A experiência intersubjetiva na ludoterapia humanista sob uma perspectiva fenomenológica / The intersubjective experience in humanistic play therapy from the standpoint of phenomenology / La experiencia intersubjetiva en la ludoterapia humanista desde una perspectiva fenomenológica

Esta pesquisa qualitativa objetivou compreender, fenomenologicamente, a experiência vivida por psicoterapeutas e crianças no acontecer clínico da ludoterapia humanista. Foram realizados 26 encontros dialógicos individuais com nove psicoterapeutas e sete crianças, registrados pela pesquisadora na forma de Narrativas Compreensivas que incluíram suas impressões impactadas subjetivamente pelas falas e expressões corporais dos participantes. A análise fenomenológica culminou com a escrita de uma Narrativa Síntese. Os resultados indicam que a relação psicoterapêutica é percebida como: facilitadora do crescimento psicológico da criança; intensificadora do fluxo de mudanças ao dinamizar os processos pessoais infantis; geradora de motivação na criança para a relação interpessoal, a partir do envolvimento subjetivo do terapeuta; potencializadora da tomada de consciência com base na corporeidade; propiciadora da integração de experiências por meio do brincar; reveladora das singularidades individuais, catalisando o desenvolvimento; e, por fim, benéfica à atualização de significados e sentidos da experiência pessoal e relacional. Evidenciou-se, entre os psicoterapeutas, uma concepção da ludoterapia humanista que prioriza a compreensão dirigida ao estilo próprio de cada cliente em relação aos modos de sentir e expressar-se no mundo e à estruturação do processo psicoterapêutico a partir do relacionamento com a criança. Concluiu-se, assim, que a experiência desse tipo de relação interpessoal facilita a constituição na criança de singularidades que imprimem um sentido existencial próprio ao seu mundo de relações e historicidade. A relevância do processo psicoterapêutico para o crescimento psicológico da criança apresentou-se também pelo seu caráter psicoprofilático, reverberado no encadeamento de processos associados à experiência pessoal dela.(AU)

This qualitative research aimed to understand, phenomenologically, the lived experience of psychotherapists and children in the clinical event of humanistic play therapy. A total of 26 individual dialogical encounters were held with nine psychotherapists and seven children, registered in the form of Comprehensive Narratives by the researcher, which included her subjectively impacted impressions about the participants' speeches and body expressions. The phenomenological analysis culminated in a Synthesis Narrative. The results demonstrate that the psychotherapeutic relationship is perceived as: facilitating the child's psychological growth; intensifying the flow of change by streamlining children's personal processes; generating motivation for the child to get involved with interpersonal relationship, based on the subjective involvement of the therapist; potentiating awareness raising based on the corporeality; enabling the integration of experiences by playing; revealing the uniqueness, catalyzing development; and, finally, benefiting the updating of meanings and senses of personal and relational experience. A conception of humanistic play therapy became evident among the psychotherapists, which prioritizes the understanding directed to the own way of each client regarding how to feel and express themselves in the world and the structuring of the psychotherapeutic process based on the relationship with the child. Thus, it was concluded that the experience of this interpersonal relationship facilitates the constitution in the child of singularities that bring their own existential meaning to their world of relationships and historicity. The relevance of the psychotherapeutic process for the child's psychological growth was also shown by the psycho-prophylactic character reverberated in the processes associated with the child's personal experience.(AU)

Esta investigación cualitativa tuvo por objetivo comprender, fenomenológicamente, la experiencia vivida por psicoterapeutas y niños en ludoterapia de orientación humanista. La investigadora desarrolló 26 conversaciones dialógicas individuales con nueve psicoterapeutas y siete niños, registradas como narrativas comprensivas que incluyeron sus impresiones impactadas subjetivamente por los discursos y expresiones corporales de los participantes. El análisis fenomenológico culminó con una síntesis narrativa. Los resultados demuestran que la relación psicoterapéutica se percibe como facilitadora del crecimiento psicológico del niño; intensificadora del flujo de cambio, optimizando su procesos personales; generadora de motivación para que el niño se involucre en la relación interpersonal a partir del envolvimiento subjetivo del terapeuta; potenciadora de la toma de conciencia a partir de la corporeidad; propiciadora de la integración de las experiencias por medio del juego; reveladora de singularidades individuales al catalizar el desarrollo; y beneficiosa para actualizar los significados y sentidos de la experiencia personal e relacional. Entre los psicoterapeutas se hizo evidente una concepción de ludoterapia humanista que prima por comprender la forma propia del cliente de sentirse y expresarse y la estructuración del proceso psicoterapéutico a partir de la relación con el niño. Se concluyó que la vivencia de este tipo de relación facilita la constitución en el niño de singularidades que le aportan un sentido existencial a su mundo de relación e historicidad. La relevancia del proceso psicoterapéutico para el crecimiento psicológico también se mostró por su carácter psicoprofiláctico, que reverberó en la cadena de procesos asociados con la experiencia personal del niño.(AU)

Da ludoterapia não-diretiva à ludoterapia centrada na criança - desenvolvimento histórico / From non-directive play therapy to child-centered play therapy - historical development / De la terapia de juego no-directiva a terapia de juego centrada en el nino - desarollo histórico

O desenvolvimento da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa foi dividido em fases que apresentam as atitudes que fazem parte da relação terapêutica, independente do público atendido. Contudo, na especificidade da psicoterapia infantil, o desenvolvimento teórico e prático da própria abordagem aponta para a existência de peculiaridades. Este estudo tem como objetivo apresentar, através de uma revisão narrativa de literatura, fundamentada na hermenêutica filosófica de Gadamer, as possíveis características relativas ao atendimento de crianças a partir de um retorno às fases da ACP. Discutimos os fundamentos iniciais do atendimento com crianças em Rogers ena perspectiva clássica de Axline, compreendendo como a ludoterapia com crianças se caracteriza nas fases não-diretiva, reflexiva, experiencial e pós-rogeriana. Discutimos sobre propostas contemporâneas nos contextos europeu, estadunidense e brasileiro. Concluímos que essa delimitação do atendimento infantil possibilita uma percepção mais clara das mudanças e aprimoramentos em relação aos trabalhos pioneiros de Rogers e Axline, sempre tendo como eixo a dimensão relacional e a tendência ao crescimento como motor do processo terapêutico.

The development of the Person-Centered Approach was divided into phases that presents the attitudes that are part of therapeutic relationship, regardless of the public served. However, in the specificity of child psychotherapy, the theoretical and practical development of the approach points to the existence of peculiarities. This study aims to present, through narrative literature review, based on Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics, the possible characteristics related to the child therapy, starting from a return to the PCA phases. We discuss the foundations of child therapy in Rogers and Axline's classic perspective, understanding how child play therapy is characterized in non-directive, reflective, experiential and post-Rogerian phases. We discuss contemporary proposals in the European, American, and Brazilian contexts. We conclude that this delimitation enables a clearer perception of changes and improvements amongst to the Rogers and Axline's pioneering work, always having as its axis the relational dimension and the tendency to growth as a motor of the therapeutic process.

El desarrollo del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona se dividió en fases que presentan las actitudes de la relación terapéutica, independiente del público. Sin embargo, en la especificidad de la psicoterapia infantil, el desarrollo teórico y práctico del enfoque en sí mismo apunta la existencia de peculiaridades. Este estudio tiene como objetivo presentar, a través de una revisión narrativa de la literatura, basado em la hermenéutica filosófica de Gadamer, las posibles características de la psicoterapia con niños, desde el retorno a las fases de ECP. Discutimos los fundamentos de la psicoterapia con niños en Rogers, la perspectiva clásica de Axline, comprendiendo como la terapia de juego com los niños se caracterizan em las fases no directiva, reflexiva, experiencial y pos-rogeriana. Discutimos propuestas contemporáneas en los contextos europeo, estadounidense y brasileño. Concluimos que esta delimitación permite una percepción más clara de los cambios y mejoras en relación con los trabajos pioneros de Rogers y Axline, teniendo siempre como eje la dimensión relacional y la tendencia al crecimiento como motor del proceso terapéutico.

Effectiveness of nurse-coordinated, person-centered comprehensive assessment on improving quality of life of community-dwelling, frail older people: a systematic review protocol.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this systematic review is to determine the effectiveness of nurse-coordinated, person-centered comprehensive assessment on improving quality of life of community-dwelling, frail older people. INTRODUCTION: There is a growing need to meet the challenges of the increasingly frail and older population, and to provide proactive, holistic care close to home. A standardized assessment and care planning intervention could be implemented in primary care, which could be delivered by a primary or community healthcare nurse to address these challenges. However, it is not yet clear if an assessment and care planning intervention will improve outcomes for patients, such as quality of life. INCLUSION CRITERIA: This review will consider studies that evaluate nurse-coordinated, person-centered, comprehensive assessment delivered in partnership with community-dwelling, frail older people, and will compare the intervention to usual care. Studies that include people aged 60 years and older living at home or in supported living accommodation with a recognized level of frailty as assessed by use of frailty screening or assessment tools, will be considered. Studies that include outcomes of health-related quality of life, social functioning, and well-being will also be considered. METHODS: An initial limited search of PubMed and CINAHL has been undertaken to identify articles on the topic. The following sources will be searched for eligible papers: PubMED, CINAHL, Embase, PsycINFO, BNI, AMED, and OpenGrey. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. Meta-analysis will be performed, if possible, and a Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) Summary of Findings presented. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION NUMBER: PROSPERO CRD42019137886.

Developing a holistic contingency plan: Challenges and dilemmas for cancer patients during the COVID-19.

During the first quarter of 2020 the world is experiencing a pandemic of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel beta coronavirus that is responsible for the 2019 novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19). The COVID-19 pandemic revealed that healthcare systems around the world were not prepared to deal with either the direct effects of the pandemic or with the indirect effects that are imposed on the health of patients with chronic disorders such as cancer patients. Some challenges and dilemmas currently faced during the pandemic include the management of cancer patients during the treatment and follow-up phases, the assessment of the safety of treatments currently used for the management of SARS-CoV-2 for use in cancer patients, the development of psychoeducation and emotional support for cancer patients and the safe conduct of clinical trials involving participation of cancer patients. Evidence from the literature supports the need for the urgent development of a holistic contingency plan which will include clear guidelines for the protection and comprehensive care of cancer patients. The implementation of such a plan is expected to have many beneficial effects by mainly minimizing the increased morbidity and mortality of cancer patients that could result as an adverse consequence of the COVID-19 or future pandemics.

Personalising psychotherapies for depression using a novel mixed methods approach: an example from Morita therapy.

BACKGROUND: Current quantitative methods for personalising psychotherapies for depression are unlikely to be able to inform clinical decision-making for hundreds of years. Novel alternative methods to generate hypotheses for prospective testing are therefore required, and we showcase mixed methods as one such approach. By exploring patients' perspectives in depth, and integrating qualitative and quantitative data at the level of the individual, we may identify new potential psychosocial predictors of psychotherapy outcomes, potentially informing the personalisation of depression treatment in a shorter timeframe. Using Morita therapy (a Japanese psychotherapy) as an exemplar, we thus explored how Morita therapy recipients' views on treatment acceptability explain their adherence and response to treatment. METHODS: The Morita trial incorporated a pilot randomised controlled trial of Morita therapy versus treatment as usual for depression, and post-treatment qualitative interviews. We recruited trial participants from general practice record searches in Devon, UK, and purposively sampled data from 16 participants for our mixed methods analysis. We developed typologies of participants' views from our qualitative themes, and integrated these with quantitative data on number of sessions attended and whether participants responded to treatment in a joint typologies and statistics display. We enriched our analysis using participant vignettes to demonstrate each typology. RESULTS: We demonstrated that (1) participants who could identify with the principles of Morita therapy typically responded to treatment, regardless of how many sessions they attended, whilst those whose orientation towards treatment was incompatible with Morita therapy did not respond to treatment, again regardless of treatment adherence and (2) participants whose personal circumstances impeded their opportunity to engage in Morita therapy attended the fewest sessions, though still benefitted from treatment if the principles resonated with them. CONCLUSIONS: We identified new potential relationships between "orientation" and outcomes, and "opportunity" and adherence, which could not have been identified using existing non-integrative methods. This mixed methods approach warrants replication in future trials and with other psychotherapies to generate hypotheses, based on typologies (or profiles) of patients for whom a treatment is more or less likely to be suitable, to be tested in prospective trials. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Current Controlled Trials, ISRCTN17544090. Registered on 23 July 2015.

Results from a person-centered music intervention for individuals living with dementia.

AIM: Dementia is a chronic, costly disease affecting millions of people worldwide. Effective, affordable person-centered interventions are required to improve the lived experiences of individuals with dementia and their caregivers in various care settings. The present study examined the effects of a person-centered music listening intervention on mood, agitation and social engagement for individuals living with dementia. METHODS: This quasi-experimental study was carried out with participants at five community-based adult day health centers (n = 51). Standardized instruments were used to measure mood and agitation, and in-person and video-recorded observations of participant behavior were used to analyze changes before, during and after the intervention across four domains: mood, agitation, connecting to music and engaging socially. Within-person differences were examined using the Wilcoxon signed rank test, and between-group differences were examined using the Mann-Whitney U-test. RESULTS: Although standardized instruments did not yield statistically significant results, the behavioral observations showed a positive change in mood and a decrease in agitation. From pre- to post-intervention, there were statistically significant increases in joy, eye contact, eye movement, being engaged and talkativeness, and a decrease in sleeping and moving or dancing. CONCLUSIONS: Behavioral observations show the positive impact a person-centered music listening intervention might have on individuals living with dementia and attending adult day health centers. This affordable intervention provides a useful tool for caregivers that might improve the day-to-day experience of individuals living with dementia. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2019; 19: 30-34.

Implementation of Individualized Music in Long-Term Care: Application of the PARiHS Framework.

The need to provide evidence-based, person-centered care for long-term care (LTC) residents, which often include individuals with dementia, has led to a surge of interest in the implementation of individualized music (IM) programs. An exploratory study was conducted over a 6-month period using the Promoting Action on Research in Health Systems (PARiHS) framework to examine the implementation of an IM program with 19 residents in a LTC facility. All residents using IM had the device available at the end of the program, and 53% received IM at least two times per week. Qualitative analysis of stakeholder interviews with six staff members and three residents after using the PARiHS framework as an implementation guide revealed two themes: Overcoming Resistance to Innovation and Person-Centered Care Through IM. Identification of barriers and facilitators through the PARiHS elements of evidence, context, and facilitation supported the IM implementation process and should enable its replication in other facilities. [Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 44(8), 29-38.].

Individual meaning-centered psychotherapy for the treatment of psychological and existential distress: A randomized controlled trial in patients with advanced cancer.

BACKGROUND: Patients with advanced cancer have high rates of psychological distress, including depression, anxiety, and spiritual despair. This study examined the effectiveness of individual meaning-centered psychotherapy (IMCP) in comparison with supportive psychotherapy (SP) and enhanced usual care (EUC) in improving spiritual well-being and quality of life and reducing psychological distress in patients with advanced cancer. METHODS: Patients (n = 321) were randomly assigned to IMCP (n = 109), SP (n = 108), or EUC (n = 104). Assessments were conducted at 4 time points: before intervention, midtreatment (4 weeks), 8 weeks after treatment, and 16 weeks after treatment. RESULTS: Significant treatment effects (small to medium in magnitude) were observed for IMCP, in comparison with EUC, for 5 of 7 outcome variables (quality of life, sense of meaning, spiritual well-being, anxiety, and desire for hastened death), with Cohen's d ranging from 0.1 to 0.34; no significant improvement was observed for patients receiving SP (d < 0.15 and P > .05 for all variables). The effect of IMCP was significantly greater than the effect of SP for quality of life and sense of meaning (d = 0.19) but not for the remaining study variables. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides further support for the efficacy of IMCP as a treatment for psychological and existential/spiritual distress in patients with advanced cancer. Significant treatment effects (small to moderate effect sizes) were observed in comparison with usual care, and somewhat more modest differences in improvement (small effect sizes) were observed in comparison with SP. Thus, the benefits of meaning-centered psychotherapy appear to be unique to the intervention and highlight the importance of addressing existential issues with patients approaching the end of life. Cancer 2018. © 2018 American Cancer Society.

Da paralisação dos rins ao movimento da vida: percepções de pessoas em tratamento de hemodiálise / From the kidney's paralisation to the life's movement: the perceptions patients of hemodialysis / El cierre de los riñones para el movimiento de la vida: la percepción de las personas en tratamiento de hemodiálises

A insuficiência renal crônica é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública no mundo. Este artigo tem como objetivo conhecer as percepções de pacientes com Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) a partir do seu processo de adoecimento e tratamento. Tem como base para as reflexões o referencial teórico de Carl Rogers, a Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho exploratório e descritivo. O instrumento utilizado foi uma entrevista semi-estruturada, com o uso de um roteiro contendo uma parte destinada a caracterização do participante e outra composta por questões norteadoras. A partir da análise de conteúdo foram criadas quatro categorias: 1) Percepções sobre Doença e Tratamento; 2) Transformações no Modo de Viver; 3) Recursos de Enfrentamento; 4) Mudanças nas Relações. De forma geral, o estudo apontou que além das mudanças na condição física, que resultam na limitação de atividades laborais e de lazer, evidenciam-se mudanças relacionadas ao estado de humor e maneira de relacionar-se no mundo. A dificuldade de integração da doença como parte da vida mostra-se relacionada à dificuldade de atualização do self. Em contrapartida, o potencial de superação mostra-se relacionado à aceitação das limitações e à construção de um significado positivo para o tratamento.

The chronic renal insufficiency is considered a grave problem of public health in the world. This paper has as goal to know the patient's perceptions with chronic renal insufficiency the process of illness and treatment. It has as base the theoretic referential of Carl Rogers, The Person Centered Approach. It is a qualitative research, of exploratory and descriptive nature. The instrument used was a semi-structured interview, with the use of a roadmap containing a part designed to characterize the participant and another composed of guiding questions. From the content analysis it was created four categories: 1) Perceptions of Disease and Treatment; 2) Changes in the Way of Life; 3) Coping Resources; 4) Changes in Relations. Overall, the study found that in addition to changes in the physical condition, resulting in the limitation of labor and leisure activities show up changes related to mood and way of relating to the world. The difficulty of integration of the disease as part of life appears to be related to self-actualization of difficulty before the new condition. In contrast, overcoming potential appears to be related to the acceptance of the limitation and the construction of a positive meaning for the treatment.

La insuficiencia renal crónica se considera un problema grave de salud pública en todo el mundo. Este artículo tiene como objetivo evaluar las percepciones de los pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica (ERC) desde el proceso de su enfermedad y tratamiento. Su base para la reflexión del marco teórico de Carl Rogers, el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona. Se trata de un carácter cualitativo, exploratorio y descriptivo. El instrumento utilizado fue una entrevista semi-estructurada, con el uso de una hoja de ruta que contiene una parte diseñada para caracterizar el participante y otro compuesto por preguntas de orientación. A partir del análisis de contenido que se ha creado cuatro categorías: 1) La percepción de enfermedad y el tratamiento; 2) Los cambios en la forma de vida; 3) recursos de afrontamiento; 4) Los cambios en las relaciones. En general, el estudio encontró que, además de los cambios en la condición física, lo que resulta en la limitación de las actividades laborales y de ocio, se presentó cambios relacionados con el estado de ánimo y la manera de relacionarse con el mundo. La dificultad de la integración de la enfermedad como parte de la vida parece estar relacionada con la auto-realización de dificultad. En contraste, el potencial superación parece estar relacionada a la aceptación de las limitaciones y la construcción de un sentido positivo para el tratamiento.

A postgraduation follow-up of social work students trained in "SBIRT": Rates of usage and perceptions of effectiveness.

Screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) is an evidence-based modality that can help social workers work with substance-using clients as part of an integrated health care approach. This study reports the findings of a post-graduation one-year follow-up survey of 193 master's and bachelor's social work students trained in SBIRT in practice courses at a Northeast urban college. Forty-three percent of the trainees who were practicing social work after graduation were using SBIRT. A content analysis of participants' comments found that the vast majority found SBIRT to be a valuable practice modality, with barriers to utilization of SBIRT identified.

Tratamiento del trastorno por déficit de atención/ hiperactividad en la edad adulta a través de la realidad virtual mediante un programa de mindfulness / Treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults using virtual reality through a mindfulness programme

Introducción. El trastorno por déficit de atención/hiperactividad (TDAH) es un trastorno del neurodesarrollo altamente prevalente, presenta una elevada comorbilidad con sintomatología afectiva y ansiosa, afecta a la funcionalidad de la persona que lo padece, tienen una baja adhesión terapéutica y genera unos costes sociales y personales elevados. El mindfulness es un tratamiento psicológico que ha demostrado ser eficaz para el TDAH. La realidad virtual es un tratamiento altamente utilizado en fobias y extendido a otras patologías con resultados positivos. Objetivo. Desarrollar el primer tratamiento con realidad virtual y mindfulness para el TDAH en la edad adulta, que suponga un aumento en la adhesión terapéutica y reduzca costes. Pacientes y métodos. Estudio piloto de 25 pacientes tratados con realidad virtual, mediante cuatro sesiones de 30 minutos, y 25 mediante psicoestimulantes. Se tomarán medidas de evaluación pretratamiento, postratamiento y postratamiento a los 3 y 12 meses, tanto de TDAH como de depresión, ansiedad, funcionalidad y calidad de vida. Se analizarán posteriormente con el programa SPSS v. 20 y se realizará un ANOVA de grupos independientes para ver las diferencias entre tratamientos y un test-retest para detectar el mantenimiento de los cambios. Resultados y conclusiones. Es necesaria la utilización de tratamientos que sean efectivos, supongan una reducción en los costes y un aumento en la adhesión terapéutica. El tratamiento con realidad virtual se plantea como una alternativa a los tratamientos clásicos, que sea más breve y atractiva para los pacientes (AU)

Introduction. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a highly prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder, which presents a high comorbidity with anxiety and affective signs and symptoms. It has repercussions on the functioning of those suffering from it, who also have low therapy compliance and generate a significant cost both at a personal level and for society. Mindfulness is a psychological treatment that has proved to be effective for ADHD. Virtual reality is widely used as treatment in cases of phobias and other pathologies, with positive results. Aims. To develop the first treatment for ADHD in adults based on virtual reality and mindfulness, while also resulting in increased treatment adherence and reduced costs. Patients and methods. We conducted a pilot study with 25 patients treated by means of virtual reality, in four 30-minute sessions, and 25 treated with psychostimulants. Measures will be taken pre-treatment, post-treatment and at 3 and 12 months post-treatment, to evaluate both ADHD and also depression, anxiety, functionality and quality of life. Data will be later analysed with the SPSS v. 20 statistical program. An ANOVA of independent groups will be performed to see the differences between treatments and also a test-retest to detect whether the changes will be maintained. Results and conclusions. It is necessary to use treatments that are effective, reduce costs and increase therapy adherence. Treatment with virtual reality is an interesting alternative to the classical treatments, and is shorter and more attractive for patients (AU)

A Holistic, Person-Centred Care Model for Victims of Sexual Violence in Democratic Republic of Congo: The Panzi Hospital One-Stop Centre Model of Care.

Denis Mukwege and Marie Berg describe the One Stop Centre at Panzi Hospital in Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo that provides care for girls and women who have been raped in combination with extreme bodily harm.

A psicologia humanista na revista "psicologia atual" de 1977-1986: um ensaio hermenêutico / Humanistic psychology in "psicologia atual" journal from 1977-1986: a hermeneutic approach / La psicología humanista en la revista "psicologia atual" del 1977-1986: un ensayo hermenêutico

As décadas de 1970 e 1980 foram cenários para grandes transformações sociais no Brasil. A psicologia, como profissão, inaugurou a década de 1970 como uma novidade àqueles que buscavam alternativas aos valores apregoados pela ditadura militar, mas, ao mesmo tempo, servia para a manutenção deles. A criação de cursos de psicologia e a aceitação social desta ciência e profissão possibilitaram o surgimento de veículos de comunicação que facilitassem a difusão de conhecimentos e de fazeres psicológicos. Dentre eles, destaca-se a revista Psicologia Atual, que foi publicada em 1977 e perdurou até 1986, pelo Grupo Editorial Spagat. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar diferentes conteúdos associados à Psicologia Humanista publicados na revista, identificar os seus proponentes e depreender significados dos conteúdos publicados. Os conteúdos identificados foram categorizados em artigos, reportagens e entrevistas, e analisados por meio do método hermenêutico proposto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Os resultados indicaram a prevalência do Psicodrama, seguido pela Gestalt-Terapia e pela Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, nos artigos e entrevistas. As reportagens noticiavam as visitas de eminentes psicólogos estrangeiros aos Brasil. Concluiu-se que a Psicologia Humanista apresentava uma preocupação com temas sociais significativos à época, tais como família, interioridade, sexualidade e trabalho, contribuindo para uma visão subjetivista com a qual, muitas vezes, ela é relacionada.(AU)

The 1970 and 1980 decades were times of great social transformations in Brazil. Psychology, as a profession, appeared in the 70's as a useful novelty for those who seeked alternatives to the principles proclaimed by the military dictatorship, and at the same time serving as a way to maintain such divergent values. The creation of psychology courses, and the social acceptance of this science and it's profession allowed for the development of medias that eased the propagation of knowledge and of psychological affairs. Amongst these medias, the journal Psicologia Atual stands out, it was first published in 1977 and lasted until 1986, brought by the Grupo Editorial Spagat. This research had in it's purpose to identify diferent contents associated with Humanistic Psychology published in the journal, identifying their conceivers and infer meanings which were assigned to these. The identified contents were categorized in articles, reports and interviews, whose contents were analised by the hermeneutic method proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer. The results indicated the prevalence of Psychodrama, followed by Gestalt Therapy and Person-Centred Approach, in the articles and interviews categories. The reports announced notable foreign psichologist's visits to Brazil. It is concluded that Humanistic Psychology displayed a concern with social issues relevant to the time period, such as family, inwardness, sexuality and work, contributing to a subjectivist vision to which, many times, it is associated.(AU)

Las décadas del 1970 y 1980 fueron escenarios para grandes transformaciones sociales en Brasil. La psicología, como profesión, tuvo inicio en la década del 1970 como una novedad para aquellos que buscaban alternativas a los valores promocionados por la dictadura militar, pero, al mismo tempo, servia para la manutención de los mismos. La creación de los cursos de psicologia y la aceptación social de esta ciencia y profesión, posibilitaron la creación de vehículos de comunicación que facilitaron la difusión de conocimientos y hechos psicológicos. Dentre ellos, destaca-se la revista Psicologia Atual, que fue publicada en el 1977 y duró hasta el 1986, por el Grupo Editorial Spagat. La presente pesquisa tiene como objetivos identificar diferentes contenidos asociados a la Psicologia Humanista publicados en la revista, identificar sus proponentes y obtener los significados de los contenidos publicados. Los contenidos identificados fueron categorizados en artigos, reportajes y entrevitas, que luego fueron analisados, através del método hermeneutico propuesto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Los resultados indicaron el predomínio del Psicodrama, seguido por la Gestalt-Terapia y el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, em los artigos y entrevistas. Los reportajes reportaban las visitas de nuevos psicólogos extranjeros a Brasil. Concluye-se que la psicologia Humanista apresentaba uma preocupación com temas sociales significativos de la época, como la família, el ser interior, sexualidade y trabajo, contribuyendo para una visión subjetiva con la qual, muhas veces, ella es relacionada.(AU)

A psicologia humanista na revista "psicologia atual" de 1977-1986: um ensaio hermenêutico / Humanistic psychology in "psicologia atual" journal from 1977-1986: a hermeneutic approach / La psicología humanista en la revista "psicologia atual" del 1977-1986: un ensayo hermenêutico

As décadas de 1970 e 1980 foram cenários para grandes transformações sociais no Brasil. A psicologia, como profissão, inaugurou a década de 1970 como uma novidade àqueles que buscavam alternativas aos valores apregoados pela ditadura militar, mas, ao mesmo tempo, servia para a manutenção deles. A criação de cursos de psicologia e a aceitação social desta ciência e profissão possibilitaram o surgimento de veículos de comunicação que facilitassem a difusão de conhecimentos e de fazeres psicológicos. Dentre eles, destaca-se a revista Psicologia Atual, que foi publicada em 1977 e perdurou até 1986, pelo Grupo Editorial Spagat. A presente pesquisa teve por objetivos identificar diferentes conteúdos associados à Psicologia Humanista publicados na revista, identificar os seus proponentes e depreender significados dos conteúdos publicados. Os conteúdos identificados foram categorizados em artigos, reportagens e entrevistas, e analisados por meio do método hermenêutico proposto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Os resultados indicaram a prevalência do Psicodrama, seguido pela Gestalt-Terapia e pela Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, nos artigos e entrevistas. As reportagens noticiavam as visitas de eminentes psicólogos estrangeiros aos Brasil. Concluiu-se que a Psicologia Humanista apresentava uma preocupação com temas sociais significativos à época, tais como família, interioridade, sexualidade e trabalho, contribuindo para uma visão subjetivista com a qual, muitas vezes, ela é relacionada.

The 1970 and 1980 decades were times of great social transformations in Brazil. Psychology, as a profession, appeared in the 70's as a useful novelty for those who seeked alternatives to the principles proclaimed by the military dictatorship, and at the same time serving as a way to maintain such divergent values. The creation of psychology courses, and the social acceptance of this science and it's profession allowed for the development of medias that eased the propagation of knowledge and of psychological affairs. Amongst these medias, the journal Psicologia Atual stands out, it was first published in 1977 and lasted until 1986, brought by the Grupo Editorial Spagat. This research had in it's purpose to identify diferent contents associated with Humanistic Psychology published in the journal, identifying their conceivers and infer meanings which were assigned to these. The identified contents were categorized in articles, reports and interviews, whose contents were analised by the hermeneutic method proposed by Hans-Georg Gadamer. The results indicated the prevalence of Psychodrama, followed by Gestalt Therapy and Person-Centred Approach, in the articles and interviews categories. The reports announced notable foreign psichologist's visits to Brazil. It is concluded that Humanistic Psychology displayed a concern with social issues relevant to the time period, such as family, inwardness, sexuality and work, contributing to a subjectivist vision to which, many times, it is associated.

Las décadas del 1970 y 1980 fueron escenarios para grandes transformaciones sociales en Brasil. La psicología, como profesión, tuvo inicio en la década del 1970 como una novedad para aquellos que buscaban alternativas a los valores promocionados por la dictadura militar, pero, al mismo tempo, servia para la manutención de los mismos. La creación de los cursos de psicologia y la aceptación social de esta ciencia y profesión, posibilitaron la creación de vehículos de comunicación que facilitaron la difusión de conocimientos y hechos psicológicos. Dentre ellos, destaca-se la revista Psicologia Atual, que fue publicada en el 1977 y duró hasta el 1986, por el Grupo Editorial Spagat. La presente pesquisa tiene como objetivos identificar diferentes contenidos asociados a la Psicologia Humanista publicados en la revista, identificar sus proponentes y obtener los significados de los contenidos publicados. Los contenidos identificados fueron categorizados en artigos, reportajes y entrevitas, que luego fueron analisados, através del método hermeneutico propuesto por Hans-Georg Gadamer. Los resultados indicaron el predomínio del Psicodrama, seguido por la Gestalt-Terapia y el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, em los artigos y entrevistas. Los reportajes reportaban las visitas de nuevos psicólogos extranjeros a Brasil. Concluye-se que la psicologia Humanista apresentaba uma preocupación com temas sociales significativos de la época, como la família, el ser interior, sexualidade y trabajo, contribuyendo para una visión subjetiva con la qual, muhas veces, ella es relacionada.

Talking about persons--thinking about patients: An ethnographic study in critical care.

BACKGROUND: Nursing involves caring for the 'whole person' and it is considered inappropriate for nurses to think or talk about patients in objectifying or dehumanising ways. Objectifying discourses can dominate within the arena of critical care, and critical care nurses can experience moral distress as they struggle to think about patients as persons. No previous study has examined the role played by 'impersonal' talk in the delivery of nursing care. This paper reports a study which examined the relationship between nursing practice and the way(s) in which critical care nurses think and talk about patients. OBJECTIVES: The study objectives were to (1) identify and characterise the ways in which critical care nurses think and talk about patients; and (2) describe patterns of nursing practice associated with these different ways of thinking. STUDY DESIGN: An ethnographic study was undertaken within one critical care unit in the United Kingdom. Data were collected over 8 months through 92h of participant observation and 13 interviews. Seven critical care nurses participated in the study. Data analysis adopted the perspective of linguistic ethnography. FINDINGS: Analysis of these data led to the identification of seven Discourses, each of which was characterised by a particular way of talking about patients, a particular way of thinking about patients, and a particular pattern of practice. Four of these seven Discourses were of particular significance because participants characterised it as 'impersonal' to think and talk about patients as 'routine work', as a 'body', as '(un)stable' or as a 'medical case'. Although participants frequently offered apologies or excuses for doing so, these 'impersonal' ways of thinking and talking were associated with practice that was essential to delivering safe effective care. CONCLUSIONS: Critical care practice requires nurses to think and talk about patients in many different ways, yet nurses are socialised to an ideal that they should always think and talk about patients as whole persons. This means that nurses can struggle to articulate and reflect upon aspects of their practice which require them to think and talk about patients in impersonal ways. This may be an important source of distress to critical care nurses and emotional exhaustion and burnout can arise from such dissonance between ideals and the reality of practice. Nursing leaders, scholars and policy makers need to recognise and legitimise the fact that nurses must think about patients in many ways, some of which may be considered impersonal.

A cost-effectiveness study of person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care: Based on a randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Previous economic studies of person-centered palliative home care have been conducted mainly among patients with cancer. Studies on cost-effectiveness of advanced home care for patients with severe heart failure are lacking when a diagnosis of heart failure is the only main disease as the inclusion criterion. AIM: To assess the cost-effectiveness of a new concept of care called person-centered integrated heart failure and palliative home care. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial was conducted from January 2011 to 2013 at a center in Sweden. Data collection included cost estimates for health care and the patients' responses to the EQ-5D quality of life instrument. SETTING/PARTICIPANTS: Patients with chronic and severe heart failure were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 36) or control (n = 36) group. The intervention group received the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention over 6 months. The control group received the same care that is usually provided by a primary health care center or heart failure clinic at the hospital. RESULTS: EQ-5D data indicated that the intervention resulted in a gain of 0.25 quality-adjusted life years, and cost analysis showed a significant cost reduction with the Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care intervention. Even if costs for staffing are higher than usual care, this is more than made up for by the reduced need for hospital-based care. This intervention made it possible for the county council to use €50,000 for other needs. CONCLUSION: The Palliative Advanced Home Care and Heart Failure Care working mode saves financial resources and should be regarded as very cost-effective.

Experience and convergence in spiritual direction.

The practice of spiritual direction concerns the human experience of God. As praxis, spiritual direction has a long tradition in Western Christianity. It is a process rooted in spirituality with theology as its foundation. This paper explores the convergences between aspects of philosophy (contemplative awareness), psychology (Rogerian client-centered approach) and phenomenology. There are significant points of convergence between phenomenology and spiritual direction: first, in Ignatius of Loyola's phenomenological approach to his religious experience; second, in the appropriation by spiritual directors of concepts of epoche and empathy; third, in the process of "unpacking" religious experience within a spiritual direction interview.

Experiência empática: da neurociência à espiritualidade / Empathic experience: from the neuroscience to spirituality / Experiéncia empática: de la neurociencia a la espiritualidad

O conceito de Empatia tem sido considerado um fenômeno de extrema importância para a sobrevivência, para as relações e para o desenvolvimento humano, firmando-se como um tema atual e de constantes transformações, especialmente devido aos renovados desafios da modernidade tardia. Nesta proposta, serão revistos alguns estudos/reflexões sobre a Empatia, pertencentes aos saberes da Neurociência (através das pesquisas sobre neurônios-espelho), da Psicologia Humanista (através das propostas da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa) e da Espiritualidade (através da filosofia budista). Neste sentido, buscar-se-á ampliar o conceito de Empatia, utilizando as compreensões e articulações propostas pelas três dimensões estudadas...

The concept of empathy has been considered a phenomenon of extreme importance for the survival, relationships and human development and has emerged as a topic of current and constant change, especially due to new human challenges of late modernity. This paper presents reviewed studies/reflections on empathy, from the knowledge of Neuroscience (through research on mirror neurons), Humanistic Psychology (through the proposals of Person Centered Approach) and spirituality (through Buddhist philosophy). In this sense, it will seek to foster the concept of empathy, using the understandings and joint proposals by the three dimensions studied...

El concepto de empatía se ha considerado como un fenómeno de suma importancia para la supervivencia, las relaciones y el desarrollo humano, estableciéndose como un tema actual y de cambio constante, sobre todo debido a los nuevos retos de la modernidad tardía. En este trabajo se presentan estudios/reflexiones sobre la empatía, que pertenecen al conocimiento de la Neurociencia (a través de la investigación sobre las neuronas espejo), de la Psicología Humanista (a través de las propuestas del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona) y de la espiritualidad (a través de la filosofía budista). En este sentido, se tratará de ampliar el concepto de empatía, utilizando los acuerdos y propuestas conjuntas de las tres dimensiones estudiadas...

Ludoterapia centrada na criança: uma leitura a partir da ética de Emmanuel Lévinas / Child-centered ludotherapy: A reading from the ethics of Emmanuel Lévinas / Ludoterapia centrada en el niño: Una lectura desde la etica de Emmanuel Lévinas

Neste artigo apresentaremos uma nova leitura para a Ludoterapia Centrada na Criança (LCC) de Virginia Mae Axline, a partir da ética da alteridade radical de Emmanuel Lévinas e da leitura da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) de Peter Schmid. Abordaremos brevemente as ideias de Axline e autores contemporâneos acerca da Ludoterapia na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, de Lévinas e sua proposta ética, e de uma nova compreensão de ludoterapia na qual a criança apresenta-se ao terapeuta como Rosto que remete ao Outro e à qual somente podemos ser responsabilidade, disponibilidade e diaconia em uma relação Tu-Eu...

In this paper we present a new reading to the Virginia Mae Axline's Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT), from the Emmanuel Lévinas' ethics of radical alterity and from Peter Schmid's reading of the Person-Centered Approach (PCA). We will briefly discuss the ideas of Axline and contemporary authors about Play Therapy in Person-Centred Approach, Lévinas and his proposal of ethics, and from a new understanding of play therapy in which the child presents herself to the therapist as Face which refers to the Other and to which we can only be liability, availability and diakonia in a I-Thou relationship...

En este artículo presentaremos una nueva lectura para la Ludoterapia Enfocada en el Niño (LEN) de Virginia Mae Axline, a partir de la ética de la alteridad radical de Emmanuel Lévinas y de la lectura del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona (ECP) de Peter Schmid. Encuadraremos brevemente las ideas de Axline y de autores contemporáneos acerca de la Ludoterapia en el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, de Lévinas y su propuesta ética, y de una nueva comprensión de ludoterapia en la cual el niño preséntase al terapeuta como Rostro que remite al Otro y a la cual solamente podemos ser responsabilidad, disponibilidad y diaconía en una relación Tu-Yo...

Ludoterapia centrada na criança: uma leitura a partir da ética de Emmanuel Lévinas / Child-centered ludotherapy: A reading from the ethics of Emmanuel Lévinas / Ludoterapia centrada en el niño: Una lectura desde la etica de Emmanuel Lévinas

Neste artigo apresentaremos uma nova leitura para a Ludoterapia Centrada na Criança (LCC) de Virginia Mae Axline, a partir da ética da alteridade radical de Emmanuel Lévinas e da leitura da Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa (ACP) de Peter Schmid. Abordaremos brevemente as ideias de Axline e autores contemporâneos acerca da Ludoterapia na Abordagem Centrada na Pessoa, de Lévinas e sua proposta ética, e de uma nova compreensão de ludoterapia na qual a criança apresenta-se ao terapeuta como Rosto que remete ao Outro e à qual somente podemos ser responsabilidade, disponibilidade e diaconia em uma relação Tu-Eu.(AU)

In this paper we present a new reading to the Virginia Mae Axline's Child-Centered Play Therapy (CCPT), from the Emmanuel Lévinas' ethics of radical alterity and from Peter Schmid's reading of the Person-Centered Approach (PCA). We will briefly discuss the ideas of Axline and contemporary authors about Play Therapy in Person-Centred Approach, Lévinas and his proposal of ethics, and from a new understanding of play therapy in which the child presents herself to the therapist as Face which refers to the Other and to which we can only be liability, availability and diakonia in a I-Thou relationship.(AU)

En este artículo presentaremos una nueva lectura para la Ludoterapia Enfocada en el Niño (LEN) de Virginia Mae Axline, a partir de la ética de la alteridad radical de Emmanuel Lévinas y de la lectura del Enfoque Centrado en la Persona (ECP) de Peter Schmid. Encuadraremos brevemente las ideas de Axline y de autores contemporáneos acerca de la Ludoterapia en el Enfoque Centrado en la Persona, de Lévinas y su propuesta ética, y de una nueva comprensión de ludoterapia en la cual el niño preséntase al terapeuta como Rostro que remite al Otro y a la cual solamente podemos ser responsabilidad, disponibilidad y diaconía en una relación Tu-Yo.(AU)