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1.
Biol Trace Elem Res ; 196(2): 472-480, 2020 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31701465

RESUMEN

Heme is an efficient dietary iron supplement applied in humans and animals to prevent iron deficiency anemia (IDA). We have recently reported that the use of bovine hemoglobin as a dietary source of heme iron efficiently counteracts the development of IDA in young piglets, which is the common problem in pig industry. Here, we used maternal Polish Large White and terminal sire breed (L990) pigs differing in traits for meat production to evaluate the long-term effect of split supplementation with intramuscularly administered small amount of iron dextran and orally given hemoglobin on hematological indices, iron status, growth performance, slaughter traits, and meat quality at the end of fattening. Results of our study show that in pigs of both breeds split supplementation was effective in maintaining physiological values of RBC and blood plasma iron parameters as well as growth performance, carcass parameters, and meat quality traits. Our results prove the effectiveness of split iron supplementation of piglets in a far-reach perspective.


Asunto(s)
Eritrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Hemoglobinas/metabolismo , Complejo Hierro-Dextran/farmacología , Hierro/sangre , Carne/análisis , Porcinos , Administración Oral , Animales , Composición Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Suplementos Dietéticos , Hemoglobinas/administración & dosificación , Complejo Hierro-Dextran/administración & dosificación , Masculino , Polonia , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/sangre , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Factores de Tiempo , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos
2.
Animal ; 13(9): 1826-1833, 2019 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30789107

RESUMEN

Alanyl-glutamine (Ala-Gln), a highly soluble and stable glutamine dipeptide, is known to improve gut integrity and function. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether dietary Ala-Gln supplementation could improve growth performance, intestinal development and digestive-absorption function in weaned piglets. A total of 100 purebred Yorkshire piglets weaned at 21 days of age were assigned randomly to four dietary treatment groups and fed a basal diet (control group) or a basal diet containing 0.15%, 0.30% and 0.45% Ala-Gln, respectively. Compared with the control group, piglets fed the Ala-Gln diets had higher average daily gain and lower feed : gain and diarrhea rate (P < 0.05). Moreover, dietary Ala-Gln supplementation increased villous height and villous height : crypt depth ratio in duodenum and jejunum (P < 0.05), as well as the activities of maltase and lysozyme in jejunum mucosa (P < 0.05). In addition, a decrease in serum diamine oxidase activity and crypt depth in duodenum and jejunum was observed in piglets fed the Ala-Gln diets (P < 0.05). Serum cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) concentration and gene expression of cPLA2, Na+-dependent glucose transporter 1, glucose transporter 2 and peptide transporter 1 in jejunum were increased by feeding Ala-Gln diets relative to control diet (P < 0.05). These results indicated that feeding Ala-Gln diet has beneficial effects on the growth performance of weaned piglets, which associated with maintaining intestinal morphology and digestive-absorption function.


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Dipéptidos/farmacología , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Dieta/veterinaria , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/metabolismo , Destete
3.
J Anim Sci ; 97(1): 246-256, 2019 Jan 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30312407

RESUMEN

This study was conducted to explore the effect of graded levels of pyrroloquinoline quinone disodium (PQQ·Na2) on the performance and intestinal development of weaned pigs. A total of 216 pigs weaned at 28 d were assigned in a randomized complete block design to 6 diets containing 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5, 6.0, or 7.5 mg/kg PQQ·Na2 for 28 d. Performance, diarrhea incidence, intestinal morphology, redox status, cytokines, and the expression of tight junction proteins were determined. Pigs had increased ADG (linear, P < 0.01), G:F (quadratic, P < 0.01), and lower diarrhea incidence (P < 0.01) with the increase of PQQ·Na2 supplementation. Villus height increased (quadratic, P < 0.01) in all segments of the small intestine, and crypt depth in the duodenum and jejunum was decreased (linear, P < 0.05) in pigs with the increase of PQQ·Na2 supplementation. Pigs fed PQQ·Na2-supplemented diets had higher (P < 0.05) activities of antioxidant enzymes including total superoxide dismutase in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in jejunum and ileum; catalase (CAT) in duodenum and ileum; and lower (P < 0.05) malondialdehyde concentrations in the intestinal mucosa of all segments. In the intestinal mucosa, cytokines including interleukin (IL)-1ß, IL-2, and interferon-γ were significantly decreased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed PQQ·Na2-supplemented diets. The protein expression of zonula occluden protein-1 (ZO-1) and occludin in the jejunum was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in pigs fed diets containing PQQ·Na2. In conclusion, these results have indicated that dietary PQQ·Na2 supplementation improves growth performance and gut health in weaned pigs. Moreover, pigs fed diet with as low as 1.5-mg/kg PQQ·Na2 have better performance compared with pigs fed no PQQ·Na2-supplemented diet; pigs fed diet with 4.5-mg/kg PQQ·Na2 have highest G:F among treatments during the whole period.


Asunto(s)
Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Cofactor PQQ/farmacología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Oxidación-Reducción , Distribución Aleatoria
4.
Res Vet Sci ; 122: 15-21, 2019 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30447500

RESUMEN

To explore the effects of reducing the Cp levels on intestinal barrier function, low Cp (LP) and NRC standard Cp (NP) diets were fed to pigs from 45 to 160 days, and in vitro experiments were performed using monolayers of IPEC-J2 cells. The number of goblet cells, expression of proteins related to cell junction, amino acid transport, glucose transport, transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER), dextran permeability, and IL-6 secretion level were detected in pigs. The results demonstrated that a moderate reduction of Cp levels did not affect intestinal morphology, as demonstrated by a normal villi height, crypt depth and normal numbers of goblet cells. The maintenance of the intestinal structure obtained with LP was also confirmed by stable mRNA expression levels of muc2 and E-cadherin in the jejunum. We also found that LP did not affect the protein expression of cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT-1) and alanine serine cysteine transporter 1 (ASCT1) from 45 to 160 days. Moreover, the excitatory amino acid transporter 3 (EAAT3), sodium-glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) and glucose transporter (GLUT2) protein expression levels in the jejunum were significantly increased at a certain age during the rearing period. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that a reduction in protein concentration up to 15% in the cultural medium of IPEC-J2 cells did not impact the mucosal barrier function. This study demonstrated that a moderate reduction of the protein level did not affect intestinal mucosal barrier function and morphology in the jejunum.


Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/análisis , Dieta/veterinaria , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Mucosa Intestinal/metabolismo , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/fisiología , Transportador 1 de Sodio-Glucosa/metabolismo , Porcinos/fisiología
5.
Ann Anat ; 219: 76-81, 2018 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29936218

RESUMEN

As calcium and phosphorus are of vital importance for life, physiological activity of the parathyroid glands (PTGs) is crucial to maintain mineral homeostasis and bone mineralization. However, PTG-specific molecular routes in response to environmental factors and intrinsic hormonal responses are not yet fully understood. Since nutrient requirements, pathophysiology and functional genomics of pigs are similar to those of humans, pigs might be a suitable model to study the holistic gene expression and physiological aspects of the parathyroid gland, which could be used in both animal sciences and biomedical research. However, due to their small size and hidden location, the dissection of the PTGs, particularly in pigs, is difficult. Therefore, a protocol for untrained dissectors has been established that allows a fast and reliable identification of the PTGs in domestic pigs. Based on their localization within the cranial thymus near the carotid bifurcation, sampling was verified by histological staining and mRNA expression pattern. Analyses revealed the prominence of parathyroid hormone (PTH)-producing chief cells. Moreover, the copy numbers of PTH differed substantially between the PTGs and their surrounding thymus tissue, as PTH was expressed virtually exclusively in the PTGs. The developed protocol will substantially facilitate a fast and reliable dissection of porcine PTGs which is essential for studies characterizing the molecular mechanisms of parathyroid glands, e.g. when applying new feeding strategies in pigs.


Asunto(s)
Disección/normas , Glándulas Paratiroides/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Animales , ADN Complementario/biosíntesis , ADN Complementario/química , Femenino , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hormona Paratiroidea/genética , ARN/genética , ARN/aislamiento & purificación , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Proteínas Ribosómicas/genética , Porcinos/genética , Timo/anatomía & histología
6.
PLoS One ; 13(12): e0208109, 2018.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30596652

RESUMEN

Domestication of wild cattle, sheep, and pigs began a process of body size diminution. In most of Western Europe this process continued across prehistory and was not reversed until the Roman period. However, in Italy, an increase in livestock body size occurred during the Iron Age, earlier than the Western provinces. In order to better understand the nature and timing of this early increase in animal size, this paper presents a detailed regional study of taxonomic abundance and biometric data from zooarchaeological assemblages recovered from the Po and Venetian-Friulian Plains in northern Italy. Our results demonstrate a high level of regionality in the choice of species exploited, with husbandry systems focused on different domesticates, as well as regional differences in animal size. However, despite significant variation in species frequencies, settlement structure, and epigraphic tradition, all areas with sufficient data demonstrate similar significant changes in livestock body size. Cattle and sheep increased incrementally in size prior to the Roman conquest in all regions considered; surprisingly, pigs continued to decrease in size throughout later prehistory. The incremental pace and pan-regional character of the size change in cattle and sheep suggests an internally motivated phenomenon rather than herd replacement with a new larger population, as might follow colonisation or conquest. The divergence in size trends for bovids and suids suggests a noteworthy change in cattle and sheep herding practices during the Iron Age or final centuries of the Bronze Age, in contrast with greater continuity in pig management. Our analysis provides a thorough zooarchaeological synthesis for northern Italy and, for the first time, demonstrates that both cattle and sheep increased in size outside of Roman territory well before the conquest of this area. This study offers a basis for future chemical analyses (DNA, isotopes), which will further investigate the cause(s) of livestock size changes in northern Italy.


Asunto(s)
Crianza de Animales Domésticos/historia , Restos Mortales/anatomía & histología , Huesos/anatomía & histología , Domesticación , Crianza de Animales Domésticos/estadística & datos numéricos , Animales , Bovinos/anatomía & histología , Cabras/anatomía & histología , Historia Antigua , Italia , Tamaño de los Órganos , Ovinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología
7.
Anim Sci J ; 89(3): 616-624, 2018 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29231279

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to evaluate dietary supplementation with different copper sulphate (CuSO4 ) forms on small intestine microanatomy and large intestine microbiota. Ninety weaned piglets were divided into three experimental groups: control diet (CTR), with no added CuSO4 and diets supplemented with 150 ppm of CuSO4 in protected (150P) and unprotected form (150UP). After 18 days of dietary treatment, six piglets per treatment were randomly selected and sacrificed. Duodenum villi length and crypt depths were higher (P < 0.001) in the animals fed 150UP than other groups. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker for enteric glial cells, was unaffected by dietary treatments. The total bacteria and Enterobacteriaceae bacteria counts were lower (P < 0.05) in cecum of animals fed 150P in comparison with the other two groups. In the colon the Streptococci spp were lower (P < 0.001) in both CuSO4 supplemented groups than controls. The obtained results revealed a modulation of intestinal structure and microbiota exerted by the studied CuSO4 dietary supplementation. The present data show that dietary supplementation with 150UP in the first period post-weaning may assist in restoring the gut morphology, improving duodenal structure.


Asunto(s)
Carga Bacteriana , Sulfato de Cobre/administración & dosificación , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Enterobacteriaceae , Intestino Grueso/microbiología , Intestino Delgado/anatomía & histología , Streptococcus , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/microbiología , Animales , Duodeno/anatomía & histología , Femenino , Factores de Tiempo , Destete
8.
J Sci Food Agric ; 98(2): 541-548, 2018 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28631826

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Many strategies, such as the antibiotic growth promoters, have been developed to improve intestinal health and performance of newly weaned piglets. Natural products such as essential oils have been scientifically recognized as growth enhancer feed additives for weanling pigs, replacing the antibiotics. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that Brazilian red pepper could replace performance-enhancing antibiotics also in weanling pig diets. However, one experiment was conducted to determine the effects of dietary Brazilian red pepper essential oil or antimicrobial growth promoter on intestinal health and growth performance of weanling pigs. RESULTS: No effects of treatments were observed on performance and organ weights (P > 0.05). Overall, both additives [red pepper essential oil (RPEO) or antibiotic (ANT)] increased gut Lactobacillus counts compared to negative control, as well as reduced villi density (P < 0.05). Animals fed diets containing 1.5 g kg-1 RPEO presented the lowest incidence of diarrhea (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggested that essential oil from Brazilian red pepper or chlorohydroxyquinoline added in weanling pig diets affect gut microbiota and histology without affecting performance and organ weights. In addition, there was an indication that high doses of essential oil could reduce the incidence of diarrhea. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.


Asunto(s)
Alimentación Animal/análisis , Capsicum/química , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Microbioma Gastrointestinal , Intestino Delgado/microbiología , Aceites Volátiles/metabolismo , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Porcinos/metabolismo , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Bacterias/clasificación , Bacterias/genética , Bacterias/aislamiento & purificación , Brasil , Capsicum/metabolismo , Intestino Delgado/anatomía & histología , Intestino Delgado/metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles/análisis , Aceites de Plantas/análisis , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Destete
9.
J Sci Food Agric ; 97(13): 4629-4634, 2017 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28349555

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Plant extracts have been used widely to improve growth, lower cholesterol, and exert antioxidative defense and antimicrobial activities in animal production. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary phytosterols (PS) on growth performance, antioxidant enzymes and intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. RESULTS: A total of 120 crossbred piglets, weighing 9.58 ± 0.26 kg, were randomly allocated to three treatments: control, PS (0.2 g kg-1 ) and polymyxin E (0.04 g kg-1 , antibiotic control). Compared to the control, PS or polymyxin E supplementation decreased diarrhea rate, serum cholesterol and malondialdehyde (MDA) of the piglets (P < 0.05). Liver MDA was significantly decreased in PS-fed piglets compared to the control (P < 0.05), although there was no difference between the control and polymyxin E-fed piglets. PS increased the villous height/crypt depth ratio of the duodenum and jejunum compared to the control (P < 0.05). Polymyxin E supplementation in piglets did not alter the villous height/crypt depth ratio but raised the villous height and crypt depth of the duodenum compared to the control (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The results of the present study indicated that PS could decrease diarrhea rate, lower serum cholesterol, reduce lipid peroxidation and ameliorate intestinal morphology in weaned piglets. In addition, PS exerted better amelioration on intestinal morphology than polymyxin E in piglets. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.


Asunto(s)
Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Diarrea/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos/análisis , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Fitosteroles/administración & dosificación , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Catalasa/metabolismo , Colesterol/sangre , Diarrea/tratamiento farmacológico , Diarrea/enzimología , Diarrea/fisiopatología , Femenino , Glutatión Peroxidasa/metabolismo , Intestinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Masculino , Malondialdehído/sangre , Superóxido Dismutasa/metabolismo , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/metabolismo , Destete
10.
J Anim Sci ; 94(9): 3636-3644, 2016 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27898925

RESUMEN

The heritability of udder quality traits, defined as morphology and colostrum IgG concentration at farrowing, was estimated together with the genetic and phenotypic correlations of these traits with other production and reproduction criteria. Udder morphology traits were recorded in 988 Meidam sows and colostrum samples were collected from 528 sows. Teat length, teat diameter (DIA), interteat distance within the same row (SAMER), and teat distance from the abdominal midline (AML) were recorded to the nearest millimeter. For each sow, a record was also made of udder development score (DEV), the proportion of teats oriented perpendicular to the udder, and the proportion of nonfunctional teats. Colostrum IgG concentration was estimated with a Brix refractometer. Heritability of udder morphology traits varied from high ( = 0.46 for teat length and = 0.56 for DIA) to moderate ( = 0.37 for SAMER, = 0.22 for AML, = 0.25 for DEV, = 0.3 for the proportion of nonfunctional teats, = 0.1 for the proportion of teats oriented perpendicular to the udder, and = 0.35 for colostrum IgG concentration). The SAMER was negatively genetically correlated with the number of stillborns (genetic correlation [] = -0.48) and positively genetically correlated with the number of piglets born alive ( = 0.69), with the opposite for the trait AML ( = -0.40 for number of piglets born alive and = 0.40 for stillborns). The highest genetic correlation with productive traits was estimated between AML and ADG during rearing ( = 0.42), although this had a negative phenotypic correlation (; -0.11). Teat length was also moderately correlated with ADG ( = 0.27). Backfat thickness at 100 kg was positively correlated with DIA and the total number of teats present in both rows ( = 0.28 and = 0.36, respectively) and negatively correlated only with DEV ( = -0.22). The same results were found for the phenotypic correlation between backfat thickness at end of test and the total number of teats present in both rows ( = 0.03). Udder quality traits can be included in the breeding goal and appropriately weighted with other important traits in the breeding objectives to enhance maternal performance.


Asunto(s)
Calostro/fisiología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Cruzamiento , Calostro/química , Femenino , Parto , Fenotipo , Embarazo , Porcinos/genética , Porcinos/fisiología
11.
Animal ; 10(11): 1812-1820, 2016 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27210003

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to determine if a moderate or high reduction of dietary CP, supplemented with indispensable amino acids (IAA), would affect growth, intestinal morphology and immunological parameters of pigs. A total of 40 barrows (initial BW=13.50±0.50 kg, 45±2 day of age) were used in a completely randomized block design, and allocated to four dietary treatments containing CP levels at 20.00%, 17.16%, 15.30% and 13.90%, respectively. Industrial AA were added to meet the IAA requirements of pigs. After 4-week feeding, blood and tissue samples were obtained from pigs. The results showed that reducing dietary CP level decreased average daily gain, plasma urea nitrogen concentration and relative organ weights of liver and pancreas (P<0.01), and increased feed conversion ratio (P<0.01). Pigs fed the 13.90% CP diet had significantly lower growth performance than that of pigs fed higher CP at 20.00%, 17.16% or 15.30%. Moreover, reducing dietary CP level decreased villous height in duodenum (P<0.01) and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum (P<0.01). The reduction in the dietary CP level increased plasma concentrations of methionine, alanine (P<0.01) and lysine (P<0.05), and decreased arginine (P<0.05). Intriguingly, reducing dietary CP level from 20.00% to 13.90% resulted in a significant decrease in plasma concentration of IgG (P<0.05), percentage of CD3+T cells of the peripheral blood (P<0.01), also down-regulated the mRNA abundance of innate immunity-related genes on toll-like receptor 4, myeloid differentiation factor 88 (P<0.01) and nuclear factor kappa B (P<0.05) in the ileum. These results indicate that reducing dietary CP level from 20.00% to 15.30%, supplemented with IAA, had no significant effect on growth performance and had a limited effect on immunological parameters. However, a further reduction of dietary CP level up to 13.90% would lead to poor growth performance and organ development, associated with the modifications of intestinal morphology and immune function.


Asunto(s)
Aminoácidos/farmacología , Dieta con Restricción de Proteínas/veterinaria , Proteínas en la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Suplementos Dietéticos , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Porcinos/inmunología , Aminoácidos/administración & dosificación , Aminoácidos/sangre , Aminoácidos/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Animales , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Peso Corporal , Proteínas en la Dieta/farmacología , Duodeno/anatomía & histología , Íleon/anatomía & histología , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Yeyuno/anatomía & histología , Tamaño de los Órganos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/sangre , Linfocitos T/citología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/genética , Aumento de Peso/efectos de los fármacos
12.
J Anim Sci ; 94(2): 780-8, 2016 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27065148

RESUMEN

Possible side effects of the current sow selection criteria on udder characteristics and their influence on teat use and functionality have not yet been investigated. The first aim of the present study was to investigate differences in udder morphology characteristics (distance between teats in a pair, teat length, and teat diameter) in 2 different pure breeds (Norsvin Duroc [ND; = 12] and Norsvin Landrace [NL; = 12]) and 1 crossbreed (Norsvin Landrace × Yorkshire [NL×Y; = 14]) at 3 different time periods (Days 1, 21, and 35) during lactation. Second, we also investigated the association between udder morphology and teat use on d 1 and if some of these characteristics influence whether teats become nonfunctional (from d 1 to 35) during lactation. During lactation, udder morphology (teat pair distance, teat length, and diameter of functional teats) and teat use (from 6 consecutive nursings: functional teats being used/not being used and which teat row [left or right] was uppermost) were documented. The NL had shorter distance between teat pairs than ND ( = 0.030). Teat pair distance increased with sows' parity ( = 0.010) and was affected by teat position ( < 0.001). The ND had shorter teats than NL and NL×Y ( < 0.001). Teat length and diameter increased with parity ( = 0.027 and = 0.043, respectively) and were affected by teat position ( < 0.001 and < 0.001, respectively). Functional teats were less used on d 1 postpartum (21.4%) than at 2 later time periods (10.4% on Day 21 and 4.7% on Day 35; < 0.001) during lactation. On d 1, the greater the distance between teat pairs in the middle and posterior position, the higher was the proportion of not-used functional teats ( = 0.003), with a larger decline in the lower teat row ( < 0.001), where approximately half of middle and posterior teats were not used. Proportion of not-used functional teats in the lower middle position increased when the teat pair distance exceeded 16 cm, whereas in the lower posterior position, this limit was 14 cm. Furthermore, the proportion of not-used teats on d 1 influenced teats becoming nonfunctional during lactation ( < 0.001). The greater the distance between pairs, the more teats became nonfunctional irrespective of teat position ( < 0.001). The present results suggest that teat pair distance is of importance for teat use in all breeds and should be included in the breeding program to ensure colostrum intake and maintain teat functionality during lactation.


Asunto(s)
Cruzamiento , Lactancia/fisiología , Glándulas Mamarias Animales/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Calostro , Femenino , Hibridación Genética , Paridad , Periodo Posparto , Embarazo , Porcinos/genética , Porcinos/fisiología
13.
J Anim Sci ; 94(1): 394-400, 2016 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26812344

RESUMEN

This experiment investigated the sources of variation in sow udder morphology. A cross-sectional study of 218 sows (109 Large White × Landrace [LWL] and 109 Meidam [Large White × Meishan {MDM}]) of different parities was conducted using a combination of scores and metric measurements. For each teat, 4 measures were taken: the inter-teat distance within the same row (SAMER), the distance from the base of the teat in the upper row to the abdominal midline (AML), the length of the teat from the tip to the base (LEN), and the diameter at the tip of the teat (DIA). Scores were adopted to define teat orientation (0 = teat not orientated perpendicular to the mammary gland and 1 = teat orientated perpendicular to the mammary gland), teat functionality (1 = milk channel not working, including teats that were blind, inverted, or very damaged; 2 = reduced availability of colostrum; and 3 = perfectly functional), and udder development (1 = not developed to 3 = fully developed). A longitudinal study on a subset of sows ( = 70) investigated how udder morphology changed in consecutive parities. Meidam had shorter teats, which were closer to the abdominal midline than LWL (LEN, < 0.001; AML, < 0.001). In both studies, first and second parity sows had smaller teats (LEN, < 0.001; DIA, < 0.001) than older multiparous sows. Teat position had a significant ( < 0.001) effect on SAMER in both breeds, with less distance between middle teat pairs. The distance from the base of the teats in the upper row to the abdominal midline was shorter in the anterior and posterior teats compared with the middle teat pairs. Teat length was greater in the anterior and middle teats than in the posterior ones, whereas DIA was greater in the middle teats. Teat pair position was associated with teat orientation ( < 0.001) and teat functionality ( < 0.001). Parity was associated with udder development ( < 0.001). Breed, parity, and teat pair position were all significant sources of variation in udder morphology in sows.


Asunto(s)
Glándulas Mamarias Animales/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Animales , Cruzamiento , Calostro , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Estudios Longitudinales , Leche , Paridad , Embarazo , Porcinos/genética , Porcinos/fisiología
14.
J Anim Sci ; 92(11): 5009-18, 2014 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25253808

RESUMEN

The aim of this study was to evaluate age-related changes and the effect of dietary Zn concentration on morphological and immunological characteristics in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets. A total of 96 purebred Landrace piglets were weaned at the age of 26 ± 1 d, and randomly allocated into 3 treatment groups fed with low (57 mg Zn/kg), medium (164 mg Zn/kg), and high (2425 mg Zn/kg) dietary Zn (ZnO). Piglets (4 males and 4 females per treatment group) were killed at 33 ± 1, 40 ± 1, 47 ± 1, and 54 ± 1 d of age. In the jejunum, villus height, crypt depth, and the number of goblet cells producing neutral, acidic, sulfated, and sialylated mucins were measured. Intraepithelial lymphocytes were characterized by flow cytometry and the gene expression of mucin 2 (MUC2), mucin 20 (MUC20), ß-defensin 3, and trefoil factor 3 (TFF3) was determined by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Villus height and crypt depth in the jejunum showed age related differences (P < 0.01), whereas the dietary concentrations of Zn had no effect. The mucin types were modified mainly by age, and dietary Zn had no effect in the proximal jejunum. In the distal jejunum, age and Zn had effects on the mucin types. The abundance of sulfomucins decreased (P < 0.001) and sialomucins increased with age (P < 0.001), while high dietary ZnO reduced the sulfomucins (P < 0.001) and increased the sialomucins (P < 0.05) in the crypts. The phenotypes of lymphocytes in the epithelium of the proximal jejunum showed relatively constant percentages of T-cells, as well as natural killer cells. High dietary Zn treatment led to a reduced abundance of CD8(+) γδ T-cells (P < 0.05). The apportionment of different cytotoxic T-cell was age dependent. Although the percentage of CD4(-)CD8ß(+) increased (P < 0.01), the relative amount of CD4(+)CD8ß(+) decreased with age (P < 0.05). The expression of MUC2 and MUC20 was not influenced by age or dietary Zn concentration. High Zn intakes resulted in a reduced gene expression of ß-defensin 3 (P < 0.05), but did not affect the expression of TFF3. It is concluded that Zn in the form of ZnO appears to have specific effects on the innate and adaptive gut associated immune system of piglets. These might contribute to the positive effects of Zn on the prevention of postweaning diarrhea.


Asunto(s)
Dieta/veterinaria , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Óxido de Zinc/farmacología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Mucosa Intestinal/efectos de los fármacos , Yeyuno/anatomía & histología , Yeyuno/inmunología , Masculino , Porcinos/inmunología
15.
J Anim Sci ; 90(4): 1118-25, 2012 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22064735

RESUMEN

Lysozyme is a 1,4-ß-N-acetylmuramidase that has antimicrobial properties. The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of a purified granulated lysozyme, compared with antibiotics, on growth performance, small intestinal morphology, and Campylobacter shedding in 10-d-old pigs. Forty-eight pigs (n = 16 per treatment), with an initial BW of 4.0 ± 0.1 kg (P > 0.40), were weaned at 10 d of age, blocked by litter and sex, and assigned to pens (8 pigs/pen). Each block was randomly assigned to consume 1 of 3 liquid dietary treatments for 14 d: a control diet, the control diet + lysozyme (100 mg/kg of diet), or the control diet + antibiotics (neomycin and oxytetracycline, 16 mg/kg of diet). Pigs were weighed and blood was sampled on d 0, 7, and 14. Blood was analyzed for plasma urea N and IgA. After 14 d of treatment, pigs were killed and samples of the jejunum and ileum were collected and fixed to measure villus height and crypt depth. Rectal swabs were taken on d 0, 7, and 14 of treatment, and samples of ileal and cecal contents were taken at d 14 of treatment to determine the presence of Campylobacter. Pigs consuming lysozyme and antibiotics gained BW at a faster rate than did control pigs over the course of the study (402 ± 12 and 422 ± 14 g/d, respectively, vs. 364 ± 14 g/d; P < 0.02), resulting in heavier ending BW (9.9 ± 0.3, 9.9 ± 0.3, and 9.0 ± 0.2 kg for pigs in the lysozyme, antibiotic, and control groups, respectively; P < 0.03). Immunoglobulin A decreased and plasma urea N increased over the course of the study (P < 0.1), regardless of dietary treatment (P > 0.6). Crypt depth was increased in pigs fed lysozyme- and antibiotic-treated diets, compared with pigs fed the control diet, in both the jejunum (60.0 ± 2.8 and 62.2 ± 3.0 µm, respectively, vs. 50.7 ± 3.1 µm; P < 0.03) and ileum (76.0 ± 7.5 and 72.2 ± 5.0 µm, respectively, vs. 52.4 ± 3.5 µm; P < 0.02). Villus height did not differ in the jejunum (P > 0.2) but was increased in the ileum of pigs consuming the lysozyme- and antibiotic-treated diets, compared with pigs fed the control diet (312 ± 20 and 314 ± 10 µm, respectively, vs. 263 ± 15 µm; P < 0.4). Small intestinal total mucosa and mucosal protein concentrations, as well as disaccharidase-specific activities, were not altered by lysozyme or antibiotics (P > 0.05). Campylobacter was detected in 27% of control samples but in only 5% of samples from pigs fed antibiotics and 8% of samples from pigs fed lysozyme (P < 0.01). Thus, granulated lysozyme is a suitable alternative to antibiotics for 10-d-old pigs consuming manufactured liquid diets.


Asunto(s)
Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Muramidasa/farmacología , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos/anatomía & histología , Animales Recién Nacidos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Íleon/anatomía & histología , Íleon/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunoglobulina A/sangre , Intestino Delgado/anatomía & histología , Yeyuno/anatomía & histología , Yeyuno/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Neomicina/administración & dosificación , Neomicina/farmacología , Oxitetraciclina/administración & dosificación , Oxitetraciclina/farmacología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología
16.
Climacteric ; 15(1): 30-5, 2012 Feb.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22066827

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVES: Knee pain related to osteoarthritis increases with age and is more common in middle-aged women. Although hormone replacement therapy (HRT) improves knee pain, women unresponsive to HRT need an effective adjunctive therapy. The aim of this study was to assess whether oral porcine placental extracts (PPE) have an impact on patients with knee pain as an adjunctive therapy combined with HRT. METHODS: Forty-eight postmenopausal women with knee pain receiving HRT were enrolled into this open-label, randomized, controlled study. Subjects were randomized into Group 1 (n= 24) or Group 2 (n=24). Subjects in Group 1 were given 3 months open treatment with calcium (260 mg/day) as adjunctive therapy combined with HRT. Group 2 received PPE (9 capsules/day) as adjunctive therapy combined with HRT. Changes in the degree of knee pain were evaluated by the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). RESULTS: Treatment with PPE was significantly effective in reducing the VAS score for knee pain at 4 weeks (p < 0.05), at 8 weeks (p< 0.01) and at 12 weeks (p<0.01), compared with the control group. Interestingly, the effects continued for 4 weeks after cessation of treatment in the PPE group (p< 0.01) compared with the control group. The PPE treatment had no significant adverse effects on blood biochemical and metabolic profiles, especially related to the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. CONCLUSION: PPE is a possible option as an adjunctive oral supplement in the case of HRT-resistant, long-lasting knee pain.


Asunto(s)
Artralgia , Compuestos de Calcio/administración & dosificación , Terapia de Reemplazo de Hormonas/métodos , Articulación de la Rodilla , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica , Extractos Placentarios , Anciano , Estructuras Animales , Animales , Artralgia/sangre , Artralgia/diagnóstico , Artralgia/etiología , Artralgia/terapia , Monitoreo de Drogas , Resistencia a Medicamentos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Femenino , Humanos , Articulación de la Rodilla/efectos de los fármacos , Articulación de la Rodilla/metabolismo , Articulación de la Rodilla/fisiopatología , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/sangre , Osteoporosis Posmenopáusica/complicaciones , Dimensión del Dolor , Extractos Placentarios/administración & dosificación , Extractos Placentarios/efectos adversos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Resultado del Tratamiento
17.
Arch Anim Nutr ; 64(4): 304-21, 2010 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20722301

RESUMEN

The study aimed at determining the effect of inulin and/or a multispecies probiotic formulation on gastrointestinal tract (GIT) morphology, immunological and haematological parameters. Forty-eight newly weaned piglets were assigned to four feeding groups, receiving a standard basal diet (control), supplemented with 0.4% inulin, probiotics (1 x 10(9) CFU/kg as fed, enterococci, lactobacilli, bifidobacteria) or a combination of both (synbiotic). After four weeks of ad libitum feeding piglets were slaughtered and intestinal tissue samples were obtained for histometry. Additional tissue samples of the GIT, mesenteric lymph nodes, blood, liver and spleen were taken for mRNA expression analysis of cell turnover (CDK4, caspase3, IGF I), transcription factor NFkappaB and inflammatory marker genes (TNFalpha, TGFbeta). Changes in histometry occurred predominantly in the small intestine, showing higher jejunal villi when probiotics were administered alone (p < 0.10). Inulin decreased the number of acidic goblet cells in jejunal villi (p < 0.05), whereas probiotics increased neutral goblet cells in ileal villi (p < 0.05). Though inflammatory marker genes were uninfluenced by treatment in the proximal GIT, the colon showed downregulations induced by inulin (TNFalpha: p < 0.10, TGFbeta: p < 0.05). Gene expression of CDK4 was upregulated in the jejunum and of TGFbeta in the mesenteric lymph nodes in the probiotic groups. Interestingly, the probiotic group alone exhibited upregulations in cell turnover marker genes in the colon and blood. Furthermore, for numerous parameters, inulin and probiotics led to no synergistic but antagonistic interactions.


Asunto(s)
Marcadores Genéticos , Intestinos/anatomía & histología , Inulina/farmacología , Probióticos , Porcinos/anatomía & histología , Porcinos/fisiología , Alimentación Animal/análisis , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Colon/fisiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Femenino , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/metabolismo , Intestinos/efectos de los fármacos , Tejido Linfoide/fisiología , Masculino , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Porcinos/sangre , Destete
18.
J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) ; 94(3): 395-404, 2010 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19663980

RESUMEN

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid (LMA) to drinking water on growth performance, small intestinal morphology and volatile fatty acids in the caecum of nursery pigs. Twenty-four crossbred pigs (Large White x Landrace, BW approximately 18 kg) were divided into three groups with four replications of two piglets each. The piglets received drinking water without (control), with 0.05 or 0.10% LMA. The results indicated that adding LMA at 0.10% to drinking water significantly increased their weight gain, average daily feed intake (p < 0.05) and tended to improve the feed conversion ratio. Adding LMA to drinking water significantly increased their water intake and significantly reduced the pH of drinking water (p < 0.01), thus total plate count (p < 0.01) and Escherichia coli in drinking water was reduced (p < 0.05), while the total number of bacteria in the caecum was not significantly affected. Liquid DL-methionine hydroxy analogue free acid supplementation in drinking water tended to decrease pH in the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, colon and rectum. Furthermore, adding LMA at 0.10% significantly increased villous height in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum (p < 0.05), and the villous height:crypt depth ratio in the jejunum and ileum (p < 0.01) was higher, whereas acetic acid concentration in the caecum was significantly lower than in the control group. It could be concluded that adding LMA to drinking water improved growth performance of the nursery pigs because of high water quality and high nutrient utilization caused by an improvement of small intestinal morphology (not from nutritional effect of methionine source).


Asunto(s)
Suplementos Dietéticos , Intestino Delgado/efectos de los fármacos , Metionina/análogos & derivados , Porcinos/crecimiento & desarrollo , Agua , Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Ciego/microbiología , Dieta/veterinaria , Ácidos Grasos Volátiles/análisis , Femenino , Contenido Digestivo/química , Contenido Digestivo/microbiología , Intestino Delgado/anatomía & histología , Metionina/administración & dosificación , Metionina/farmacología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología
19.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec ; 61(2): 420-428, abr. 2009. ilus, tab
Artículo en Portugués | LILACS | ID: lil-518718

RESUMEN

A pesquisa foi realizada para avaliar o fluxo biológico do fósforo entre os compartimentos, fisiológicos ou anatômicos, de suínos mantidos em dietas que continham níveis crescentes de fitase, usando o P-32 como traçador. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por níveis de enzima fitase, 253, 759, 1265 e 1748 UF/kg, nas dietas. As variáveis avaliadas foram: ingestão, excreção, atividades específicas e fluxo de P nos compartimentos (trato digestivo, corrente sanguínea, tecidos moles e ossos). A enzima fitase não interferiu nas excreções fecais e urinárias, nas atividades específicas, na incorporação e na reabsorção de P nos ossos e nos tecidos moles e no fluxo bidirecional do trato digestivo e na corrente sanguínea, mas afetou linearmente a absorção e a retenção nos ossos. As respostas mais evidentes dos efeitos da adição da fitase são observadas nos níveis mais baixos.


The biological flow of P was evaluated among the physiologic or the anatomical compartments of pigs fed diets with increasing phytase levels, using P-32 as tracer. The experimental design was completely randomized. Treatments consisted of phytase levels in diets (253, 759, 1265, and 1748UF/kg). The evaluated variables were: feed intake, excretion, specific activities and flow of P in the compartments (gut, blood, bone, and soft tissus). Phytase level did not interfere with fecal and urinary excretion, specific activities, incorporation and resorption of bone, and soft tissue P and in the bidirectional flow of gut and blood, but linearly affected P absorption and bone P retention. The best response was observed with the lowest phytase levels.


Asunto(s)
Animales , Alimentación Animal , Suplementos Dietéticos , Modelos Teóricos , Fósforo , Porcinos/anatomía & histología
20.
J Anim Sci ; 85(6): 1444-52, 2007 Jun.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17339410

RESUMEN

The objective of this study was to determine the functional location and disappearance of activity of a supplemental Escherichia coli AppA2 phytase and its impact on digesta P and Ca concentrations in the gastrointestinal tract of pigs. In Exp. 1, 18 pigs (8.3 +/- 0.2 kg of BW) were allotted to 3 groups (n = 6 each) and fed a low-P (0.4%) corn-soybean meal, basal diet (BD), BD + phytase [500 units (U)/kg of feed], or BD + inorganic P (iP, 0.1%) for 4 wk. In Exp. 2, 30 pigs (14.5 +/- 0.2 kg of BW) were allotted to 3 groups (n = 10 each) and fed BD, BD + 500 U of phytase/kg of feed, or BD + 2,000 U of phytase/kg of feed for 2 wk. Five or six pigs from each treatment group were killed at the end of both experiments to assay for digesta phytase activity and soluble P concentration in 6 segments of the digestive tract and digesta total P and Ca concentrations in stomach and colon. Compared with pigs fed BD, pigs fed BD + 500 U of phytase/kg of feed in Exp. 1 and BD + 2,000 U of phytase/kg of feed in Exp. 2 had greater (P < 0.05) phytase activities in the digesta of the stomach and upper jejunum (2 m aborally from the duodenum). No phytase activity was detected in the digesta of the lower jejunum (2.12 m cranial to the ileocecal junction) or ileum from any of the treatment groups in either trial. Concentrations of digesta-soluble P peaked in the upper jejunum of pigs fed BD in Exp. 1 and 2, but showed gradual decreases between the stomach and the upper jejunum of pigs fed BD + phytase or BD + iP. In both experiments, pigs fed only BD had greater (P < 0.05) colonic digesta phytase activity and soluble P concentrations than those fed phytase. In Exp. 2, total colonic digesta P or Ca concentrations, or both, of pigs displayed a phytase-dose-dependent reduction (P < 0.05). In conclusion, supplemental dietary AppA2 mainly functioned in the stomach and was associated with a reduced phytase activity in colonic digesta of weanling pigs.


Asunto(s)
6-Fitasa/farmacología , Fosfatasa Ácida/farmacología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/farmacología , Escherichia coli/enzimología , Contenido Digestivo/química , Complejos Multienzimáticos/farmacología , Porcinos/metabolismo , 6-Fitasa/administración & dosificación , 6-Fitasa/metabolismo , Fosfatasa Ácida/administración & dosificación , Fosfatasa Ácida/metabolismo , Alimentación Animal , Fenómenos Fisiológicos Nutricionales de los Animales , Animales , Calcio/química , Calcio/metabolismo , Colon/efectos de los fármacos , Colon/enzimología , Dieta/veterinaria , Suplementos Dietéticos , Duodeno/efectos de los fármacos , Duodeno/enzimología , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/administración & dosificación , Proteínas de Escherichia coli/metabolismo , Íleon/enzimología , Yeyuno/enzimología , Complejos Multienzimáticos/administración & dosificación , Complejos Multienzimáticos/metabolismo , Fósforo/química , Fósforo/metabolismo , Estómago/enzimología , Porcinos/anatomía & histología
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