Producing food in English and Welsh prisons.

Most prison food research focuses on aspects of consumption rather than production yet farming, horticulture and gardening have been integral to the prison system in England and Wales for more than 170 years. This paper explores the interplay between penological, therapeutic and food priorities over the last fifty years through an examination of historical prison policies and contemporary case studies associated with the Greener on the Outside for Prisons (GOOP) programme. Findings are discussed in relation to how joined-up policy and practice can impact positively on whole population health and wellbeing within and beyond the prison setting.

Nature Rx: Reemergence of Pediatric Nature-Based Therapeutic Programs From the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries.

Across the United States, physicians are prescribing patients nature. These "Nature Rx" programs promote outdoor activity as a measure to combat health epidemics stemming from sedentary lifestyles. Despite the apparent novelty of nature prescription programs, they are not new. Rather, they are a reemergence of nature-based therapeutics that characterized children's health programs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. These historic programs were popular among working-class urban families, physicians, and public health officials. By contrast, adherence is a challenge for contemporary programs, especially in socially disadvantaged areas. Although there are differences in nature prescription programs and social context, historical antecedents provide important lessons about the need to provide accessible resources and build on existing social networks. They also show that nature-and its related health benefits-does not easily yield itself to precise scientific measurements or outcomes. Recognizing these constraints may be critical to nature prescription programs' continued success and support from the medical profession.

[Research on the Health and Epidemic Prevention System during the Period of Peiyang Government in Qingdao(1922-1929)].

Until 1922, full sovereignty was restored by the Peiyang Government. To 1929, the Health and Epidemic Prevention System was gradually established in Qingdao, and the Health Bureau was set up, issuing a variety of health and epidemic prevention regulations, laws, propagating health knowledge, and carrying out health campaign. This made a big step forward in the protection and promotion of public health. However, due to lack of funds, and frequent changes in the health administration, the effect of the System and the development of health services were affected.

[The national anti-opium-smoking campaigns across the country in the Republican Period].

Anti-opium-smoking had been the key policy of successive central and local governments from the late Qing Dynasty to the Republican Period. Since the establishment of the Nanjing Provisional Government in January 1912, the Anti-opium-smoking campaign had culminated across the country. Under the support of the government, the "National Anti-Opium Association of China" and "Association of Chinese People Rejecting Opium" were established which made an important contribution to China's anti-opium-smoking campaign.Yunnan, Shaanxi, Heilongjiang, Zhejiang, Shanghai and other local governments also combined with local specific circumstances to make anti-opium-smaking policy for punishing severely the opium cultivation, trade and opium smoking, thus, the overrun of opium began to be brought under an overall control.

[Investigation of the Campaign of"Eliminating the Four Pests and Paying Attention to Hygiene"in Shanxi province in the 1950s, with special reference to technological innovation].

In order to improve the level of people's living and health standard, increase the output of cereal crops, achieve the country's economic recovery and development, and consolidate the new state power, a Campaign of"Eliminating the Four Pests and Paying Attention to Hygiene"in the field of health was launched by the Central Government in the 1950s. In response to the call of government, Shanxi province actively organized the people to participate in this Campaign. For improving the efficiency of Eliminating the Four Pests, people widely carried out technological innovation, with constant creation and invented advanced tools, and gained fruitful technological achievements. Through technological innovation, the working efficiency and quality were enhanced. More importantly, the interaction between the national and local authorities was promoted. In other words, there was a formation of national political domination and power over the local authority, as well as the"owner"awareness and the formation of the state conception.

Los primeros pasos en la organización de la lucha contra el cáncer en la Argentina: el papel del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, 1922-1947 / The begginings of teh fight against cancer in Argentina: the role of the Instituto de Medicina Experimental, 1922-1947

El artículo analiza iniciativas para organizar la lucha contra el cáncer en la Argentina entre comienzos de la década de 1920 y mediados de la década de 1940. En particular, hace eje en las acciones del Instituto de Medicina Experimental, un hospital-instituto de investigación dependiente de la Facultad de Ciencias Médicas de la Universidad de Buenos Aires que tuvo un papel central en este proceso. Se presta atención a la organización de la atención médica en el establecimiento, a las campañas de difusión de conocimiento a la población, a los intentos por incorporar esta cuestión a la formación profesional, a la articulación de las actividades con organismos estatales para dar mayor alcance territorial a la lucha contra el cáncer y a las investigaciones científicas que apuntaron a vincular el desarrollo del cáncer con estilos de vida (AU)

This article analyses initiatives to organize the fight against cancer in Argentina between the early 1920s to mid 1940s. Specifically, it focuses on the initiatives of the Instituto de Medicina Experimental, a hospital-research institute dependent on the Facultad de Ciencias Médicas of the Universidad de Buenos Aires that played a key role in this process. This paper considers the organization of the medical attention within the establishment, knowledge awareness campaigns, and the intents to incorporate cancer as a topic in the professional curricula and scientific research linking cancer and life styles (AU)

Could Carmelite Spirituality Promote Good Mental Health? A brief Tribute to Saint Teresa of Avila in the 500th anniversary of her birth.

Often it is overlooked that Christian Spirituality involves a personal relationship of a human being with God. It is of interest that both the Protestant Reformers and the exponents of the Catholic Counter Reformation agreed upon this. Two of the greatest exponents of the Counter-Reformation, both of whom were made Doctors of the Church because of their teaching on Prayer were Saint Teresa of Avila and Saint John of the Cross. This year is the 500th anniversary of the birth of Saint Teresa of Avila. Here, as a Catholic Psychiatrist, I argue that the teaching of both saints about the prayer life, properly understood, tends to improve self worth, and therefore must tend to help persons with mental health problems.

[Research on China railway health campaign in 1930s].

The motivation factors of China's railway health campaign in 1930s included avocation by the government, mass media mobilization, railway authorities' hygiene awareness and the systematization of the construction of organization. During the health campaign, the railway authorities adopted various approaches for its formation, including the rally speeches, distribution of materials, cleaning and vaccination etc. Unfortunately, the actual effect of railway health campaign was not satisfactory, yet, it enhanced theoretically railway employees' health knowledge and contributed to the promotion of modernization of hygienic knowledge. Meanwhile, there still existed many problems in the railway health campaign, for example, lack of funds, formalism and uneven development among the railway bureaus.

[Consumption and Control: How Vitamin C could become a Cure-All]. / Konsum und Kontrolle: Wie Vitamin C zu einem Allheilmittel werden konnte.

Artificial vitamin C has become a bulk product. To explain how ascorbic acid could enter everyday life, one less has to look at medical necessities than at the dynamic interplay of production, promotion, and health care policy. Hence, this contribution focuses on the complex interactions of health concepts, diagnostic instruments and the physician's gaze necessary to endow ascorbic acid with a medical indication. On the one hand, this reveals the differences between a "purely scientific" and a "medical-biological" point of view. On the other hand, as man last but not least is what he eats, this points to the fact that nutrition and parts of it always are soaked with health policy and moral.

Cultivando a saúde: uma História de Mulheres e Fitomedicamentos num assentamento do MST no estado de São Paulo / Growing the health: an history about Women and Phytomedicines on a MST's settlement in São Paulo

A estrada para uma inovação em medicamentos da biodiversidade compõe-se por diferentes experiências, atores e contextos sociais que colaboram quotidianamente para construir um sistema de saúde mais democrático, baseado em novos padrões de desenvolvimento social e ecológico. Com este fim, o trabalho conduzido pela RedesFito promove a criação de um sistema de Arranjos Produtivos Locais (APL) para a produção e a comercialização de fitomedicamentos, visando à preservação e o desenvolvimento das biodiversidades, tão como dos tecidos econômicos e sociais locais. O artigo reconstrói algumas das etapas que marcaram a história do APL de Itapeva, no sul do estado de São Paulo, onde um grupo de assentadas do Movimento dos trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra (MST) há mais de vinte anos conduz um importante trabalho de educação, produção e distribuição de fitomedicamentos. O texto retratará os momentos mais significativos que contribuíram para a construção de um sistema de práticas e saberes sobre os remédios de origem natural nos assentamentos e ao mesmo tempo, refletirá sobre o peso que o trabalho com os fitomedicamentos teve no contexto, ao fim de um empoderamento político e social da mulher dentro da comunidade.(AU)

The path towards the innovation in the "medicines of biodiversity" is composed by different experiences, actors and social contexts that work together daily so as to create a more democratic health system based on new models of social and ecological development. To this end, the work conducted by RedesFito promotes the creation of a system of Local Productive Arrangements (APL) for the production and distribution of phytomedicines, aimed at the preservation and development both of biodiversity and of the local economic and social fabric. This paper reconstructs some of the milestones that marked the history of the Itapeva APL, in the South of the state of São Paulo, where a group of women of the Movimento dos trabalhadores rurais Sem Terra (MST) has been carrying ahead an important work of education, production and distribution of phytomedicines for over twenty years. The text reconstructs the most significant moments that have contributed towards the creation of a system of local knowledge and practices about natural remedies and at the same time, it reflects on the weight that the work with phytomedicines has had in the end, in this context, towards a political and social empowerment of women within the community.(AU)

[Anticancer propaganda: myth or reality?].

The authors raise a very important problem of anticancer propaganda aimed at the early detection of cancer to be solved nowadays by means of screening and constructive interaction between oncologists and the public. To increase the level of knowledge of the population in this area it is necessary to expand the range of its adequate awareness of tumor diseases. Only joint efforts can limit the destructive effect of cancer on people's minds, so that every person would be responsible for his own health, clearly understanding the advantages of early visit to a doctor. This once again highlights the need of educational work with the public, motivational nature of which allows strengthening the value of screening in the whole complex of measures to fight cancer.

Historical reflection on health promotion within midwifery care in the United States.

Heath promotion has become recognized as a vital component of health care delivery. It is well known that the traditional model of medical care delivery is limited by its focus on diagnosis of illness and treatment. The integration of public health concepts of prevention and health promotion offers depth and breadth of care that is associated with attaining optimal health status. This review offers a historical reflection on the early and continued integration of health promotion activities in midwifery care in the United States.

Historical overview of church involvement in health and wellbeing in Australia: implications for health promotion partnerships.

Health promotion practice requires partnerships with different sectors of society and at all levels of government to achieve health equity as the prerequisites for health include domains that exist outside of the health sphere. Therefore existing partnerships for health need to be strengthened and the potential for new partnerships must be considered in order to address health holistically. The literature base exploring the church as a partner and setting for health promotion is predominantly from the US and therefore there is a need for research exploring the opportunities and challenges of partnering with churches in the Australian context. This paper presents an historical overview of the involvement of churches and church affiliated organisations in health and welfare in Australia recognising that while some of the values, practices and beliefs of churches may have considerable synergies with health promotion, others may be sources of contention or difference.

Murdered bread, living bread: Doris Grant and the homemade, wholemeal loaf.

Doris Grant (1905-2003), a middle-class, British housewife, published numerous books from the 1940s into the 1970s urging her fellow housewives to bake organic, wholemeal bread for their families. This article argues that Grant's arguments defy easy categorization as either 'conservative' or 'progressive'. On the one hand, her targeted appeal to women reflected a traditional, conservative understanding of gender roles: women were, first and foremost, wives and mothers and therefore naturally responsible for family diet and health. On the other hand, Grant also pushed her readers to look beyond their homes and recognize a dangerous food supply system that was impinging on their daily lives. She demanded that her readers reject comfortable complicity in this system and preached the value of individual action in effecting substantive change.

Localizing HIV/AIDS discourse in a rural Kenyan community.

This paper examines the effectiveness of multimodal texts used in HIV/AIDS campaigns in rural western Kenya using multimodal discourse analysis (Kress and Van Leeuwen, 2006; Martin and Rose, 2004). Twenty HIV/AIDS documents (posters, billboards and brochures) are analysed together with interview data (20 unstructured one-on-one interviews and six focus groups) from the target group to explore the effectiveness of the multimodal texts in engaging the target rural audience in meaningful interaction towards behavioural change. It is concluded that in some cases the HIV/AIDS messages are misinterpreted or lost as the multimodal texts used are unfamiliar and contradictory to the everyday life experiences of the rural folk. The paper suggests localization of HIV/AIDS discourse through use of local modes of communication and resources.

Expanding our Nightingale horizon: seven recommendations for 21st-century nursing practice.

Today's global health problems may seem insurmountable. Antibiotic-resistant microbes are increasing, and more economic, environmental, and social factors are affecting health. Health care costs keep rising. Hot politics and the chronic global nursing shortages all threaten the future of health care delivery. Also, diseases in many war-torn regions clearly place all humanity's health at risk. How can nurses possibly address these larger "global" challenges? To consider this question--and what nurses might do to contribute solutions--this article looks at the wider horizon of health care problems and how Florence Nightingale faced similar bigger health issues in her time. The health problems of today require renewed vision and the participation of committed citizens who take an active role in the promotion of human health-both locally and globally. By learning more about Nightingale's legacy, nurses actually attain a significant breadth and depth of knowledge and skill to share in these endeavors. Based on a review of Nightingale's responses and insights, seven recommendations are shared for consideration. While continuing the practices we have established, nurses can also create new, innovative, and relevant practice arenas, becoming--like she did in her time--global change agents for the sake of human health. From her broader viewpoint, Nightingale passed her global vision to us in order to extend our own horizons of possibility: remembering who we are, considering what we can do, who we care for, and why.