RESUMEN
PURPOSE: The industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) contains trans fatty acid mostly comprising of elaidic acid (18:1 ∆9t). PHVF is used as a cooking medium in Southeast Asian countries. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of dietary PHVF on inflammatory mediators and possible ameliorative effects of n-3 fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, ALA)-rich linseed oil (LSO) on the inflammatory mediators. METHODS: Male Wistar weaning rats were fed AIN-93-purified diet supplemented with one of the following lipids for 60 days, groundnut oil (GNO, 10 wt%), PHVF (10 wt%), LSO (10 wt%), PHVF blended with LSO at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt% levels. The final fat level in the diet was maintained at 10 wt%. RESULTS: The macrophages from rats fed PHVF showed higher levels of total cholesterol and free cholesterol as compared to those from rats fed GNO and LSO. Macrophages from rats fed PHVF down-regulated the expression of PPARγ and up-regulated the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2, 5-lipoxygenase and nuclear factor-kappa B p65. The macrophages from rats fed PHVF secreted higher levels of pro-inflammatory eicosanoids and cytokines. The rats fed PHVF blended with LSO at incremental amounts showed a significant reduction in the expressions of pro-inflammatory markers in dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Detrimental effects of dietary PHVF in enhancing pro-inflammatory agents in rats could be significantly reduced by providing ALA (n-3 PUFA)-rich LSO.
Asunto(s)
Eicosanoides/farmacología , Ácidos Grasos Omega-3/farmacología , Aceite de Linaza/farmacología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , PPAR gamma/metabolismo , Proteínas Activadoras de la 5-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Proteínas Activadoras de la 5-Lipooxigenasa/metabolismo , Animales , Células Cultivadas , Colesterol/sangre , Ciclooxigenasa 2/genética , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Citocinas/sangre , Citocinas/metabolismo , Dieta , Regulación hacia Abajo , Ácidos Grasos/análisis , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , FN-kappa B/genética , PPAR gamma/genética , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Triglicéridos/sangre , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Obese women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) have more inflammation in their subcutaneous white adipose tissue (sWAT) than age-and-BMI similar obese women with normal glucose tolerance (NGT). We aimed to investigate whether WAT fatty acids and/or oxylipins are associated with the enhanced inflammatory state in WAT of the T2DM women. Fatty acid profiles were measured in both subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue (vWAT) of 19 obese women with NGT and 16 age-and-BMI similar women with T2DM. Oxylipin levels were measured in sWAT of all women. Arachidonic acid (AA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) percentages were higher in sWAT, but not vWAT of the T2DM women, and AA correlated positively to the gene expression of macrophage marker CD68. We found tendencies for higher oxylipin concentrations of the 5-LOX leukotrienes in sWAT of T2DM women. Gene expression of the 5-LOX leukotriene biosynthesis pathway was significantly higher in sWAT of T2DM women. In conclusion, AA and DHA content were higher in sWAT of T2DM women and AA correlated to the increased inflammatory state in sWAT. Increased AA content was accompanied by an upregulation of the 5-LOX pathway and seems to have led to an increase in the conversion of AA into proinflammatory leukotrienes in sWAT.
Asunto(s)
Araquidonato 5-Lipooxigenasa/análisis , Ácido Araquidónico/análisis , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/enzimología , Ácidos Docosahexaenoicos/análisis , Mediadores de Inflamación/análisis , Inflamación/enzimología , Obesidad Mórbida/enzimología , Transducción de Señal , Grasa Subcutánea/enzimología , Proteínas Activadoras de la 5-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Adulto , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/genética , Araquidonato 5-Lipooxigenasa/genética , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/diagnóstico , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/genética , Dipeptidasas/genética , Femenino , Humanos , Inflamación/diagnóstico , Grasa Intraabdominal/enzimología , Leucotrienos/análisis , Persona de Mediana Edad , Países Bajos , Obesidad Mórbida/diagnóstico , Obesidad Mórbida/genética , Obesidad Mórbida/cirugía , Regulación hacia ArribaRESUMEN
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) may be partially prevented by dietary habits privileging the consumption of ω3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3s) while lowering linoleic acid (LA) intake. The present study aimed to document whether following these epidemiological guidelines would enrich the neurosensory retina and RPE with ω3s and modulate gene expression in the neurosensory retina. Rat progenitors and pups were fed with diets containing low or high LA, and low or high ω3s. After scotopic single flash and 8-Hz-Flicker electroretinography, rat pups were euthanized at adulthood. The fatty acid profile of the neurosensory retina, RPE, liver, adipose tissue and plasma was analyzed using gas chromatography. Gene expression was analyzed with real-time PCR in the neurosensory retina. Diets rich in ω3s efficiently improved the incorporation of ω3s into the organs and tissues. This raising effect was magnified by lowering LA intake. Compared to a diet with high LA and low ω3s, low LA diets significantly upregulated LDL-receptor gene expression. Similar but not significant upregulation of CD36, ABCA1, ALOX5 and ALOX12 gene expression was observed in rats fed with low LA. No effect was observed on retinal function. Increasing the intake in ω3s and lowering LA improved the enrichment with ω3s of the tissues, including the neurosensory retina and RPE, and upregulated genes involved in lipid trafficking in the neurosensory retina. Those results consistently reinforced the beneficial role of ω3s in the prevention of AMD, especially when the diet contained low levels of LA, as suggested from epidemiological data.