RESUMEN
<b>Background and Objective:</b> The continuous use of pesticides in the ecosystem is of great concern, as some of them are highly stable and impact non-target organisms. The effect was tested of different concentrations of insecticides such as (Deltamethrin and Malathion) and natural products, Including, lemongrass oil on Fruit Fly (<i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>), to calculate the concentration at which the highest mortality occurred and death half the number of individuals after 96 hrs, as well as calculating the half-lethal time for individuals. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study, which evaluated the toxicity of five different concentrations (0.75, 1.00, 1.25, 1.50 and 1.75 mg L<sup>1</sup>) of Malathion, (0.05, 0.10, 0.21, 0.53 and 1.48 mg L<sup>1</sup>) of Deltamethrin and lemongrass oil (0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00 and 1.50 mg L<sup>1</sup>) on the insect of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> after 96 hrs of treatment. <b>Results:</b> From the results of this study, the concentration (LC<sub>50 </sub>= 2.938 mg L<sup>1</sup>) of Malathion leads to kills half of the individuals, compared to Deltamethrin a higher concentration (LC<sub>50 </sub>= 4.8673 mg L<sup>1</sup>) that leads to killing half of the individuals. While lemongrass oil the concentration (LC<sub>50 </sub>= 9.7478 mg L<sup>1</sup>) leads to kills half of individuals. Also, when used Deltamethrin it takes (LT<sub>50 </sub>= 660.277) hours to kill half of the individuals compared to Malathion, which takes approximately (LT<sub>50</sub> = 321.862) hours to death half of the individuals. But lemongrass oil (LT<sub>50 </sub>= 819.745) hours to kill half of the individuals. <b>Conclusion:</b> In conclusion, the lemon plant and its components have excellent potential for being used in the control of <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, which had an effective role in biological control.
Asunto(s)
Drosophila/efectos de los fármacos , Malatión/efectos adversos , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Terpenos/efectos adversos , Animales , Drosophila/microbiología , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Insecticidas/metabolismo , Malatión/metabolismo , Nitrilos/metabolismo , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Piretrinas/metabolismo , Terpenos/metabolismoRESUMEN
The study was aimed at evaluating the protective role of α-lipoic acid (ALA) on long-term exposure of rats to the combination of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and deltamethrin (DLT). Forty-two (42) male Wistar rats were divided into 6 exposure groups with 7 animals in each group: (I) soya oil (2 ml kg-1), (II) ALA (60 mg kg-1), (III) DLT (6.25 mg kg-1), (IV) CPF (4.75 mg kg-1), (V) (CPF + DLT) DLT (6.25 mg kg-1) and CPF (4.75 mg kg-1; 1/20th of the previously determined median lethal dose) and (VI) (ALA + CPF + DLT) pretreated with ALA (60 mg kg-1) and then co-exposed to CPF and DLT, 45 min later. The regimens were administered by gavage once daily for a period of 16 weeks. Sera obtained from blood collected at the end of the experimental period were used for the evaluation of serum glucose, total protein, albumin, urea, creatinine and the activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase and acetylcholinesterase. The liver homogenate was used to assay for the activities of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase and the concentrations of malondialdehyde, cytokine and tumour necrotic factor α. The result showed that the combination of CPF and DLT resulted in marked alterations of these biochemical parameters in most cases compared to either of the pesticides singly, supplementation with ALA ameliorated these alterations.
Asunto(s)
Cloropirifos/efectos adversos , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Ácido Tióctico/farmacología , Animales , Cloropirifos/administración & dosificación , Interacciones Farmacológicas , Hígado/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Nitrilos/administración & dosificación , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Piretrinas/administración & dosificación , Ratas , Ratas WistarRESUMEN
Understanding the effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on bees is vital because of reported declines in bee diversity and distribution and the crucial role bees have as pollinators in ecosystems and agriculture. Neonicotinoids are suspected to pose an unacceptable risk to bees, partly because of their systemic uptake in plants, and the European Union has therefore introduced a moratorium on three neonicotinoids as seed coatings in flowering crops that attract bees. The moratorium has been criticized for being based on weak evidence, particularly because effects have mostly been measured on bees that have been artificially fed neonicotinoids. Thus, the key question is how neonicotinoids influence bees, and wild bees in particular, in real-world agricultural landscapes. Here we show that a commonly used insecticide seed coating in a flowering crop can have serious consequences for wild bees. In a study with replicated and matched landscapes, we found that seed coating with Elado, an insecticide containing a combination of the neonicotinoid clothianidin and the non-systemic pyrethroid ß-cyfluthrin, applied to oilseed rape seeds, reduced wild bee density, solitary bee nesting, and bumblebee colony growth and reproduction under field conditions. Hence, such insecticidal use can pose a substantial risk to wild bees in agricultural landscapes, and the contribution of pesticides to the global decline of wild bees may have been underestimated. The lack of a significant response in honeybee colonies suggests that reported pesticide effects on honeybees cannot always be extrapolated to wild bees.
Asunto(s)
Abejas/efectos de los fármacos , Abejas/fisiología , Brassica rapa , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Semillas , Animales , Animales Salvajes/fisiología , Abejas/crecimiento & desarrollo , Brassica rapa/química , Productos Agrícolas/química , Femenino , Guanidinas/efectos adversos , Guanidinas/farmacología , Guanidinas/toxicidad , Insecticidas/farmacología , Insecticidas/toxicidad , Masculino , Neonicotinoides , Comportamiento de Nidificación/efectos de los fármacos , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Nitrilos/farmacología , Nitrilos/toxicidad , Néctar de las Plantas/química , Polen/química , Polinización , Densidad de Población , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/farmacología , Piretrinas/toxicidad , Reproducción/efectos de los fármacos , Reproducción/fisiología , Semillas/química , Suecia , Tiazoles/efectos adversos , Tiazoles/farmacología , Tiazoles/toxicidadRESUMEN
The sucking louse Haematopinus tuberculatus (Burmeister 1839) is an ectoparasite of buffaloes, cattle, camels, and American bison. Alphacypermethrin (ACYP) is a pyrethroid insecticide commonly used to control arthropods of veterinary and public health interest. Therapeutics, such as antiparasitic compounds, is often administered to buffaloes based on dosage and intervals recommended for cattle because very few drugs have buffalo-specific label indications. A trial was conducted on 20 louse-infested buffaloes at a farm to assess the efficacy and safety of ACYP pour-on, at the manufacturer's recommended dose for cattle, on buffaloes naturally infested by H. tuberculatus. Ten animals were assigned to ACYP-treated group (ACYP-group) and ten to untreated control group (C-group). On day 0, all ACYP-group buffaloes received alphacypermethrin pour-on. Louse counts were performed on days -1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, and 56 at eight predilection sites on the skin of each buffalo. ACYP was completely effective (100%) at day 7, highly effective (99.8%) at day 14, and completely effective (100%) from day 21 until the end of the study (day 56 post-treatment). During the trial, ACYP was well tolerated by all animals as there were no observed clinically adverse reactions. The results of this trial suggest that ACYP is an effective, safe, and user-friendly compound suitable for treatment of buffaloes with natural louse infestations.
Asunto(s)
Búfalos , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Infestaciones por Piojos/veterinaria , Phthiraptera/clasificación , Piretrinas/uso terapéutico , Administración Tópica , Animales , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Infestaciones por Piojos/tratamiento farmacológico , Piretrinas/administración & dosificación , Piretrinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Chemical leukoderma is defined as an acquired, hypopigmented dermatosis that results from repeated cutaneous application of an agent that destroys epidermal melanocytes in genetically susceptible patients. Chemical leukoderma may develop both at the site of contact with the chemical as well as remotely from the exposure. Avoidance of the causative agent may lead to spontaneous repigmentation, but treatments commonly used in vitiligo, such as narrow-band ultraviolet B phototherapy, PUVA photchemotherapy, or topical immunosuppressants, often are necessary. We present a case of chemical leukoderma secondary to pyrethroid insecticides that has progressed despite avoidance of the agent for over ten years.
Asunto(s)
Dermatitis Profesional/etiología , Hipopigmentación/inducido químicamente , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Dermatosis Facial/inducido químicamente , Dermatosis Facial/patología , Humanos , Hipopigmentación/patología , Masculino , Melanocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Melanocitos/patología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Dermatosis del Cuero Cabelludo/inducido químicamente , Dermatosis del Cuero Cabelludo/patologíaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: There are many different types of pediculicides available OTC in Australia. In this study we compare the efficacy and safety of three topical pediculicides: a pediculicide containing melaleuca oil (tea tree oil) and lavender oil (TTO/LO); a head lice "suffocation" product; and a product containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (P/PB). METHOD: This study was a randomised, assessor-blind, comparative, parallel study of 123 subjects with live head lice. The head lice products were applied according to the manufacturer's instructions (the TTO/LO product and the "suffocation" product were applied three times at weekly intervals according to manufacturers instructions (on Day 0, Day 7 and Day 14) and the P/PB product was applied twice according to manufacturers instructions (on Day 0 and Day 7)). The presence or absence of live lice one day following the last treatment was determined. RESULTS: The percentage of subjects who were louse-free one day after the last treatment with the product containing tea tree oil and lavender oil (41/42; 97.6%) and the head lice "suffocation" product (40/41, 97.6%) was significantly higher compared to the percentage of subjects who were louse-free one day after the last treatment with the product containing pyrethrins and piperonyl butoxide (10/40, 25.0%; adj. p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The high efficacy of the TTO/LO product and the head lice "suffocation" product offers an alternative to the pyrethrins-based product. TRIAL REGISTRATION: The study was entered into the Australian/New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12610000179033.
Asunto(s)
Infestaciones por Piojos/tratamiento farmacológico , Aceites Volátiles/administración & dosificación , Pediculus/efectos de los fármacos , Butóxido de Piperonilo/administración & dosificación , Aceites de Plantas/administración & dosificación , Piretrinas/administración & dosificación , Aceite de Árbol de Té/administración & dosificación , Animales , Antiinfecciosos Locales/administración & dosificación , Antiinfecciosos Locales/efectos adversos , Asfixia , Niño , Preescolar , Método Doble Ciego , Humanos , Insecticidas/administración & dosificación , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Lavandula , Aceites Volátiles/efectos adversos , Sinergistas de Plaguicidas/administración & dosificación , Sinergistas de Plaguicidas/efectos adversos , Butóxido de Piperonilo/efectos adversos , Aceites de Plantas/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Aceite de Árbol de Té/efectos adversos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Considering the potential adverse effects of selenium and iodine deficiencies, and taking into account the widespread but often careless use of pyrethroid insecticides and their possible endocrine-disrupting effects, this study was undertaken to investigate the effects of fenvalerate on thyroid hormone parameters in both healthy and selenium- and/or iodine-deficient rats. Fenvalerate exposure had no effect on the TT4 levels of healthy controls but caused significant increases both in iodine deficiency (ID) and selenium plus iodine deficiency (ISeD), and a significant decrease in selenium deficiency (SeD). Dramatic increases in TT3 of all groups were observed by fenvalerate. Moreover, it caused insignificant decrease of thyroid stimulating hormone in healthy controls, no effect in SeD, and significant elevation in ID and ISeD. These results, thus, showed that the widely used pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate has the potential to change significantly thyroid hormone parameters both in normal and deficiency states, and consequences of its thyroid status modifying effect might be of critical importance particularly in sensitive individuals and patients with thyroid dysfunction.
Asunto(s)
Yodo/deficiencia , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Selenio/deficiencia , Glándula Tiroides/efectos de los fármacos , Hormonas Tiroideas/metabolismo , Animales , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Glándula Tiroides/anatomía & histología , Tirotropina/metabolismo , Tiroxina/metabolismo , Triyodotironina/metabolismoAsunto(s)
DEET/uso terapéutico , Transmisión de Enfermedad Infecciosa/prevención & control , Control de Infecciones , Repelentes de Insectos/uso terapéutico , Insectos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/uso terapéutico , Malaria/prevención & control , Permetrina/uso terapéutico , Control de Plagas/métodos , Piperidinas/uso terapéutico , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéutico , Piretrinas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Niño , Culicidae/patogenicidad , DEET/efectos adversos , Europa (Continente) , Femenino , Humanos , Repelentes de Insectos/efectos adversos , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Masculino , Permetrina/efectos adversos , Piperidinas/efectos adversos , Extractos Vegetales/efectos adversos , Embarazo , Piretrinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Pyrethroid resistant mosquitoes are becoming increasingly common in parts of Africa. It is important to identify alternative insecticides which, if necessary, could be used to replace or supplement the pyrethroids for use on treated nets. Certain compounds of an earlier generation of insecticides, the organophosphates may have potential as net treatments. METHODS: Comparative studies of chlorpyrifos-methyl (CM), an organophosphate with low mammalian toxicity, and lambdacyhalothrin (L), a pyrethroid, were conducted in experimental huts in Côte d'Ivoire, West Africa. Anopheles gambiae and Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes from the area are resistant to pyrethroids and organophosphates (kdr and insensitive acetylcholinesterase Ace.1R). Several treatments and application rates on intact or holed nets were evaluated, including single treatments, mixtures, and differential wall/ceiling treatments. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION: All of the treatments were effective in reducing blood feeding from sleepers under the nets and in killing both species of mosquito, despite the presence of the kdr and Ace.1R genes at high frequency. In most cases, the effects of the various treatments did not differ significantly. Five washes of the nets in soap solution did not reduce the impact of the insecticides on A. gambiae mortality, but did lead to an increase in blood feeding. The three combinations performed no differently from the single insecticide treatments, but the low dose mixture performed encouragingly well indicating that such combinations might be used for controlling insecticide resistant mosquitoes. Mortality of mosquitoes that carried both Ace.1R and Ace.1S genes did not differ significantly from mosquitoes that carried only Ace.1S genes on any of the treated nets, indicating that the Ace.1R allele does not confer effective resistance to chlorpyrifos-methyl under the realistic conditions of an experimental hut.
Asunto(s)
Ropa de Cama y Ropa Blanca , Cloropirifos/análogos & derivados , Insectos Vectores/efectos de los fármacos , Insecticidas/farmacología , Control de Mosquitos/métodos , Nitrilos/farmacología , Piretrinas/farmacología , Acetilcolinesterasa/genética , Animales , Anopheles/clasificación , Anopheles/efectos de los fármacos , Anopheles/genética , Cloropirifos/efectos adversos , Cloropirifos/farmacología , Culex/clasificación , Culex/efectos de los fármacos , Culex/genética , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Genotipo , Humanos , Insectos Vectores/clasificación , Insectos Vectores/genética , Resistencia a los Insecticidas/genética , Malaria/prevención & control , Nitrilos/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Effects of deltamethrin on lipid peroxidation were investigated for subacute, subchronic and chronic periods. Deltamethrin was given to Swiss Albino mice at 1.5, 2.5, or 7.5 mg/kg. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by determining malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma, and determining glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), superoxide dismutase (Cu-Zn SOD) and catalase activities in erythrocytes on days 15, 45, and 60. MDA levels increased in deltamethrin dosed groups, especially for the subchronic and chronic periods. GSH-Px, Cu-Zn SOD and catalase activities in erythrocytes were decreased at high doses of deltamethrin, especially at the high dose (7.5 mg/kg) deltamethrin group.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Animales , Catalasa/farmacología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Eritrocitos/enzimología , Glutatión Peroxidasa/farmacología , Malondialdehído/sangre , Ratones , Nitrilos , Superóxido Dismutasa/farmacologíaRESUMEN
The effects of maternal exposure to fenvalerate during the prenatal and postnatal periods of sexual brain differentiation were studied in adult male offspring. Behavioral (open field, stereotyped, and sexual behaviors), physical (sexual maturation, body and organ weights), endocrine (testosterone levels), and neurochemical (striatal and hypothalamic monoamine and respective metabolite levels) data were assessed. The results showed that there was no change in the age of testis descent or testis weight, nor were there changes in monoamine levels or stereotyped behavior. However, there were significant reductions in ductus deferens and seminal vesicle weights and plasma testosterone concentrations. In addition, treated offspring showed decreased male sexual behavior and increased immobility in the open field. These results indicate that perinatal exposure to fenvalerate during the critical periods of male brain sexual differentiation has long-term effects on the reproductive physiology and behavior of male rats.
Asunto(s)
Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Efectos Tardíos de la Exposición Prenatal , Piretrinas/efectos adversos , Animales , Conducta Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Monoaminas Biogénicas/metabolismo , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/efectos de los fármacos , Cuerpo Estriado/metabolismo , Sistema Endocrino/efectos de los fármacos , Femenino , Hipotálamo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Locomoción/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Nitrilos , Tamaño de los Órganos/efectos de los fármacos , Embarazo , Próstata/crecimiento & desarrollo , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Vesículas Seminales/crecimiento & desarrollo , Caracteres Sexuales , Conducta Sexual Animal/efectos de los fármacos , Testosterona/sangre , Conducto Deferente/crecimiento & desarrolloRESUMEN
A man experienced one hour and 40 minutes of continual, inappropriate, uncontrollable laughter. The onset was preceded by a single-inhalation exposure to an insecticide of very low toxicity. The episode was terminated by a single dose of IV diazepam. A discussion of pathological laughter, including its proposed pathophysiology, differential diagnosis, clinical relevance, and management, is presented.
Asunto(s)
Síntomas Afectivos/inducido químicamente , Insecticidas/efectos adversos , Risa , Adulto , Síntomas Afectivos/tratamiento farmacológico , Diazepam/uso terapéutico , Humanos , Isoindoles , Risa/fisiología , Masculino , Norbornanos/efectos adversos , Butóxido de Piperonilo/efectos adversos , Piretrinas/efectos adversosRESUMEN
A escolha de produtos ectoparasiticidas para uso humano deve obedecer certos critérios, principalmente envolvendo a relaçäo risco-benefício, desde que muitos säo substâncias capazes de destruir formas de vida. As relaçöes adversas, os efeitos colaterais, a toxicidade, aliados a fatores como formulaçöes, interaçäo medicamentosa, incompatibilidades, freqüência das aplicaçöes e outras vias de penetraçäo orgânica devem ser avaliados. O trabalho se propöe a atualizar e revisar os dados farmacológicos e toxicológicos dos ectoparasiticidas mais freqüentemente utilizados para adequar a sua escolha