Chapitre 7. L'âme et le corps à travers le droit romain et le droit canon.

Within this work are approached some historical elements on the history of the evolution of the perception of the links between the soul and the body and the modification of the place of the soul within canon and Roman rights.

Naum Efimovich Ischlondsky: a forgotten protagonist of the concept of reflexology.

The present article reports on the life and work of a protagonist of the concept of reflexology. While the concept itself has its roots in Russia, in Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's research on conditioned reflexes, and was then shaped to a large extent by Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev, the contributions of Naum Efimovich Ischlondsky (Ishlondsky) have been largely forgotten. Moreover, he developed this concept throughout his life up to the 1960s, by which time he was living in the USA. In contrast, in the Soviet Union, the concepts of reflexology based on the work of Bechterev and his followers had already been abandoned by the 1930s for largely political reasons.

[In quest of objectivity - The concept of reflexology as an attempt towards a mechanistic doctrine of psychics]. / Auf der Suche nach Objektivität ­ das Reflexologie-Konzept als Versuch einer mechanistischen Seelenkunde.

The concept of reflexology had been mainly developed in Russia in the first three decades of the 20th century. It could be regarded as a distinct and universal concept which was to explain both psychic diseases, healthy conditions, and psychology of masses. Moreover, it had been influenced behaviourism and, likewise, was an answer for the search of an objective method for investigation of the psyche. Main protagonists were Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev and Naum Efimovich Ishlondsky (Ischlondsky) whose works underwent international dissemination.

1784: The Marquis de Puységur and the psychological turn in the west.

In 1970 Henri Ellenberger called attention to the previously unrecognized importance of Franz Anton Mesmer's "animal magnetism" in the rise of psychodynamic psychology in the West. This article takes the next step of tracing the course of events that led to Puységur's discovery of magnetic somnambulism and describing the tumultuous social and political climate into which it was introduced in 1784. Beginning from the secret and private publication of his first Mémoires, only a few copies of which remain today, the original core of his discovery is identified and the subsequent development of its implications are examined. Puysègur was initiated into his investigations by Mesmer's system of physical healing, which bears some resemblance to the traditional healing approaches of the East. But Puységur took Mesmer's ideas in an unexpected direction. In doing so, he accomplished a turn toward the psychological that remains one of the distinguishing features of Western culture.

Psychology's own mindfulness: Ellen Langer and the social politics of scientific interest in "active noticing".

Ellen Langer's mindfulness construct is presented as "indigenous" to disciplinary psychology. Langer's early work laid the foundations for the research program she would come to call the psychology of possibility. Studying inattentive behavior (mindlessness) and intentionally reflective cognition (mindfulness) placed her work directly in line with the theoretical priorities of the 1970s and influenced the direction of research in several subdisciplines related to social cognition. Positioning Langer's work at an intersection crossed by various discourse communities in psychology explains much of its influence within the discipline. However, its relevance is additionally related to a broader field of research and application also employing the terminology of mindfulness. While superficially synonymous, the majority of mindfulness research is distinguished from Langer's due to differences in origination, definition, and goals. Comparative assessments are used as a lens through which to interrogate the social politics of mindfulness theories' burgeoning success over the past half century.

Supple bodies, healthy minds: yoga, psychedelics and American mental health.

Much discussion about mental health has revolved around treatment models. As interdisciplinary scholarship has shown, mental health knowledge, far from being a neutral product detached from the society that generated it, was shaped by politics, economics and culture. By drawing on case studies of yoga, religion and fitness, this article will examine the ways in which mental health practices-sometimes scientific, sometimes spiritual-have been conceived, debated and applied by researchers and the public. More specifically, it will interrogate the relationship between yoga, psychedelics, South Asian and Eastern religion (as understood and practiced in the USA) and mental health.

Techniques for nothingness: Debate over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen in early-twentieth-century Japan.

This paper explores a debate that took place in Japan in the early twentieth century over the comparability of hypnosis and Zen. The debate was among the first exchanges between psychology and Buddhism in Japan, and it cast doubt on previous assumptions that a clear boundary existed between the two fields. In the debate, we find that contemporaries readily incorporated ideas from psychology and Buddhism to reconstruct the experiences and concepts of hypnosis and Buddhist nothingness. The resulting new theories and techniques of nothingness were fruits of a fairly fluid boundary between the two fields. The debate, moreover, reveals that psychology tried to address the challenges and possibilities posed by religious introspective meditation and intuitive experiences in a positive way. In the end, however, psychology no longer regarded them as viable experimental or psychotherapeutic tools but merely as particular subjective experiences to be investigated and explained.

A psicologia humanista na revista "psicologia atual" de 1977-1986: um ensaio hermenêutico / Humanistic psychology in "psicologia atual" journal from 1977-1986: a hermeneutic approach / La psicología humanista en la revista "psicologia atual" del 1977-1986: un ensayo hermenêutico

As décadas de 1970 e 1980 foram cenários para grandes transformações sociais no Brasil. A psicologia, como profissão, inaugurou a década de 1970 como uma novidade àqueles que buscavam alternativas aos valores apregoados pela ditadura militar, mas, ao mesmo tempo, servia para a manutenção deles. A criação de cursos de psicologia e a aceitação social desta ciência e profissão possibilitaram o surgimento de veículos de comunicação que facilitassem a difusão de conhecimentos e de fazeres psicológicos. Dentre eles, destaca-se a revista Psicologia Atual, que foi publicada em 1977 e perdurou até 1986, pelo Grupo Editorial Spagat. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar diferentes conteúdos associados à Psicologia Humanista publicados na revista, identificar os seus proponentes e depreender significados dos conteúdos publicados. Os conteúdos identificados foram categorizados em artigos, reportagens e entrevistas, e analisados por meio do método hermenêutico proposto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Os resultados indicaram a prevalência do Psicodrama, seguido pela Gestalt-Terapia e pela Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, nos artigos e entrevistas. As reportagens noticiavam as visitas de eminentes psicólogos estrangeiros aos Brasil. Concluiu-se que a Psicologia Humanista apresentava uma preocupação com temas sociais significativos à época, tais como família, interioridade, sexualidade e trabalho, contribuindo para uma visão subjetivista com a qual, muitas vezes, ela é relacionada.

The 1970 and 1980 decades were times of great social transformations in Brazil. Psychology, as a profession, appeared in the 70's as a useful novelty for those who seeked alternatives to the principles proclaimed by the military dictatorship, and at the same time serving as a way to maintain such divergent values. The creation of psychology courses, and the social acceptance of this science and it's profession allowed for the development of medias that eased the propagation of knowledge and of psychological affairs. Amongst these medias, the journal Psicologia Atual stands out, it was first published in 1977 and lasted until 1986, brought by the Grupo Editorial Spagat. This research had in it's purpose to identify diferent contents associated with Humanistic Psychology published in the journal, identifying their conceivers and infer meanings which were assigned to these. The identified contents were categorized in articles, reports and interviews, whose contents were analised by the hermeneutic method proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer. The results indicated the prevalence of Psychodrama, followed by Gestalt Therapy and Person-Centred Approach, in the articles and interviews categories. The reports announced notable foreign psichologist's visits to Brazil. It is concluded that Humanistic Psychology displayed a concern with social issues relevant to the time period, such as family, inwardness, sexuality and work, contributing to a subjectivist vision to which, many times, it is associated.

Las décadas del 1970 y 1980 fueron escenarios para grandes transformaciones sociales en Brasil. La psicología, como profesión, tuvo inicio en la década del 1970 como una novedad para aquellos que buscaban alternativas a los valores promocionados por la dictadura militar, pero, al mismo tempo, servia para la manutención de los mismos. La creación de los cursos de psicologia y la aceptación social de esta ciencia y profesión, posibilitaron la creación de vehículos de comunicación que facilitaron la difusión de conocimientos y hechos psicológicos. Dentre ellos, destaca-se la revista Psicologia Atual, que fue publicada en el 1977 y duró hasta el 1986, por el Grupo Editorial Spagat. La presente pesquisa tiene como objetivos identificar diferentes contenidos asociados a la Psicologia Humanista publicados en la revista, identificar sus proponentes y obtener los significados de los contenidos publicados. Los contenidos identificados fueron categorizados en artigos, reportajes y entrevitas, que luego fueron analisados, através del método hermeneutico propuesto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Los resultados indicaron el predomínio del Psicodrama, seguido por la Gestalt-Terapia y el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, em los artigos y entrevistas. Los reportajes reportaban las visitas de nuevos psicólogos extranjeros a Brasil. Concluye-se que la psicologia Humanista apresentaba uma preocupación com temas sociales significativos de la época, como la família, el ser interior, sexualidade y trabajo, contribuyendo para una visión subjetiva con la qual, muhas veces, ella es relacionada.

A psicologia humanista na revista "psicologia atual" de 1977-1986: um ensaio hermenêutico / Humanistic psychology in "psicologia atual" journal from 1977-1986: a hermeneutic approach / La psicología humanista en la revista "psicologia atual" del 1977-1986: un ensayo hermenêutico

As décadas de 1970 e 1980 foram cenários para grandes transformações sociais no Brasil. A psicologia, como profissão, inaugurou a década de 1970 como uma novidade àqueles que buscavam alternativas aos valores apregoados pela ditadura militar, mas, ao mesmo tempo, servia para a manutenção deles. A criação de cursos de psicologia e a aceitação social desta ciência e profissão possibilitaram o surgimento de veículos de comunicação que facilitassem a difusão de conhecimentos e de fazeres psicológicos. Dentre eles, destaca-se a revista Psicologia Atual, que foi publicada em 1977 e perdurou até 1986, pelo Grupo Editorial Spagat. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar diferentes conteúdos associados à Psicologia Humanista publicados na revista, identificar os seus proponentes e depreender significados dos conteúdos publicados. Os conteúdos identificados foram categorizados em artigos, reportagens e entrevistas, e analisados por meio do método hermenêutico proposto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Os resultados indicaram a prevalência do Psicodrama, seguido pela Gestalt-Terapia e pela Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, nos artigos e entrevistas. As reportagens noticiavam as visitas de eminentes psicólogos estrangeiros aos Brasil. Concluiu-se que a Psicologia Humanista apresentava uma preocupação com temas sociais significativos à época, tais como família, interioridade, sexualidade e trabalho, contribuindo para uma visão subjetivista com a qual, muitas vezes, ela é relacionada.(AU)

The 1970 and 1980 decades were times of great social transformations in Brazil. Psychology, as a profession, appeared in the 70's as a useful novelty for those who seeked alternatives to the principles proclaimed by the military dictatorship, and at the same time serving as a way to maintain such divergent values. The creation of psychology courses, and the social acceptance of this science and it's profession allowed for the development of medias that eased the propagation of knowledge and of psychological affairs. Amongst these medias, the journal Psicologia Atual stands out, it was first published in 1977 and lasted until 1986, brought by the Grupo Editorial Spagat. This research had in it's purpose to identify diferent contents associated with Humanistic Psychology published in the journal, identifying their conceivers and infer meanings which were assigned to these. The identified contents were categorized in articles, reports and interviews, whose contents were analised by the hermeneutic method proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer. The results indicated the prevalence of Psychodrama, followed by Gestalt Therapy and Person-Centred Approach, in the articles and interviews categories. The reports announced notable foreign psichologist's visits to Brazil. It is concluded that Humanistic Psychology displayed a concern with social issues relevant to the time period, such as family, inwardness, sexuality and work, contributing to a subjectivist vision to which, many times, it is associated.(AU)

Las décadas del 1970 y 1980 fueron escenarios para grandes transformaciones sociales en Brasil. La psicología, como profesión, tuvo inicio en la década del 1970 como una novedad para aquellos que buscaban alternativas a los valores promocionados por la dictadura militar, pero, al mismo tempo, servia para la manutención de los mismos. La creación de los cursos de psicologia y la aceptación social de esta ciencia y profesión, posibilitaron la creación de vehículos de comunicación que facilitaron la difusión de conocimientos y hechos psicológicos. Dentre ellos, destaca-se la revista Psicologia Atual, que fue publicada en el 1977 y duró hasta el 1986, por el Grupo Editorial Spagat. La presente pesquisa tiene como objetivos identificar diferentes contenidos asociados a la Psicologia Humanista publicados en la revista, identificar sus proponentes y obtener los significados de los contenidos publicados. Los contenidos identificados fueron categorizados en artigos, reportajes y entrevitas, que luego fueron analisados, através del método hermeneutico propuesto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Los resultados indicaron el predomínio del Psicodrama, seguido por la Gestalt-Terapia y el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, em los artigos y entrevistas. Los reportajes reportaban las visitas de nuevos psicólogos extranjeros a Brasil. Concluye-se que la psicologia Humanista apresentaba uma preocupación com temas sociales significativos de la época, como la família, el ser interior, sexualidade y trabajo, contribuyendo para una visión subjetiva con la qual, muhas veces, ella es relacionada.(AU)

Life and death of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev / Vida e morte de Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was a Russian innovative neuroscientist, extraordinary in the study, diagnosis, and research in the fields of neurology, psychology, morphology, physiology, and psychiatry. Considering the ample and multifaceted scientific feats, only some are touched in a very brief manner. However, it is necessary to highlight his contributions to neurology, with the description of structures, signs and syndromes, to physiology, including reflexology, which later underpinned behaviorism, to psychology, including objective psychology and suggestion. His accomplishments and legacy remained until the present days. Some comments about the scenery that involved his death are also presented.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev foi um neurocientista russo inovador, extraordinário no estudo, diagnóstico, e pesquisa nas áreas da neurologia, psicologia, morfologia, fisiologia e psiquiatria. Considerando seus feitos científicos amplos e multifacetados, apenas alguns são tocados de um modo muito abreviado. Entretanto, é necessário realçar suas contribuições à neurologia, com a descrição de estruturas, sinais e síndromes, à fisiologia, compreendendo a reflexologia, que mais tarde fundamentou o behaviorismo, à psicologia, incluindo a psicologia objetiva e a sugestão. Suas realizações e legado se mantiveram até a presente data. Alguns comentários sobre o cenário que envolveu sua morte também são apresentados.

Life and death of Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev.

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev was a Russian innovative neuroscientist, extraordinary in the study, diagnosis, and research in the fields of neurology, psychology, morphology, physiology, and psychiatry. Considering the ample and multifaceted scientific feats, only some are touched in a very brief manner. However, it is necessary to highlight his contributions to neurology, with the description of structures, signs and syndromes, to physiology, including reflexology, which later underpinned behaviorism, to psychology, including objective psychology and suggestion. His accomplishments and legacy remained until the present days. Some comments about the scenery that involved his death are also presented.

Psychological symptoms and medical responses in nineteenth-century India.

The article documents medical approaches to mental illness in mid- to late-nineteenth-century India through examining the Indian Medical Gazette and other medical accounts. By the late nineteenth century, psychiatry in Europe moved from discussions around asylum-based care to a nuanced and informed debate about the nature of mental symptoms. This included ideas on phrenology and craniometry, biological and psycho-social causes, physical and drug treatments, many of which travelled to India. Simultaneously, indigenous socio-medical ideas were being debated. From the early to the mid-nineteenth century, not much distinction was made between the Western and the native 'mind', and consequently the diagnosis and investigation of mental symptoms did not differ. However, by the late nineteenth century Western medicine considered the 'Western mind' as more civilized and sophisticated than the 'native mind.

[Oswald Schwarz: a pioneer in psychosomatic urology and sexual medicine]. / Oswald Schwarz : Ein Pionier der psychosomatischen Urologie und Sexualmedizin.

Oswald Schwarz, a urologist from Vienna, was a scholar of Anton Ritter von Frisch and Hans Rubritius. As a physician during World War I, he was confronted with numerous bullet wounds to the spinal cord. In 1919, he completed his professorial thesis"Bladder dysfunction as a result of bullet wounds to the spinal cord". Oswald Schwarz was known as a committed surgeon. As an urologist he also treated patients with sexual dysfunction. Besides his practical and scientific urology-related work, he was also interested in psychology and philosophy. He held lectures on both subjects earning himself the nickname, the Urosoph. In the 1920s, Oswald Schwarz belonged to the inner circle of Alfred Adler, the founder of Individual Psychology, and was editor of the first psychosomatic textbook published in German, "Psychological origin and psychotherapy of physical symptoms" (1925). In addition, Schwarz wrote numerous articles and several books on sexual medicine. He also made many valuable contributions to the development of medical anthropology. Altogether, his work includes over 130 publications. Faced with the rise of fascism and National Socialism in Europe, Oswald Schwarz, who was of Jewish origin, emigrated to England in 1934. There he died in 1949. Unfortunately his scientific work has largely been forgotten. The aim of the following article is to remind us of his important contributions to the field.

La clínica de higiene mental infantil en Brasil. La psicología como recurso / The Child Mental Hygiene Clinic in BRAZIL. Psychology as a Resource

Este estudio tuvo el objetivo de demostrar que los integrantes de la Liga Brasileña de Higiene Mental -en su mayoría médicos, educadores y juristas- contribuyeron a la inserción de los saberes psicológicos en Brasil, a principios del siglo XX. Teniendo como perspectiva teórica el análisis histórico y como fuente primaria los Arquivos Brasileiros de Higiene Mental, en su periódico oficial, se realizó una investigación bibliográfica para demostrar que este grupo encontró en los instrumentos de la psicología, entre ellos, las pruebas psicológicas, una forma de explicar las diferencias individuales. Los presupuestos de la psicología fueron tomados como base científica para tornar la higiene mental un medio de saneamiento psíquico de la población. Al crear la Clínica de Euphrenia, destinada a realizar la psicohigiene del niño, abrieron campos para inserción de la psicología en la educación y en la salud, con la profilaxis mental de la infancia como objetivo.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate that members of the Brazilian Mental Hygiene League - most of whom were physicians, educators and jurists - contributed to introduce knowledge in psychology to Brazil during the early 20th century. A bibliographical research study was carried out using historical analysis as theoretical perspective and featuring the Brazilian Mental Hygiene Archives - official publication of the League - as primary source. The aim was to demonstrate that the group found a way to explain individual differences from the instruments of psychology, including psychological tests. The assumptions of psychology were taken as scientific support to transform mental hygiene into a vehicle for mental healing of the population. By opening the Euphrenic Clinic to conduct psycho-hygiene of children, they created openings to insert psychology into the fields of education and health, with the goal of performing mental prophylaxis the population, particularly the children.

[Brief discourse on development of psychology of modern traditional Chinese medicine].

In 1980, Wang Miqu proposed the concept of "The Psychology of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM Psychology)". In 1985, "The First National Symposium on Psychology of Traditional Chinese Medicine" was held, and the concept of TCM Psychology was put forward in the symposium, thus declaring the establishment of TCM Psychology, a new disciplinary branch. Since then, 12 national or international academic symposia of TCM Psychology were convened nationwide. Based on inheriting the original TCM, by means of exploring, sorting out and improving, and by combining and integrating with psychology and medical psychology, the theory of TCM Psychology was thus gradually innovated, and a systematic knowledge of TCM Psychology was set up and utilized in the clinical practice extensively.

["Human races": history of a dangerous illusion]. / Les "races humaines": histoire d'une illusion dangereuse.

The multiplication of offences prompted by racism and the increase of complaints for racism leads us to consider the illusory concept of "human races". This idea crossed the history, and was reinforced by the discovery of remote tribes and human fossils, and by the development of sociobiology and quantitative psychology. Deprived of scientific base, the theory of the "races" must bow before the notions of genetic variation and unicity of mankind.

Contributions of psychology to the understanding and treatment of people with chronic pain: why it matters to ALL psychologists.

Chronic pain is a prevalent problem with significant costs to individuals, significant others, and society. In this article, which introduces the American Psychologist special issue on chronic pain, we provide an overview of the seminal contributions made by psychologists to our current understanding of this important problem. We also describe the primary treatments that have been developed based on psychological principles and models of pain, many of which have demonstrated efficacy for reducing pain and its impact on psychological and physical functioning. The article ends with an enumeration of directions for future research and clinical practice. We believe that the chronicle of psychology's role in improving our understanding and treatment of pain provides a model for how psychologists can have a significant influence on many fields, and that the models and approaches developed for understanding and treating pain may be of use to psychologists working in other areas. Thus, we think that chronic pain is an important area of study that offers insights about translational research for ALL psychologists.

Eugene Irvine Taylor Jr. (1946-2013).

Eugene Irvine Taylor Jr. was born on October 28, 1946 and died on January 30, 2013. Eugene systematically applied the techniques of historical scholarship in comparative religions to archival reconstructions in the history of American psychology and psychiatry. Eugene regarded the history and philosophy of psychology as a vocation, devoting himself to the neglected histories of clinical and folk psychology.