History of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in ancient China: a narrative review.

Modern cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) comprises an open airway, artificial ventilation, chest compressions and, if necessary, defibrillation. CPR has been intensively studied and tested to perfect an integrated and effective resuscitation system in the West. However, CPR efforts in China has been understudied and underreported. CPR has been performed for more than 2000 years in China. As early as the third century BC, a Chinese doctor named Zhongjing Zhang presented a detailed program to save patients from suicide by hanging in the book entitled "Synopsis of the Golden Chamber". Dr. Zhang proposed "not only to save the body, but also to save the spirit", which remains a guiding principle in modern resuscitation: to not only ensure cardiopulmonary recovery but also preserve the brain function. We aim to review and summarize efforts of CPR in China from a historic point of view.

The history of bone marrow in orthopaedic surgery (part I trauma): trepanning, bone marrow injection in damage control resuscitation, and bone marrow aspiration to heal fractures.

PURPOSE: One of the oldest procedures performed by man is trepanning of the bone and yet it was only in the last 40 years that bone marrow aspiration has been used to treat nonunion disorders. MATERIAL AND METHODS: These advances were possible due to improvements in instruments and in techniques to make holes in the bone, an history that began with skull trephinations around 8000-10,000 years ago, and continued with sternum bone marrow injection for trauma resuscitation in the beginning of the twentieth century; this procedure had improved at the beginning of the twenty-first century to allow pelvis bone marrow aspiration for the treatment of nonunion. RESULTS: Trephined skulls from antiquity have been found in many parts of world, showing that trephining was ancient and widespread. Beginning with Neolithic period and the pre-Columbian Andean civilizations, the authors have traced the development of this surgical skill by describing the various surgical tools used to perform holes in the skull. These tools (trephines or trepan) were proposed at the end of the nineteenth century to study the bone marrow. At the beginning of the twentieth century, the sternum became the center of interest for the "in vivo" study of the bone marrow and the fluid injection in the sternum's bone marrow was described for resuscitation from shock during the World War II. With the introduction of plastic catheters and improved cannulation techniques, the need for intraosseous infusion as an alternative route for intravenous access diminished and sometimes abandoned. However, during the mid-1980s, James Orlowski allowed renaissance of the use of intraosseous infusion for paediatric resuscitation. Since then, this technique has become widespread and is now recognized as an alternative to intravenous access in adult emergencies; particularly, the intraosseous access has received class IIA recommendation from the Advanced Trauma Life Support program supported by the American College of Surgeons Committee on Trauma and bone marrow infusion is now recommended for "Damage Control" resuscitation. Although the pelvis bone contains half of the body's marrow volume, it was only in 1950 that the pelvis was proposed as a source for bone marrow aspiration and bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells to improve healing of fractures. CONCLUSION: It will be many years before doing holes in the bone as orthopaedic trauma procedure will be relegated to the annals of history.

[A brief history of resuscitation - the influence of previous experience on modern techniques and methods]. / Krótka historia resuscytacji - wplyw doswiadczen z przeszlosci na obecnie stosowane techniki i metody.

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is relatively novel branch of medical science, however first descriptions of mouth-to-mouth ventilation are to be found in the Bible and literature is full of descriptions of different resuscitation methods - from flagellation and ventilation with bellows through hanging the victims upside down and compressing the chest in order to stimulate ventilation to rectal fumigation with tobacco smoke. The modern history of CPR starts with Kouwenhoven et al. who in 1960 published a paper regarding heart massage through chest compressions. Shortly after that in 1961Peter Safar presented a paradigm promoting opening the airway, performing rescue breaths and chest compressions. First CPR guidelines were published in 1966. Since that time guidelines were modified and improved numerously by two leading world expert organizations ERC (European Resuscitation Council) and AHA (American Heart Association) and published in a new version every 5 years. Currently 2010 guidelines should be obliged. In this paper authors made an attempt to present history of development of resuscitation techniques and methods and assess the influence of previous lifesaving methods on nowadays technologies, equipment and guidelines which allow to help those women and men whose life is in danger due to sudden cardiac arrest.

Percepciones relacionadas con lapresencia de la familia en escenariosavanzados como la reanimacióncerebro-cardio-pulmonar / Perceptions related to family presence in avanced scenarios such a cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation / Percepções relacionadas com a presença da família em cenários avançados como a reanimação cardiopulmonar

La participación de la familia en escenario avanzados, como la reanimación cerebro-cardio-pulmonar (RCCP), se convierte en un elemento fundamenta l en el cuidado del paciente en riesgo inminente de muerte, y permite dar una mirada más humanizada al contexto de la reanimación. Sin embargo, se han generado varios debates fundamentados en las percepciones del personal de enfermería, la familia y el paciente que ha sobrevivido, debido a que ellos son los tres actores implicados en este escenario. Por tal motivo, este artículo busca analizar estas percepciones, a fin de reconocer a la familia como pieza primordial en la evolución clínica del paciente; promover el desarrollo de un nexo de unión entre la familia, el equipo y el paciente, y favorecer una mayor aceptación ante la realidad de la muerte y el proceso de duelo. Así, el profesional de enfermería es la persona más idónea para asumir el acompañamiento y la orientación a la familia en ese momento...

The family involvement in advanced scenarios, such as cardiopulmonary-cerebral resuscitation (CPCR), can becomea key element in the care for patients at imminent risk of death and allows for a more humane approach to the context of resuscitation. However, there are various debates grounded on the perceptions of the nursing staff, the family and the patients who have survived, as they are the three actors involved in this scenario. Therefore, this paper analyzes these perceptions in order to recognize the family as fundamental part in the patient's chinical course; promote the development of a bond between the family, the team and the patient; and encourage greater acceptance of the reality of death and its grieving process. Thus, the Nurse Practitioner is the best-suited individual to offer support and guidance for the family at that time...

A participaçâo da familia em cenário avançados, corno a reanimaçâo cardiopulmonar (RCP), se convette em um elemento fundamental no cuidado do paciente em risco iminente de morte, e permite dar urna olhada mais humanizada ao contexto da reanimaçâo. Porém, tém gerado varios debates fundamentados ñas percepçôes do pessoal de enfermagem, a familia e o paciente que sobreviveu, devido a que eles sâo os très atores implicados neste cenário. Por tal motivo, este artigo procura analisar estas percepçôes, com o objetivo de reconhecer a familia como peça primordial na evohiçào clinica do paciente; promover o desenvolví mento de um nexo de uniáo entre a familia, a equipe e o paciente, e favorecer urna maior aceitaçâo diante da realidade da morte e do processo de luto. Assim, o profissionai de enfermagem é a Presencia de la familia en escenarios comò la reanimación cerebro-cardio-pulmonar..

[Chronic respiratory failure: the role of home mechanical ventilation]. / Chronische respiratorische Insuffizienz: Rolle der ausserklinischen Beatmung.

While negative pressure ventilation using cuirass respirators or iron-lung machines was prevailing in the first part of the 20th century, the polio epidemic in Copenhagen 1952 marks the turning point at which positive pressure ventilation following tracheotomy was started. Furthermore, following the introduction of facial masks and starting 1985 in Germany non-invasive positive pressure ventilation has meanwhile been developed as a routine procedure for the long-term treatment of patients with chronic ventilatory failure today. The current article provides an overview of these developments and also outlines the role of two particular national societies: "Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pneumologie und Beatmungsmedizin (DGP) e. V." (German Medical Association of Pneumology and Ventilatory Support) and "Deutsche Interdisziplinäre Gesellschaft für außerklinische Beatmung (DIGAB) e. V." (German Interdisciplinary Society for Home Mechanical Ventilation).

[The historical review of cardio pulmonary resuscitation].

Cardio pulmonary resuscitation is the main method to rescue sudden cardiac arrest, which involved the aspects of opening airway, artificial ventilation, cardiac compression, defibrillation and pacing. By reviewing the developmental process of each aspect of the above and analyzing the historical role of academic background, important events and outstanding figures could contribute to conclude the experience and discipline in this historical process so as to grasp the developmental sequence of cardio pulmonary resuscitation and understand deeply and further perfect and develop the cardio pulmonary resuscitation.

Historical aspects of critical care and the nervous system.

The appropriate starting point for a history of neurocritical care is a matter of debate, and the organization of facts and conjectures about it must be somewhat arbitrary. Intensive care for neurosurgical patients dates back to the work of Walter Dandy at the Johns Hopkins Hospital in the 1930s; many consider his creation of a special unit for their postoperative care to be the first real ICU. The genesis of neurocritical care begins in prehistory, however. This article gives a predominantly North American history, with some brief forays into the rest of the world community of neurointensivists.

[History of electric defibrillation].

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation is one of the most effective methods in rescuing those in critical situations. In recent decades, electric cardiac defibrillation has made the biggest advance in the field of cardiopulmonary resuscitation. It has been found that the rate of successful resuscitation with electric defibrillation is much higher than by bare-handed or drug resuscitations by which more lives have been saved, has become the most essential and most important means of first aid. The history of the development of electric defibrillation is a successful modality of multidisciplinary cooperation of physicians, biologists, physiologists, and engineers. Although "early defibrillation" has been recognized as an idea of standard therapy and a basic measure of life support by international organizations as American Heart Association, it is far from being perfect and has a long way to go. A review of the history may help to bring the technique of electric defibrillation into perfection, and to save more lives in the future.

History of mouth-to-mouth rescue breathing. Part 2: the 18th century.

In Britain, the great boost to performing mouth-to-mouth resuscitation for the "suddenly apparently dead" came from William Tossach's 1744 documentation of his own successful case, and then from promotion by John Fothergill and other enthusiasts. Some civic authorities on the Continent were exhorting citizens to employ it from as early as the mid-18th century. The first humane society was founded in Amsterdam in 1767 and initially promoted expired air ventilation (EAV) by the mouth-to-mouth method. Other humane societies were soon established throughout Europe, especially in maritime cities with frequent drownings. The founding of London's humane society in 1774, initially known as "The Institute," was followed by earnest efforts to promote mouth-to-mouth EAV in England, and soon after in Scotland, but not until the 1780s in North America. Disenchantment with the mouth-to-mouth method as less desirable (for various reasons) led to decline in its general use. In 1782, what later became The Royal Humane Society in London changed its expressed preference for artificial ventilation by mouth-to-mouth to manual artificial ventilation using inflating bellows, although mouth-to-mouth was a method of resuscitation which could be attempted by any rescuer. The need to apply artificial ventilation immediately was not really recognised before John Hunter's recommendation to London's Humane Society in 1776. Charles Kite spelt out clearly the principles of resuscitation in 1787-8, though he gave some priority to warming. It seems that only in the latter part of the 18th century was the importance of airway obstruction recognised, largely due to Edmund Goodwyn.

[An outline history of ancient application and development of cardio-pulmonary resuscitation (CPR)].

Through analysing the ancient medical literatures, the author sums up the brief history of CPR in ancient China and claims that, the use of CPR in China was over one thousand years earlier than that of the Western countries, and it stimulates the birth of modern CPR technique.