Implicações da prática profissional no acolhimento institucional de crianças: perspectiva de cuidadoras / Implications of professional practice in children's institutional sheltering: caregivers' perspective / Implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el alojamiento institucional de niños: perspectiva de cuidadoras

Este estudo qualitativo teve como objetivo compreender, a partir da teoria de bioecológica de desenvolvimento, as implicações da prática profissional no processo de acolhimento de crianças em uma casa-abrigo, na perspectiva de cuidadoras. As participantes foram 10 profissionais de uma casa-abrigo localizada na região sul do Brasil. Utilizou-se a entrevista semiestruturada e a organização e análise dos dados sustentou-se na Grounded Theory, com auxílio do software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Os resultados evidenciaram uma centralização das ações de acolhimento e atenção em torno dos cuidados físicos das crianças. As ações para promover suporte e cuidados emocionais dentro da casa-abrigo eram delegadas às profissionais da equipe técnica da instituição. Observou-se que as dificuldades encontradas pelas cuidadoras diziam respeito à falta de segurança e preparação para responder e acolher as demandas emocionais das crianças, as quais estão presentes em diversos momentos do processo de acolhimento. Percebeu-se que as práticas institucionais afetaram decisivamente tanto as ações de acolhimento das participantes e o suporte emocional oferecido às crianças na passagem pela casa-abrigo quanto as cuidadoras, no sentido de vivenciarem no trabalho sentimentos de insegurança. Os resultados tensionam ecologicamente a interação nos processos proximais presentes no desenvolvimento humano. Advoga-se pela reflexão sobre as implicações das práticas institucionais de uma casa-abrigo e o desenvolvimento infantil, visando o cuidado integral dos acolhidos.(AU)

Based on the developmental bioecological theory, this study analyzes the implications of professional practice in children's user embracement at a shelter from the caregivers' perspective. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 professionals from a shelter located in southern Brazil. Data organization and analysis was performed based on Grounded Theory using the Atlas.ti 8.4.14 software. Results showed that embracement and attention focus on the physical care of children. Support and emotional care activities were delegated to the institution's technical team. Caregivers faced difficulties regarding the lack of security and preparation to respond to and accept the children's emotional demands, which arise at different moments in the embracement process. The institutional practices decisively affected both user embracement actions and the emotional support offered to the children, as well as the caregivers, in the sense of experiencing feelings of insecurity. These findings ecologically tension the interaction in the proximal processes present in human development. Further reflections on the implications of institutional shelter-based practices for child development are needed to provide comprehensive care.(AU)

Este estudio cualitativo tuvo como objetivo comprender, desde la perspectiva de la teoría bioecológica del desarrollo, las implicaciones de la práctica profesional en el proceso de acogida de niños en una institución infantil desde la perspectiva de las cuidadoras. Las participantes fueron 10 profesionales de una institución de acogida infantil ubicada en la región Sur de Brasil. Se utilizó la entrevista semiestructurada, y para la organización y análisis de datos se aplicó Grounded Theory, con el uso del software Atlas.ti 8.4.14. Los resultados mostraron que las acciones de recepción y atención se centran en el cuidado físico de los niños. Las acciones de promoción de apoyo y cuidado emocional dentro del alojamiento se asignaron a los profesionales del equipo técnico de la institución. Se observó que las dificultades encontradas por las cuidadoras estaban relacionadas con la falta de seguridad y preparación para responder y aceptar las demandas emocionales de los niños, las cuales se encuentran presentes en diferentes momentos del proceso de acogida. Se notó que las prácticas institucionales afectaron decisivamente tanto las acciones de acogida de las participantes como el apoyo emocional que la institución brinda a los niños durante su paso, así como a las cuidadoras en el sentido de experimentar sentimientos de inseguridad en el trabajo. Estos resultados tensan ecológicamente la interacción en los procesos proximales presentes en el desarrollo humano. Se aboga por reflexionar sobre las implicaciones de las prácticas institucionales en los alojamientos institucionales y el desarrollo infantil, apuntando a la atención integral de los acogidos.(AU)

Effects of paternal deprivation on cocaine-induced behavioral response and hypothalamic oxytocin immunoreactivity and serum oxytocin level in female mandarin voles.

Early paternal behavior plays a critical role in behavioral development in monogamous species. The vast majority of laboratory studies investigating the influence of parental behavior on cocaine vulnerability focus on the effects of early maternal separation. However, comparable studies on whether early paternal deprivation influences cocaine-induced behavioral response are substantially lacking. Mandarin vole (Microtus mandarinus) is a monogamous rodent with high levels of paternal care. After mandarin vole pups were subjected to early paternal deprivation, acute cocaine- induced locomotion, anxiety- like behavior and social behavior were examined in 45day old female pups, while hypothalamic oxytocin immunoreactivity and serum oxytocin level were also assessed. We found that cocaine increased locomotion and decreased social investigation, contact behavior and serum oxytocin level regardless of paternal care. Cocaine increased anxiety levels and decreased oxytocin immunoreactive neurons of the paraventricular nuclei and supraoptic nuclei in the bi-parental care group, whilst there were no specific effects in the paternal deprivation group. These results indicate that paternal deprivation results in different behavioral response to acute cocaine exposure in adolescents, which may be in part associated with the alterations in oxytocin immunoreactivity and peripheral OT level.

Paternal deprivation alters play-fighting, serum corticosterone and the expression of hypothalamic vasopressin and oxytocin in juvenile male mandarin voles.

Although early paternal deprivation significantly affects offspring behavioral and neuroendocrine development, the link between paternal deprivation and social play behavior remains unclear. Mandarin voles (Microtus mandarinus) are socially monogamous and display bi-paternal care. The present study examined the development of social play in juvenile male mandarin voles and the paternal influence on play-fighting, vasopressin- and oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons and serum corticosterone and testosterone levels. The results show that social play was more pronounced during postnatal days 28-35, differing from the ontogenetic pattern of other forms of social behavior. On postnatal day 35, the peak in play-fighting activity, paternal deprivation reduced boxing/wrestling levels and vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons in the anterior hypothalamus and oxytocin-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus, but increased vasopressin-immunoreactive neurons in the paraventricular nucleus and corticosterone levels. These results suggest that mandarin voles engage in social play according to an inverted U-shaped curve in ontogeny, and paternal deprivation influences the development of offspring play-fighting; hypothalamic vasopressin, oxytocin and serum corticosterone may play a modulatory role in the alteration of play-fighting elicited by paternal deprivation; decreased play-fighting may correlate with depressed vasopressin levels in the anterior hypothalamus.

Além do riso: compromisso social e escuta psicanalítica em uma escola de circo / Beyond laughter: social commitment and psychoanalytic listening in a circus school / Más allá del riesgo: compromiso social y escucha psicoanalítica en una escuela de circo

Há onze anos, a Escola de Circo Só Riso foi fundada por uma moradora de um bairro de classe popular, em Ribeirão Preto. Perante uma demanda sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem, a neta da fundadora do circo foi atendida por uma psicóloga voluntária. Uma questão escolar revelou-se porta-voz de inúmeras questões relativas à família circense. Portanto, partindo-se do pressuposto de que os significantes circulam e atingem muitas pessoas (não somente um sujeito empírico isolado), este artigo apresentou uma escuta clínica sobre sentidos que atravessam uma família a partir de um atendimento individual com base na psicanálise lacaniana. Desse modo, interpretações e elaborações da criança, durante seus desenhos e brincadeiras, permitiu compreender que, estando degradada a função paterna, a família torna-se desamparada pelo simbólico. Sem portas (nem pernas), não existem saídas, não há possibilidades de trânsito, o sujeito paralisa-se, incapaz de deslocamentos significantes. Por isso, o trabalho realizado junto à criança consistiu em reposicionar papéis, reabilitar ôpernasõ, (re)situar o sujeito diante de seu desejo, edificando os muros e as portas definidoras de espaços (dentro e fora, público e privado, eu e outro).(AU)

Eleven years ago the Circus School 'Só Riso' was founded by a resident of a working class neighborhood in Ribeirão Preto. With a demand on learning difficulties, the circus founder's granddaughter was treated by a volunteer psychologist. The treatment proved to be a standard for numerous issues related to the circus family. Therefore, assuming that disseminated signifiers reach many people (not only isolated empirical subjects), this paper presents a clinical listening to meanings that affect an entire family through an individual treatment based on Lacanian psychoanalysis. Thus, interpretations and elaborations of the child during his drawings and jokes showed the understanding that, if the paternal figure is degraded, the family becomes symbolically helpless. Without doors (or legs) there are no possible escapes, there is no possibility of transit. On account of it, the subject becomes paralyzed, unable to displace signifiers. That is why the attempt done with the child consisted on the repositioning of subjective roles; on the rehabilitation of symbolical "legs". In other words, it consisted on the relocation of the subject towards his own desire by building the walls and doors that define spaces of being (both inside and outside, public and private, self and other).(AU)

Hace once años, una moradora de un barrio de clase popular fundó la Escuela de Circo Só Riso, en Ribeirao Preto. Trás un reporte de dificultades de aprendizaje, la nieta de la fundadora del circo fue atendida por una psicóloga voluntaria. Dicho asunto escolar se reveló portavoz de innumerables cuestiones relativas a la familia circense. Sobre el tema implícito de que las evidencias circulan y alcanzan a muchas personas (no solamente a un sujeto empírico aislado) este artículo presenta una escucha clínica sobre la vivencia que atraviesa una familia, a partir de una atención individual basada en el psicoanálisis lacaniano. De ese modo, interpretaciones y elaboraciones de la niña en sus dibujos y juegos, permitieron comprender que, estando degradada la función paterna, la familia se torna desamparada por lo simbólico. Sin puertas (ni piernas) no existen salidas, no hay posibilidad de transitar; el sujeto se paraliza, incapaz de realizar transferencias significativas. Por eso el trabajo realizado con la niña consistió en reposicionar papeles, rehabilitar ôpiernasõ (re)situar al sujeto delante de su deseo, para edificar así los muros y las puertas que determinan espacios (dentro y fuera, público y privado, yo y otro).(AU)

Além do riso: compromisso social e escuta psicanalítica em uma escola de circo / Beyond laughter: social commitment and psychoanalytic listening in a circus school / Más allá del riesgo: compromiso social y escucha psicoanalítica en una escuela de circo

Há onze anos, a Escola de Circo Só Riso foi fundada por uma moradora de um bairro de classe popular, em Ribeirão Preto. Perante uma demanda sobre dificuldades de aprendizagem, a neta da fundadora do circo foi atendida por uma psicóloga voluntária. Uma questão escolar revelou-se porta-voz de inúmeras questões relativas à família circense. Portanto, partindo-se do pressuposto de que os significantes circulam e atingem muitas pessoas (não somente um sujeito empírico isolado), este artigo apresentou uma escuta clínica sobre sentidos que atravessam uma família a partir de um atendimento individual com base na psicanálise lacaniana. Desse modo, interpretações e elaborações da criança, durante seus desenhos e brincadeiras, permitiu compreender que, estando degradada a função paterna, a família torna-se desamparada pelo simbólico. Sem portas (nem pernas), não existem saídas, não há possibilidades de trânsito, o sujeito paralisa-se, incapaz de deslocamentos significantes. Por isso, o trabalho realizado junto à criança consistiu em reposicionar papéis, reabilitar ôpernasõ, (re)situar o sujeito diante de seu desejo, edificando os muros e as portas definidoras de espaços (dentro e fora, público e privado, eu e outro).

Eleven years ago the Circus School 'Só Riso' was founded by a resident of a working class neighborhood in Ribeirão Preto. With a demand on learning difficulties, the circus founder's granddaughter was treated by a volunteer psychologist. The treatment proved to be a standard for numerous issues related to the circus family. Therefore, assuming that disseminated signifiers reach many people (not only isolated empirical subjects), this paper presents a clinical listening to meanings that affect an entire family through an individual treatment based on Lacanian psychoanalysis. Thus, interpretations and elaborations of the child during his drawings and jokes showed the understanding that, if the paternal figure is degraded, the family becomes symbolically helpless. Without doors (or legs) there are no possible escapes, there is no possibility of transit. On account of it, the subject becomes paralyzed, unable to displace signifiers. That is why the attempt done with the child consisted on the repositioning of subjective roles; on the rehabilitation of symbolical "legs". In other words, it consisted on the relocation of the subject towards his own desire by building the walls and doors that define spaces of being (both inside and outside, public and private, self and other).

Hace once años, una moradora de un barrio de clase popular fundó la Escuela de Circo Só Riso, en Ribeirao Preto. Trás un reporte de dificultades de aprendizaje, la nieta de la fundadora del circo fue atendida por una psicóloga voluntaria. Dicho asunto escolar se reveló portavoz de innumerables cuestiones relativas a la familia circense. Sobre el tema implícito de que las evidencias circulan y alcanzan a muchas personas (no solamente a un sujeto empírico aislado) este artículo presenta una escucha clínica sobre la vivencia que atraviesa una familia, a partir de una atención individual basada en el psicoanálisis lacaniano. De ese modo, interpretaciones y elaboraciones de la niña en sus dibujos y juegos, permitieron comprender que, estando degradada la función paterna, la familia se torna desamparada por lo simbólico. Sin puertas (ni piernas) no existen salidas, no hay posibilidad de transitar; el sujeto se paraliza, incapaz de realizar transferencias significativas. Por eso el trabajo realizado con la niña consistió en reposicionar papeles, rehabilitar ôpiernasõ (re)situar al sujeto delante de su deseo, para edificar así los muros y las puertas que determinan espacios (dentro y fuera, público y privado, yo y otro).

Hypnotic treatment of PTSD in children who have complicated bereavement.

Although conceptualized as a normal reaction to loss and not classified as a mental disorder, grief can be considered a focus of treatment. When grief complicates and becomes pathological by virtue of its duration, intensity, and absence or by bizarre or somatic manifestation, a psychiatric diagnosis is in order. Childhood PTSD in Complicated Bereavement is a condition derived from the loss of a loved one when the nature of death is occasioned through traumatic means. The traumatic nature of the loss engenders trauma symptoms, which impinge on the child's normal grieving process and his/ her ability to negotiate the normal grieving system. The 2 cases presented herein constitute single session treatment with clinical hypnosis of PTSD, a result of the traumatic loss of the paternal figures. The setting in which these cases took place was rural Guatemala. Treatment consisted of single session hypnosis with the Hypnotic Trauma Narrative, a tool designed to address the symptomatology of PTSD. Follow-up a week later and telephone follow-up 2 months later demonstrated the resolution of traumatic manifestations and the spontaneous beginning of the normal grief process.

Separation-induced receptor changes in the hippocampus and amygdala of Octodon degus: influence of maternal vocalizations.

Relatively little is known about the basic mechanisms that play a role in the vulnerability of the developing brain toward adverse environmental influences. Our study in the South American rodent Octodon degus revealed that repeated brief separation from the parents and exposure to an unfamiliar environment induces in the hippocampal formation of male and female pups an upregulation of D1 and 5-HT1A receptor density in the stratum radiatum and stratum lacunosum moleculare of the CA1 region. In the CA3 region, only the 5-HT1A receptors were upregulated; no changes were observed for D1 receptors in this region. GABA(A) receptor density in the hippocampus and amygdala was downregulated (nonsignificant trend) after parental separation. The acoustic presence of the mother during parental separation suppressed the D1 and 5-HT1A receptor upregulation in some regions of the hippocampus; no such suppressing influence was observed for the GABA(A) receptors. In the basomedial amygdala, the maternal calls enhanced the separation-induced 5-HT1A receptor upregulation in the male pups, whereas in the female pups the separation-induced receptor densities were not only suppressed by the maternal call but further downregulated, compared with the control group. These results demonstrate that early adverse emotional experience alters aminergic function within the hippocampus and amygdala and that the mother's voice, a powerful emotional signal, can modulate these effects in the developing limbic system.

[Invisible fathers: child development and family dynamics after heterologous insemination]. / Unsichtbare Väter: Kindliche Entwicklung und Familiendynamik nach heterologer Insemination (DI).

This study presents the long term outcome of the psychotherapy of a girl over seven years, which was born after donor insemination (DI) and aged eight became ill with a compulsive disorder. Aspects of child development, communication within the family and family dynamics related to this specific constellation are pointed out. This case-study presents one of the very few supplements to statistic data elaborated about assitsed-reproduction-families. Implications for individual therapy and therapeutic management of the family are discussed according to development of bonding and identity of the DI-child, father's role, dynamics of the couple and the incognito of the "invisible father".

Psicodinamismo del niño y su familia frente a la crisis de asma / The psychodynamics of the child and the family during the asthmatic crisis

Se seleccionaron once niños, nueve varones y dos mujeres, de edades comprendidas entre 5 y 10 años, con el fin de investigar el psicodinamismo del niño y su familia en el momento que se produce la crisis asmática y la consecuencia de esto para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Se obtuvo la información a través de las siguientes técnicas de psicodiagnóstico: 1) entrevista abierta semidirigida a los padres de los niños seleccionados, 2) test del dibujo de la familia, 3) hora del juego grupal y collage entre los niños seleccionados. Se comprobó que el factor emocional colabora para que se inicien las crisis asmáticas en organismos predispuestos. El niño se manifiesta con un grito en su ahogo asmático contra el ahogo de una simbiosis materna patógena y hace así también un llamado al padre ausente. El niño que padece asma tiene necesidad de identidad, independencia y discriminación. Los padres no decodifican el mensaje y la necesidad del niño en crisis; responden a la crisis asmática ahogando este grito de independencia con mayor sobreprotección y la búsqueda de discriminación aportando mayor confusión. La actitud de los padres es iatrogénica, refuerza y recrea el conflicto por el cual el niño enferma

Psicodinamismo del niño y su familia frente a la crisis de asma / The psychodynamics of the child and the family during the asthmatic crisis

Se seleccionaron once niños, nueve varones y dos mujeres, de edades comprendidas entre 5 y 10 años, con el fin de investigar el psicodinamismo del niño y su familia en el momento que se produce la crisis asmática y la consecuencia de esto para el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Se obtuvo la información a través de las siguientes técnicas de psicodiagnóstico: 1) entrevista abierta semidirigida a los padres de los niños seleccionados, 2) test del dibujo de la familia, 3) hora del juego grupal y collage entre los niños seleccionados. Se comprobó que el factor emocional colabora para que se inicien las crisis asmáticas en organismos predispuestos. El niño se manifiesta con un grito en su ahogo asmático contra el ahogo de una simbiosis materna patógena y hace así también un llamado al padre ausente. El niño que padece asma tiene necesidad de identidad, independencia y discriminación. Los padres no decodifican el mensaje y la necesidad del niño en crisis; responden a la crisis asmática ahogando este grito de independencia con mayor sobreprotección y la búsqueda de discriminación aportando mayor confusión. La actitud de los padres es iatrogénica, refuerza y recrea el conflicto por el cual el niño enferma (AU)

Satanism among adolescents: empirical and clinical considerations.

This paper reviews the literature on adolescent involvement in satanism. Results from a pilot study are presented along with a case study to illustrate factors that may alert practitioners to adolescents who are susceptible to satanic influences. Interventions for dealing with this adolescent subpopulation are discussed.

The unseen tears of children: a Chinese boy who vomited for 14 months.

A Chinese boy in Hong Kong who vomited for 14 months after his father had gone abroad to work is reported. Despite the very obvious predicament and sadness, more than 30 doctors had failed to understand the patient. In their search for a disease to explain the symptom, they trapped both themselves and the patient in the symptom of vomiting. It is argued that this patient should have been understood not from the angle of the traditional medical model. Neither was the psychoanalytical model useful. Rather the communication model of hysteria is much more practical; the vomiting can be construed as the unseen tears of a boy entrenched helplessly in his predicament. These unseen and unrecognized tears had cost the patient 14 months of precious life.

School-based developmental facilitation groups for children of divorce: a preventive intervention.

A model of time-limited, school-based groups for children of divorce is presented. Common themes that emerged in groups conducted in three schools suggest that youngsters continue to wrestle with divorce-related conflicts years after the marital disruption. Developmental tasks created by specific post-divorce stresses are described, and multiple brief interventions tied to nodal points in child development are proposed.