: Bone loss-osteopenia and osteoporosis-is a recognized consequence of solid tumors in adults, of pediatric hematological malignancies, and of the treatment for these diseases, but little research has been published on the adverse effects of hematological malignancies on the bone in adults. The aim of this study is to identify hematological diseases that are associated with the highest prevalence and severity of osteoporosis. METHODS: We evaluated DXA (dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry) in a cross-section of 181 adult patients with hematological neoplasms, excluding multiple myeloma. All patients were over 18 years of age, signed a local institutional review board (IRB)-approved consent form, and had completed a questionnaire regarding predisposing factors to osteoporosis. This data was supplemented by hospital charts. RESULTS: Bone loss as measured by DXA T scores was found in 65% of patients, of whom 38% had osteopenia and 27% osteoporosis. DXA Z scores under - 2.0 were found in 11.4% of patients, compared to the expected 2.5% of the normal population. The DXA Z scores varied by diagnosis, showing bone loss in 49% of chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma, compared to 67% of non-Hodgkin lymphoma and 88% of Hodgkin disease; the scores were not affected by the duration of time from diagnosis to DXA (3.6, 2.0, and 1.6 years, respectively). CONCLUSION: Adult patients with hematological malignancies have significant bone loss compared to a normal age-matched population. The type of diagnosis is more important than the time from diagnosis in predicting risk for bone loss. Recognition of bone loss in these patients may warrant prophylactic measures and lifestyle changes before, during, and after therapy.

[Action of Calendula officinalis essence on bone preservation after the extraction]. / Acción del extracto de Calendula officinalis en la preservación ósea posterior a extracción.

BACKGROUND: Calendula officinalis is a phytodrug used as analgesic, antiseptic and wound-healing agent due to its collagenogenic effect, which is why it is a convenient and affordable treatment that promotes alveolar bone preservation after tooth extraction in vivo. The aim of this study was to use Calendula officinalis during and after tooth extraction to determine its ability to preserve bone after this procedure. METHODS: We established two groups matched by age, gender and position of the third molar. We used with patients on the experimental group Calendula officinalis diluted 10% as an irrigant during surgical extraction of third molars. We performed the conventional way with the control group irrigating with saline solution. Subsequently, both groups continued to make mouthwash for a week with the irrigating agent. Every week for a month, each patient underwent periapical radiography, out of which we took measurements of alveolar ridges and depth of alveolar bone, which were compared. CONCLUSIONS: There is statistically significant evidence to state that Calendula officinalis favorably affects bone preservation after extraction.

INTRODUCCIÓN: la Calendula officinalis es un fitofármaco al que se le atribuyen múltiples usos, entre los que destacan el de analgésico, antiséptico y cicatrizante por su efecto colagenogénico, lo que lo hace un tratamiento conveniente y económico que favorece la preservación ósea alveolar después de la extracción dental in vivo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue utilizar la Calendula officinalis durante y después de la extracción dental para determinar si tiene capacidad de preservación ósea después de la extracción. MÉTODOS: se seleccionaron dos grupos pareados por edad, género y posición del tercer molar. A un grupo experimental se le aplicó Calendula officinalis diluida al 10% en solución fisiológica como agente irrigante durante la extracción quirúrgica del tercer molar. Al grupo control se le realizó el procedimiento de manera convencional irrigando con solución fisiológica. Posteriormente ambos grupos continuaron realizando colutorios durante una semana con el agente irrigante. Durante un mes a cada paciente se le realizó semanalmente la toma de radiografía periapical con radiovisiógrafo a la cual se le tomaron medidas de crestas alveolares y profundidad alveolar que fueron comparadas. CONCLUSIONES: existe evidencia estadísticamente significativa para afirmar que la Calendula officinalis influye favorablemente en la preservación ósea posterior a la extracción.

Adjunctive Effect of Autologous Platelet-Rich Fibrin in the Treatment of Intrabony Defects in Localized Aggressive Periodontitis Patients: A Randomized Controlled Split-Mouth Clinical Trial.

The aim of this study was to investigate the clinical and radiologic efficacy of autologous platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) in the treatment of intrabony defects associated with localized aggressive periodontitis (LAP). A total of 30 sites, 2 sites per individual in 15 LAP patients, were treated with modified flap operation (MFO; Kirkland flap) alone or combined with autologous PRF. The study variables included plaque index, sulcus bleeding index, probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and gingival marginal level at baseline and 12 months postoperatively. The radiographic bone fill (RBF) on standardized radiographs was assessed after a year using image analysis software. The improvements in PD, CAL, and RBF in test sites compared to control sites were statistically significant (P < .05). Mean CAL gain and bone fill in the test sites were 4.0 ± 0.63 mm and 3.09 mm, respectively. Almost 80% of the PRF-treated sites showed ≥ 50% bone fill with minimal marginal tissue recession. Use of PRF significantly enhances the clinical and radiographic outcomes of open flap debridement in the treatment of periodontal intraosseous defects in patients affected by LAP.

Protective effect of Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract against alveolar bone loss in ovariectomized rats via regulation of IL-6/STAT3 signaling.

The aim of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Rhizoma Dioscoreae extract (RDE) on preventing rat alveolar bone loss induced by ovariectomy (OVX), and to determine the role of interleukin-6 (IL-6)/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) signaling pathway in this effect. Female Wistar rats were subjected to OVX or sham surgery. The rats that had undergone OVX were treated with RDE (RDE group), vehicle (OVX group) or 17ß-estradiol subcutaneous injection (E2 group). Subsequently, bone metabolic activity was assessed by analyzing 3-D alveolar bone construction, bone mineral density, as well as the plasma biomarkers of bone turnover. The gene expression of alveolar bone in the OVX and RDE groups was evaluated by IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway polymerase chain reaction (PCR) arrays, and differentially expressed genes were determined through reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The inhibitory effect of RDE on alveolar bone loss in the OVX group was demonstrated in the study. In comparison with the OVX group, the RDE group exhibited 19 downregulated genes and 1 upregulated gene associated with the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway in alveolar bone. Thus, RDE was shown to relieve OVX-induced alveolar bone loss in rats, an effect which was likely associated with decreased abnormal bone remodeling via regulation of the IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway.

Adjunct Antimicrobial Therapy and Periodontal Surgery to Treat Generalized Aggressive Periodontitis: A Case Report.

Here we report a case of generalized aggressive periodontitis treated with periodontal therapy including adjunct antimicrobial therapy and periodontal surgery. The patient was a 22-year-old woman who presented with the chief complaint of gingival recession. Baseline examination revealed generalized plaque deposition and gingival inflammation. Thirty-nine percent of the sites had a probing depth (PD) of 4-6 mm and 2% a PD of ≥7 mm; 63% exhibited bleeding on probing (BOP). Radiographic examination revealed vertical bone loss in the molars and horizontal bone loss in other teeth. Microbiological examination of subgingival plaque revealed the presence of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans and Tannerella forsythia. Oral health-related quality of life was assessed as a measure of patient-reported outcome. Based on a clinical diagnosis of generalized aggressive periodontitis, initial periodontal therapy and adjunct antimicrobial therapy were implemented. After reducing inflammation and subgingival bacteria, open flap debridement was performed for teeth with a PD of ≥4 mm. Reevaluation showed no sites with a PD of ≥5 mm, a minimal level of BOP, and a marked reduction in the level of the targeted periodontal pathogens. The patient's oral health-related quality of life was slightly worsened during supportive periodontal therapy (SPT). Implementation of adjunct antimicrobial therapy targeting periodontal pathogens and subsequent periodontal surgery resulted in improvement in periodontal and microbiological parameters. This improvement has been adequately maintained over a 2-year period. However, additional care is necessary to further improve the patient's oral health-related quality of life during SPT.

Coenzyme Q Protects Against Age-Related Alveolar Bone Loss Associated to n-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Rich-Diets by Modulating Mitochondrial Mechanisms.

An age-dependent model of the periodontium was reproduced to evaluate the effect of life-long feeding on a low coenzyme Q10 dosage in n-6, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid or monounsaturated fatty acid-based diets on periodontal tissues of young and old rats. Results shown that exacerbated age-related alveolar bone loss previously associated to n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid diet was attenuated by coenzyme Q10 Gene expression analysis suggests that involved mechanisms might be related to a restored capacity of mitochondria to adapt to aging in gingival cells from rats fed on n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid. In particular, this could be due to an age-related increase of the rate of mitochondrial biogenesis and a better oxidative and respiratory balance in these animals. From the nutritional and clinical point of view, it is noteworthy that supplementation with coenzyme Q10 could counteract the negative effects of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid on alveolar bone loss (a major feature of periodontitis) associated to age.

Effect of paeonol on tissue destruction in experimental periodontitis of rats.

We evaluated the effects of paeonol, a phenolic compound of Moutan Cortex, on the tissue inflammation and destruction in experimental periodontitis of rats. The maxillary palatal bony surfaces of 18 rats received injections of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 5 mg/mL), PBS or LPS-plus-paeonol (40 mg/kg, intra-peritoneal injection) for three days. Five days later, the osteoclasts were examined and compared after tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining. In another 36 rats, the experimental periodontitis was induced by placing the ligatures around the maxillary second and mandibular first molars. Seven days later, the periodontal destruction and inflammation in rats with paeonol (40 mg/kg or 80 mg/kg) and those who had no ligature or without paeonol were compared by dental radiography, micro-computerized tomography (micro-CT), and histology. Gingival mRNA expressions of pre-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1ß' IL-6 and TNF-α were also examined. Compared to the effect of the LPS positive control, the paeonol injection significantly reduced the induced osteoclast formation. In ligature-induced periodontitis, the periodontal bone supporting ratio was significantly higher in the ligature-plus-paeonol groups compared to that of the ligature group, although they were still less than those in the non-ligature group. By micro-CT and by histology/histometry, a consistent anti-destructive effect was observed when paeonol was added. Moreover, less amount of inflammatory cell-infiltrated connective tissue area, connective tissue attachment, and mRNA expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines were presented in the ligature-plus-paeonol groups than those in the ligature group. These results suggested that paeonol might have a protective potential on gingival tissue inflammation and alveolar bone loss during the process of periodontitis by inhibiting pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Treatment of periodontitis as a manifestation of neutropenia with or without systemic antibiotics: a systematic review.

The purposes of this paper were to systematically review the clinical presentations and management of periodontitis patients with neutropenia and present a patient with severe autoimmune neutropenia. Twenty-four case reports describing a total of 33 patients were identified. The reported signs and symptoms occurred in either a generalized or localized pattern. Improvements in periodontal condition were observed in 86% of patients who were administered adjuvant systemic antibiotics compared to 47% of patients who were not given supplemental therapy. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor was administered to 67% of the neutropenic patients, and both improvement and progression of the hematological condition were monitored. Scaling and root planing, in combination with systemic antibiotics to supplement therapy for the underlying disease, have been successful in most cases.

Influence of low-level laser on bone remodeling during induced tooth movement in rats.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the effect of low-level laser on bone remodeling during induced tooth movement in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A diode laser (808 nm, 100 mW, 54 J on an area of 0.0028 cm(2)) was used. The application was continuous, punctual, and with contact. Forty-two 70-day-old Wistar rats had the maxillary left first molar moved using a force level of 25 g. In two experimental subgroups the movement was performed over 7 days and in three subgroups the movement occurred over 14 days. In the 7-day movement subgroups, one subgroup received laser irradiation on day 1 only; the other subgroup received laser irradiation on days 1, 3, and 5. In the 14-day movement subgroups, one subgroup received laser irradiation on day 1 only; the second on days 1, 3, and 5; and the third on days 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11, and 13. The control group was also divided into two subgroups, and movement occurred over two different periods of treatment (7 days and 14 days) without laser application; these were used as controls for the respective experimental subgroups. Inter-subgroup comparison was performed with Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Mann-Whitney and analysis of variance, followed by Tukey tests within the 7- and 14-day subgroups. RESULTS: The subgroup with three laser applications showed significantly greater osteoclastic activity and bone resorption than the other subgroups in the 7-day movement subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Low-level laser application significantly increased the osteoclastic but not the osteoblastic activity during the initial phases of tooth movement. In addition, the osteoclastic activity was dose-dependent.

Protective effects of Ginkgo biloba extract on ligature-induced periodontitis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that the systemic administration of extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb) would prevent excessive tissue destruction in ligature-induced periodontitis in a rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-two male Wistar albino rats were used in the current study. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of eight rats each: (1) non-ligated treatment (NL) group, (2) ligature-only (LO) group, (3) ligature plus GB28 (28 mg/kg, daily for 11 days) group and (4) ligature plus GB56 (56 mg/kg, daily for 11 days) group. RESULTS: Measurement of alveolar bone loss in the mandibular molar tooth revealed significantly lower bone loss values in the LO group compared to groups NL, GB28 and GB56 (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present results are the first data which suggests that host response in periodontitis can be modified by EGb administration. EGb minimized progression of periodontal disease.