[Nutriome as the direction of the "main blow": determination of physiological needs in macro- and micronutrients, minor biologically active substances].

One of the essential parts of fundamental research in Nutrition Science is the determination of the physiological requirements of humans for energy and food substances. Research that has been carried out in this area over the past 90 years, consistently develops and improves the norms of physiological requirements for energy and nutrients for various groups of the population of the Russian Federation. In the 50 years of the last century in this research field, determining the values of daily intake for macronutrients (proteins, lipids and carbohydrates), was in the first place. Then the Era of micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) was started, and, finally, now there is the Era of minor food biologically active substances. More and more facts are accumulating about their leading role in regulating metabolism. They can be recognized as endogenous regulators, the primary vital components involved in the formation of human health. In recent years, the new definition of Nutriome is introduced into Nutrition Science. It is considered as a set of essential nutritional factors to maintain a dynamic equilibrium between human being and the environment, aimed to ensure viability, the preservation and reproduction of the species, keeping the adaptive capacity, the system of antioxidant defence, apoptosis, metabolism, and immune system function. The Nutriome is a formula for optimal nutrition, which is continually being improved and supplemented. Knowledge of this formula is the key to forming an optimal diet for a person, and, therefore, to save their health. It is evident that at the population level, the Nutriome has its characteristics, its structure for each age period of human life. The need to develop a formula for optimal nutrition and, consequently, updating nutrient-based dietary guidelines is induced by socio-economic and demographic changes in population, changes in anthropometric characteristics of children and adults, increasing prevalence of socially significant non-communicable diseases, developing studies of the significance of particular food substances and establishing the relationship between nutrition and health.

A socio-historical approach to policy analysis: the case of the Brazilian Workers' Food Policy.

Policy analyses based on traditional or structuralist definitions of the state are important, but they have some limitations for explaining processes related to policymaking, implementation, and results. Bourdieusian sociology links the analysis to objective and subjective dimensions of social practices and can help elucidate these phenomena. This article provides such empirical evidence by analyzing the social genesis of a Brazilian policy that currently serves 18 million workers and was established by the state in 1976 through the Fiscal Incentives Program for Workers' Nutrition (PIFAT/PAT). The study linked the analysis of the trajectory of social agents involved in the policy's formulation to the historical conditions that allowed the policy to exist in the first place. Although the literature treats the policy as a workers' food program (PAT), the current study showed that it actually represented a new model for paying financial subsidies to companies that provided food to their employees, meanwhile upgrading the commercial market for collective meals. The study further showed that the program emerged as an administrative policy, but linked to economic agents. The program became a specific social space in which issues related to workers' nutrition became secondary, but useful for disguising what had been an explicit side of its genesis, namely its essentially fiscal nature.

Trends in Global Nutrition Policy and Implications for Japanese Development Policy.

BACKGROUND: Although the issue of nutrition was long underrepresented in the global health agenda, it regained international attention with the introduction of the Scaling Up Nutrition (SUN) framework. A historical review of global nutrition policies over 4 decades illustrates the evolution of nutrition policy themes and the challenges confronted by SUN. OBJECTIVE: This study reviews major events in global nutrition policy from the 1970s to the SUN movement around 2010 to illustrate the dynamics of global agenda setting for nutrition policy along with implications for the government of Japan. METHODS: The events are categorized according to each decade's nutrition paradigm: nutrition and its socioeconomic features in the 1970s, nutrition and community programs in the 1980s, nutrition as a political issue in the 1990s, and nutrition and evidence in the 2000s. RESULTS: This study identified 2 findings: First, the arguments that led to a global consensus on nutrition policy generated paradigm shifts in core ideas, and second, in response to these paradigm shifts, global nutrition policies have changed significantly over time. With regard to Japan, this analysis concludes that the government of Japan can take a greater initiative in the global health community as supporter of SUN by strategically developing a combination of financial, political, and practical approaches to improve global nutrition policy through the concepts of Universal Health Coverage and Human Security.

INCAP studies of endemic goiter and its prevention.

The high prevalence of goiter among adults in its member countries of Central America and Panama was observed as soon as INCAP began field studies. This led to systematic studies of goiter in schoolchildren in all of the countries as described, beginning with Guatemala where the rate was 38% nationally. However, efforts to eliminate the consequences of iodine with iodized salt using the water soluble potassium iodate and a process that had proved successful in Switzerland and the United States could not be used with the crude moist salt of the region. INCAP identified potassium iodate that is insoluble in water, and in four schools (two each in El Salvador and Guatemala) proved that the iodine in this compound was as available as that in potassium iodate. It remained evenly distributed in moist salt. When added to salt in Guatemala, goiter rate dropped to 15% in four years and less than 5% in eight years. Compulsory iodation of salt in other developing countries followed with comparable results. This method is now used in worldwide campaigns against iodine deficiency in developing countries.

Five decades of vitamin A studies in the region of Central America and Panama.

Vitamin A deficiency in Central America was first identified as a public health problem in the 1950s. It affected primarily children. The main underlying cause was a deficient intake of pre-formed vitamin A, but infection and intestinal parasitism also played important roles. INCAP focused its efforts on overcoming this problem and developed, as a short-term solution, the technology to fortify sugar with vitamin A. Fortification programs were implemented in several Central American countries. Evaluation of these programs revealed a significant impact-not only on vitamin A status, but also on iron nutrition and hematological condition. Longer-term solutions, like increasing the availability and consumption of vitamin A-rich foods, were later suggested and operational tools were developed to assist the countries in the region in the implementation, evaluation and monitoring of their own fortification programs.

INCAP studies of hematologic and gastrointestinal function in healthy individuals and those with protein-energy malnutrition and infection.

Anemia is highly prevalent, especially in poorly nourished populations living in unsanitary conditions. Studies of the Central American population showed that iron was the predominant deficient hematopoietic micronutrient and that correction of nutrient deficiencies led to hematological normality as defined by WHO. The bioavailability of diverse iron compounds added to the mostly vegetable diets of such populations showed the superior absorption of chelated iron (NaFeEDTA) and its strong effectiveness in correcting iron deficiency when added to sugar. The consequences on development and mental behavioral functions as well as on work capacity of iron deficiency and anemia in infants, children and adults, and the positive effects of their correction was demonstrated. In protein-energy malnourished (PEM) children, the deficit in active tissue mass (basal oxygen consumption) and in total hemoglobin content were closely related. This relationship persisted as the rates of active tissue mass repletion was modified by levels of protein intake. This demonstrated the strong adaptive nature of hemoglobin content in response to oxygen needs in PEM and during recovery. Gastrointestinal functions in PEM and in populations demonstrated the bacterial invasion of the upper GI tract and how this resulted in secondary bile acids that are toxic to the intestinal mucosal cells impairing their absorptive functions. Environmental hygiene in populations reversed gut bacterial migration and improved GI function.

Historical and contemporary perspectives on children's diets: is choice always in the patients' best interest?

On 29 March 1744, Thomasin Grace, a 13-year-old girl, was the first inpatient admitted to the Northampton General Infirmary (later the Northampton General Hospital). Inpatient hospital diets, then and now, are mainstays of effective patient treatment. In the mid-18th century there were four prescribed diets at Northampton: 'full', 'milk', 'dry' and 'low'. Previous opinions concerning these four diets were unfavourable, but had not been based upon an individual dietetic assessment. Thomasin would most likely have been given the milk diet, but use of the full diet cannot be excluded. 'Grace Everyman' is Thomasin's modern equivalent. Under current NHS guidelines Thomasin would be considered a paediatric patient, but in 1744 she would have been considered as an adult. This study undertakes a full dietetic analysis of all the prescribed diets available for Thomasin in 1744 and compares this against random choices for Grace from the 2009 inpatient menu from the paediatric (Paddington) ward, and the adult ward inpatient menu at the Northampton General Hospital. The results show that, for Thomasin, the 1744 milk and full diets met the current advised nutritional requirements for adequate dietary intake. However, for Grace, the present 2009 Paddington and adult ward menu, although generally meeting nutritional requirements, could, if Grace or her carer consistently chose poorly during a prolonged inpatient stay, lead to inadequate nutrition. This challenges assumptions that hospital diets were historically inadequate, and that choice in present day equates with satisfactory nutritional intake.

Increasing dietary protein requirements in elderly people for optimal muscle and bone health.

Osteoporosis and sarcopenia are degenerative diseases frequently associated with aging. The loss of bone and muscle results in significant morbidity, so preventing or attenuating osteoporosis and sarcopenia is an important public health goal. Dietary protein is crucial for development of bone and muscle, and recent evidence suggests that increasing dietary protein above the current Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) may help maintain bone and muscle mass in older individuals. Several epidemiological and clinical studies point to a salutary effect of protein intakes above the current RDA (0.8 g/kg per day) for adults aged 19 and older. There is evidence that the anabolic response of muscle to dietary protein is attenuated in elderly people, and as a result, the amount of protein needed to achieve anabolism is greater. Dietary protein also increases circulating insulin-like growth factor, which has anabolic effects on muscle and bone. Furthermore, increasing dietary protein increases calcium absorption, which could be anabolic for bone. Available evidence supports a beneficial effect of short-term protein intakes up to 1.6 to 1.8 g/kg per day, although long-term studies are needed to show safety and efficacy. Future studies should employ functional measures indicative of protein adequacy, as well as measures of muscle protein synthesis and maintenance of muscle and bone tissue, to determine the optimal level of dietary protein. Given the available data, increasing the RDA for older individuals to 1.0 to 1.2 g/kg per day would maintain normal calcium metabolism and nitrogen balance without affecting renal function and may represent a compromise while longer-term protein supplement trials are pending.

Dietetic practice: the past, present and future.

The history of dietetics can be traced as far back as the writings of Homer, Plato and Hippocrates in ancient Greece. Although diet and nutrition continued to be judged important for health, dietetics did not progress much till the 19th century with the advances in chemistry. Early research focused focuses on vitamin deficiency diseases while later workers proposed daily requirements for protein, fat and carbohydrates. Dietetics as a profession was given a boost during the Second World War when its importance was recognized by the military. Today, professional dietetic associations can be found on every continent, and registered dietitians are involved in health promotion and treatment, and work alongside physicians. The growing need for dietetics professionals is driven by a growing public interest in nutrition and the potential of functional foods to prevent a variety of diet-related conditions.

Surgimento da ciência da nutriçäo e breve histórico das políticas de alimentaçäo no Brasil / The establishment of the science of nutrition and a historical report about the development of food public policies in Brazil

Tem por objetivo descrever os eventos que culminaram com o surgimento da nutriçäo como ciência, e a trajetória das políticas de alimentaçäo no Brasil do início aos dias atuais, através de revisäo da literatura. (AU)

The history and future of food fortification in the United States: a public health perspective.

For more than 50 years, the United States federal government has regulated food fortification. During this time, the nutritional situation in the United States has improved greatly, whereas scientific information about the role of vitamins and minerals in human growth and development has increased exponentially. Concurrently, government authority to regulate food fortification has declined. This paper provides a brief history of U.S. food fortification policy and describes the contribution of food fortification to U.S. nutrient intakes. The paper highlights future directions of food fortification in the United States in light of these important developments, and addresses the issue of risk and the need to balance deficiency and toxicity in a generally well nourished population.

[Parmentier, potatoes and American pots]. / Parmentier, las patatas y las ollas americanas.

The discovery of new agricultural and alimentary possibilities was one of the most important motives of the numerous scientific expeditions sent to America during the XVIIIth century. Some french scientists (naturalists, medical, botanical, etc.) undertook, during the second half of the Enlightenment century, an active campaign in favor of the potato consumption. The most well-known was the pharmacist Parmentier that settled his propaganda upon political arguments (the potato gives of eating all the population), economical (it is an easy plant of cultivating and of good efficiency), and scientific (excellent nutritious qualities).