Treatment of Impetigo and Antimicrobial Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Impetigo is a contagious bacterial infection that affects the superficial skin layers. Increasing worldwide antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to existing topical agents commonly prescribed to treat impetigo is central to treatment failure. The Worldwide Health Organization developed a global action plan on AMR, but omitted information about AMR stewardship programs for topical antibiotics. OBJECTIVES: The review aims to provide information to clinicians and stakeholders regarding AMR and antimicrobial stewardship on topical antimicrobial drugs for impetigo treatment. METHODS: The literature searches reviewed the status of AMR to current topical antibiotics in impetigo, current therapeutic behavior, and concordance with antimicrobial stewardship principles. Two international panels convened to discuss the output of the searches, and the results of the panel discussions were used in the development of the manuscript. RESULTS: The literature search included clinical trials, research studies, clinical guidelines, consensus papers, and reviews (if they provided original data), published between January 2008 and May 2019. The articles were selected based on clinical relevancy of impetigo management, clinical efficacy, and safety of the treatment and antimicrobial resistance. The searches resulted in one-hundred and ninety-eight articles. After applying the eligibility criteria, nineteen articles met inclusion criteria and were considered in the present review. CONCLUSIONS: While published antimicrobial stewardship guidelines have focused on systemic antibiotics, few studies have attempted to evaluate topical antibiotic prescribing practices for impetigo treatment. Many of the topical impetigo treatments currently in use have developed resistance. The appropriate use of topical ozenoxacin can help eradicate impetigo while minimizing AMR.J Drugs Dermatol. 20(4):366-372. doi:10.36849/JDD.5795.

Do Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns Matter? An Algorithm for the Treatment of Patients With Impetigo.

BACKGROUND: Impetigo, a highly contagious bacterial skin infection commonly occurring in young children, but adults may also be affected. The superficial skin infection is mainly caused by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and less frequently by Streptococcus pyogenes (S. pyogenes). Antimicrobial resistance has become a worldwide concern and needs to be addressed when selecting treatment for impetigo patients. An evidence-based impetigo treatment algorithm was developed to address the treatment of impetigo for pediatric and adult populations. METHODS: An international panel of pediatric dermatologists, dermatologists, pediatricians, and pediatric infectious disease specialists employed a modified Delphi technique to develop the impetigo treatment algorithm. Treatment recommendations were evidence-based, taking into account antimicrobial stewardship and the increasing resistance to oral and topical antibiotics. RESULTS: The algorithm includes education and prevention of impetigo, diagnosis and classification, treatment measures, and follow-up and distinguishes between localized and widespread or epidemic outbreaks of impetigo. The panel adopted the definition of localized impetigo of fewer than ten lesions and smaller than 36 cm2 area affected in patients of two months and up with no compromised immune status. Resistance to oral and topical antibiotics prescribed for the treatment of impetigo such as mupirocin, retapamulin, fusidic acid, have been widely reported. CONCLUSIONS: When prescribing antibiotics, it is essential to know the local trends in antibiotic resistance. Ozenoxacin cream 1% is highly effective against S. pyogenes and S. aureus, including methycyllin-susceptible and resistant strains (MRSA), and may be a suitable option for localized impetigo.J Drugs Dermatol. 2021;20(2):134-142. doi:10.36849/JDD.5475 THIS ARTICLE HAD BEEN MADE AVAILABLE FREE OF CHARGE. PLEASE SCROLL DOWN TO ACCESS THE FULL TEXT OF THIS ARTICLE WITHOUT LOGGING IN. NO PURCHASE NECESSARY. PLEASE CONTACT THE PUBLISHER WITH ANY QUESTIONS.

[Antibiotic strategy in pleural empyema in children: Consensus by the DELPHI method]. / Stratégie antibiotique dans les pleurésies en pédiatrie : consensus par méthode DELPHI.

INTRODUCTION: The evolution of the microbial epidemiology of pleuropulmonary infections complicating community-acquired pneumonia has resulted in a change in empirical or targeted antibiotic therapy in children in the post Prevenar 13 era. The three main pathogens involved in pleural empyema in children are Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and group A Streptococcus. METHODS: A questionnaire according to the DELPHI method was sent to experts in the field (paediatric pulmonologists and infectious disease specialists) in France with the purpose of reaching a consensus on the conservative antibiotic treatment of pleural empyema in children. Two rounds were completed as part of this DELPHI process. RESULTS: Our work has shown that in the absence of clinical signs of severity, the prescription of an intravenous monotherapy is consensual but there is no agreement on the choice of drug to use. A consensus was also reached on treatment adjustment based on the results of blood cultures, the non-systematic use of a combination therapy, the need for continued oral therapy and the lack of impact of pleural drainage on infection control. On the other hand, after the second round of DELPHI, there was no consensus on the duration of intravenous antibiotic therapy and on the treatment of severe pleural empyema, especially when caused by Staphylococci. CONCLUSIONS: The result of this work highlights the needed for new French recommendations based on the evolution of microbial epidemiology in the post PCV13 era.

Impacto de un programa de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos en un hospital pediátrico de tercer nivel en Panamá / Impact of an antimicrobial stewardship program in a pediatric third level hospital in Panama

Resumen Introducción: Los programas de optimización de uso de antimicrobianos (PROA) se enfocan en el uso apropiado de antimicrobianos para ofrecer mejores resultados clínicos y menores riesgos de eventos adversos. Objetivos: Comparar consumo y costos de antimicrobianos antes y después de instauración de un programa de regulación de antimicrobianos y describir la proporción de resistencia de bacterias prioritarias. Métodos: Estudio cuasi-experimental, retrospectivo y prospectivo, descriptivo y analítico, que comparó el consumo y costo de antimicrobianos en un período pre- intervención (2007-2010) y un período post-intervención (2011-2017). Se realizó análisis descriptivo de resistencias bacterianas prioritarias. Resultados: El consumo de gentamicina, vancomicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ceftazidima e imipenem disminuyó significativamente en el período post-intervención comparado con el período pre-intervención (p < 0,05), mientras que el consumo de amikacina, piperacilina/tazobactam, cefepime y levofloxacina en el período post-intervención mostró un aumento significativo. La reducción de costos no fue significativa para gentamicina, vancomicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ceftazidima e imipenem. Para amikacina, cefepime, piperacilina/tazobactam y levofloxacina el aumento de costos no fue significativo. Los aislamientos de Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus y Enterococcus faecalis disminuyeron durante el período post-intervención. Conclusión: el PROA demostró disminución en consumo y costos de algunos antimicrobianos.

Abstract Background: Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs (ASP) focus in the appropriate use of antimicrobials to improve clinical results and minimize risk of adverse events. Aims: To compare consumption and costs of antimicrobials before and after the establishment of an antimicrobial stewardship program and to describe the resistance proportion of priority bacteria. Methods: Quasi-experimental, retrospective and prospective, descriptive and analytical study, to compare consumption and costs of antimicrobials in a pre- intervention period (2007-2010) and a post- intervention period (2011-2017). Additionally, a descriptive analysis of bacterial resistance from 2010 was performed. Results: Gentamicin, vancomycin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem consumption decreased significantly in the post-intervention period compared to the pre-intervention period (p < 0.05) while consumption of amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime and levofloxacin increased significantly in the post-intervention period. The reduction in costs was not significant for gentamicin, vancomycin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ceftazidime and imipenem, meanwhile, costs increased for amikacin, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefepime and levofloxacin, but this was not significant. The isolation of Acinetobacter baumannii, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis decreased during the post-intervention period. Conclusion: The ASP showed a decrease in consumption and costs of some antimicrobials.

Decisional Guidance Tool for Antibiotic Prescribing in the Skilled Nursing Facility.

OBJECTIVES: To derive weighted-incidence syndromic combination antibiograms (WISCAs) in the skilled nursing facility (SNF). To compare burden of resistance between SNFs in a region and those with and without protocols designed to reduce inappropriate antibiotic use. DESIGN: Retrospective analysis of microbial data from a regional laboratory. SETTING: We analyzed 2484 isolates collected at a regional laboratory from a large mixed urban and suburban area from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2015. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 28 regional SNFs (rSNFs) and 7 in-network SNFs (iSNFs). MEASUREMENTS: WISCAs were derived combining Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and reports restricted to fluoroquinolones, cefazolin, amoxicillin clavulanate, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. RESULTS: Pooling the target isolates into WISCAs resulted in an average of 28 of 37 achieving a number greater than 30 with an average of 50 isolates (range = 11-113; >97% urinary). Significant differences were found in antibiotic susceptibility between grouped rSNF data and iSNF data of 75% vs 65% (2.76-11.77; P = .002). The susceptibilities were higher in iSNFs with active antibiotic reduction protocols compared with iSNFs without protocols and rSNFs (effect size = .79 vs .67 and .65, respectively) (I2 = 93.33; P < .01). Susceptibilities to cefazolin (95% vs 76%; P < .001) and fluoroquinolones (72% vs 64%; P = .048) were significantly higher in iSNFs with active urinary tract infection protocols as compared with iSNFs without antibiotic reduction protocols. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that WISCAs can be developed in most SNFs, and their results can serve as indicators of successful antibiotic stewardship programs. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:55-61, 2019.

A Collaborative Multicenter QI Initiative to Improve Antibiotic Stewardship in Newborns.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if NICU teams participating in a multicenter quality improvement (QI) collaborative achieve increased compliance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) core elements for antibiotic stewardship and demonstrate reductions in antibiotic use (AU) among newborns. METHODS: From January 2016 to December 2017, multidisciplinary teams from 146 NICUs participated in Choosing Antibiotics Wisely, an Internet-based national QI collaborative conducted by the Vermont Oxford Network consisting of interactive Web sessions, a series of 4 point-prevalence audits, and expert coaching designed to help teams test and implement the CDC core elements of antibiotic stewardship. The audits assessed unit-level adherence to the CDC core elements and collected patient-level data about AU. The AU rate was defined as the percentage of infants in the NICU receiving 1 or more antibiotics on the day of the audit. RESULTS: The percentage of NICUs implementing the CDC core elements increased in each of the 7 domains (leadership: 15.4%-68.8%; accountability: 54.5%-95%; drug expertise: 61.5%-85.1%; actions: 21.7%-72.3%; tracking: 14.7%-78%; reporting: 6.3%-17.7%; education: 32.9%-87.2%; P < .005 for all measures). The median AU rate decreased from 16.7% to 12.1% (P for trend < .0013), a 34% relative risk reduction. CONCLUSIONS: NICU teams participating in this QI collaborative increased adherence to the CDC core elements of antibiotic stewardship and achieved significant reductions in AU.

[Position statement of the Spanish Association of Paediatrics-Spanish Society of Paediatric Infectious Diseases (AEP-SEIP) on the treatment of multidrug-resistant bacterial infections]. / Documento de posicionamiento de la Asociación Española de Pediatría-Sociedad Española de Infectología Pediátrica (AEP-SEIP) sobre el tratamiento de las infecciones por bacterias multirresistentes.

A progressive increase in the incidence of infections caused by multidrug-resistant microorganisms is being reported. Among these resistant microorganisms, the main threats are extended-spectrum ß-lactamase-, AmpC-, and carbapenemase-producing Gram-negative bacilli, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. To address this important problem, it is essential to establish pediatric Antimicrobial Stewardship programs, perform active epidemiological surveillance and develop an adequate infection control policy. The therapeutic approach of these infections is often complex, frequently requiring antibiotics with less experience in children. In this position document made by the Spanish Association of Pediatrics and the Spanish Society of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, the epidemiology and treatment of these infections are reviewed according to the best available evidence.

The hypothetical impact of Accelerate Pheno™ system on time to effective therapy and time to definitive therapy in an institution with an established antimicrobial stewardship programme currently utilizing rapid genotypic organism/resistance marker identification.

Background: Rapid organism identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) can optimize antimicrobial therapy in patients with bacteraemia. The Accelerate Pheno™ system (ACC) can provide identification and AST results within 7 h of a positive culture. Objectives: To assess the hypothetical impact of ACC on time to effective therapy (TTET), time to definitive therapy (TTDT) and antimicrobial usage at the Detroit Medical Center (DMC). Methods: Patients with positive blood cultures from 29 March to 24 June 2016 were included. ACC was performed in parallel with normal laboratory procedures, but results were not made available to the clinicians. The potential benefit of having ACC results was determined if clinicians modified therapy based on actual AST results. Potential changes in TTET, TTDT and antibiotic usage were calculated. Results: One hundred and sixty-seven patients were included. The median TTET was 2.4 h (IQR 0.5, 15.1). Had ACC results been available, TTET could have been improved in four patients (2.4%), by a median decrease of 18.9 h (IQR 11.3, 20.4). The median TTDT was 41.4 h (IQR 21.7, 73.3) and ACC results could have improved TTDT among 51 patients (30.5%), by a median decrease of 25.4 h (IQR 18.7, 37.5). ACC implementation could have led to decreases in usage of cefepime (16% reduction), aminoglycosides (23%), piperacillin/tazobactam (8%) and vancomycin (4%). Conclusions: ACC results could potentially improve time to de-escalation and reduce use of antimicrobials. The impact of ACC on TTET was small, likely related to the availability of other rapid diagnostic tests at DMC.

Evaluation of ceftriaxone prescriptions in the emergency department of a university hospital: an urgent need for improvement and alternative therapy.

To evaluate the relevance of ceftriaxone prescriptions in an emergency department of a university hospital and suggest whenever possible an antibiotic alternative with a lower ecological impact. All ceftriaxone prescriptions in the first complete week of each month during the year 2016, in the emergency department of the Grenoble university hospital, have been analyzed by an IDS referent in antibiotic prescriptions. Ceftriaxone prescription was considered appropriate if justified (an antibiotic must be used), relevant (ceftriaxone is a good choice), and adapted (in terms of dose, route, and period of administration), regardless of a potential antibiotic association, consistent with international recommendations. We considered patient outcome regarding the quality of initial prescription. Additionally, alternatives were suggested for relevant prescriptions. We included 327 patients, of which ceftriaxone prescriptions were not appropriate in 37.6% of cases: 13.5% were not justified, 12.8% not relevant, and 11.3% not adapted. The main factors associated with unjustified prescriptions were urinary, dermatological, and less frequent infection sites (p < 0.001). The main factors associated with irrelevant prescriptions were patients carrying multi-resistant bacteria (p = 0.002) or already following an antibiotic prescription at emergency department admission (p = 0.024). Antibiotic prescriptions were poorly adapted in patients with a creatinine rate over 150 µmol/L (p < 0.001) and septic shocks (p = 0.032). No difference was found concerning the hospital length of stay comparing appropriate initial prescriptions to inappropriate ones. However, alternatives with lower ecological impact were suggested in 55.2% of relevant prescriptions. In emergency departments, it is crucial to preserve ceftriaxone, selecting better indications and considering alternatives.

Failure of a Best Practice Alert to Reduce Antibiotic Prescribing Rates for Acute Sinusitis Across an Integrated Health System in the Midwest.

BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial resistance is a growing concern, and in recent years, there has been increased interest in ambulatory antimicrobial stewardship. Acute rhinosinusitis (ARS) is one of the most common outpatient diagnoses that results in an antibiotic prescription. OBJECTIVE: To determine if a best practice alert (BPA) will affect the percentage of oral antibiotic prescriptions for adults with ARS. METHODS: A prospective, pre/post study was initiated to evaluate the percentage of oral antibiotic prescriptions for ARS in 117 primary care clinics in the Midwest. Included in the study results were 16,570 adults who had an office visit for ARS: 8,106 patients from December 1, 2015, to February 28, 2016, were in the pre-intervention group without an active BPA, and 8,464 patients from December 1, 2016, to February 28, 2017, were in the post-intervention group when the BPA was active. The primary outcome was the number of oral antibiotic prescriptions for ARS compared with the number of office visits for ARS in the pre- and postintervention groups. RESULTS: The percentage of oral antibiotics prescribed for the pre- and postintervention groups were 94.8% and 94.3%, respectively (P = 0.152). The BPA displayed for 7,780 visits, prompting discontinuation of an antibiotic for 10 (0.1%) visits in the postintervention group. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that, although an electronic alert may be attractive to facilitate antimicrobial stewardship, it may be ineffective. These results warrant alternative measures to facilitate ambulatory antimicrobial stewardship. DISCLOSURES: No outside funding supported this study. The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare. Study concept and design were contributed by Hansen, D. Leedahl, and N. Leedahl. Hansen and N. Leedahl took the lead in data collection, with assistance from Carson and D. Leedahl. Data interpretation was performed by all the authors. The manuscript was written by Hansen, along with the other authors, and revised by all the authors.