Seasonal reproductive state determines gene expression in the hypothalamus of a latitudinal migratory songbird during the spring and autumn migration.

We investigated gonadal effects on hypothalamic transcription of genes in sham-operated and castrated redheaded buntings photostimulated into spring and autumn migratory states. RNA-Seq results showed testes-dependent differences between spring and autumn migratory states. In particular, differentially expressed genes enriched G-protein-coupled receptor and calcium-ion signaling pathways during spring and autumn states, respectively. qPCR assay showed attenuated gabra5, ttr, thra and thrb expressions, suggesting reduced GABA and thyroid hormone effects on photo-sexual response in spring. In spring castrates, reduced npy, tac1 and nrcam and increased ank3 expression suggested testicular effects on the appetite, prolactin release and neuronal functions, whereas in autumn castrates, reduced rasgrp1, grm5 and grin1, and increased mras expression suggested testicular effects on the ras, G-protein and glutamate signaling pathways. Castration-induced reciprocal switching of pomc and pdyn expressions suggested effects on the overall homeostasis in both seasons. These results demonstrate transcriptome-wide changes, with season-dependent roles of testes in songbird migration.

Multigenerational exposure to uranium changes morphometric parameters and global DNA methylation in rat sperm.

There is increasing evidence that environmental exposures early in fetal development influence phenotype and give rise to disease risk in the next generations. We previously found that lifelong exposure to uranium, an environmental contaminant, induced subtle testicular and hormonal defects; however, its impact on the reproductive system of multiple subsequent generations was unexplored. Herein, rats were exposed to a supra-environmental and non-nephrotoxic concentration of natural uranium (U, 40 mg·L-1 of drinking water) from postnatal life to adulthood (F0), during fetal life (F1), and only as the germ cells from the F1 generation (F2). General parameters (reproductive indices, epididymal weight) and sperm morphology were assessed in the three generations. In order to identify the epigenetic effects of U, we analyzed also the global DNA methylation profile and described for the first time the mRNA expression levels of markers involved in the (de)methylation system in rat epididymal spermatozoa. Our results showed that the F1 generation had a reduced pregnancy rate. Despite the sperm number being unmodified, sperm morphology was affected in the F0, F1 and F2 generations. Morphometric analysis for ten parameters was detailed for each generation. No common parameter was detected between the three generations, but the head and the middle-piece were always modified in the abnormal sperms. In the F1 U-exposed generation, the total number of abnormal sperm was significantly higher than in the F0 and F2 generations, suggesting that fetal exposure to uranium was more deleterious. This effect could be associated with the pregnancy rate to produce the F2 generation. Interestingly, global DNA methylation analysis showed also hypomethylation in the sperm DNA of the last F2 generation. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that uranium can induce morphological sperm defects and changes in the DNA methylation level after multigenerational exposure. The epigenetic transgenerational inheritance of U-induced reproductive defects should be assessed in further experiments.

Photoperiodic Regulation of Reproduction in Vertebrates.

Organisms use changes in photoperiod for seasonal reproduction to maximize the survival of their offspring. Birds have sophisticated seasonal mechanisms and are therefore excellent models for studying these phenomena. Birds perceive light via deep-brain photoreceptors and long day-induced thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin) in the pars tuberalis of the pituitary gland (PT), which cause local thyroid hormone activation within the mediobasal hypothalamus. The local bioactive thyroid hormone controls seasonal gonadotropin-releasing hormone secretion and subsequent gonadotropin secretion. In mammals, the eyes are believed to be the only photoreceptor organ, and nocturnal melatonin secretion triggers an endocrine signal that communicates information about the photoperiod to the PT to regulate TSH. In contrast, in Salmonidae fish the input pathway to the neuroendocrine output pathway appears to be localized in the saccus vasculosus. Thus, comparative analysis is an effective way to uncover the universality and diversity of fundamental traits in various organisms.

Mycotoxin zearalenone induced gonadal impairment and altered gene expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis of adult female zebrafish (Danio rerio).

In the present study, we aimed to assess the adverse effects of zearalenone (ZEA) at environmentally relevant concentrations (0.5, 1, 5 and 10 µg l-1 ) on hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis associated reproductive function using zebrafish model. ZEA was exposed to female zebrafish for 21 days to assess growth indices such as condition factor, hepatosomatic index, gonadosomatic index and caspase 3 activity. Further, expression of estrogen receptor (ER) α and CYP19a1b genes in the brain, ERα and vitellogenin (Vtg) genes in the liver and follicle-stimulating hormone receptor, luteinizing hormone receptor, ERα, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), 17-ßHSD and CYP19a1 genes in the ovary were also investigated. Our results showed that there were no significant changes in the condition factor and hepatosomatic index, whereas a significant (P < .05) reduction in the gonadosomatic index, increase in caspase 3 activities and Vtg expression was observed at higher concentration. However, no significant changes were observed at lower treatment levels. Further, we also observed significant (P < .05) upregulation in ERα, Vtg, luteinizing hormone receptor, steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, 3ß-HSD, 17ß-HSD, CYP19a1 and CYP19a1b genes in treatment groups with higher levels of ZEA. Moreover, in histopathological examination, we observed oocyte atresia and oocyte membrane detachment in ovaries at the highest concentration. In conclusion, the present study revealed the negative impact of ZEA on zebrafish reproductive system by involvement of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis-associated reproductive function.

The Effects of Exposure to Low Frequency Electromagnetic Fields on Male Fertility.

CONTEXT: People are increasingly exposed to low frequency (LF) electromagnetic fields (EMFs), mainly from electricity distribution networks and electronic devices. Critics of this widespread exposure believe that it can have detrimental effects on the human body. On the other hand, many in vivo and in vitro studies have claimed that low frequency electromagnetic therapy can function as a form of alternative medicine and that therapists can treat disease by applying electromagnetic radiation or pulsed EMFs to the body or cells. It is not yet entirely clear, however, whether LF-EMF is beneficial or harmful. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to examine the effects of LF-EMFs on men's reproductive functions, according to the types of waveform and the frequency and duration of exposure. DESIGN: The study reviewed all available research, both human and animal, on the effects of LF-EMFs on male reproductive functions, covering the literature from January 1978 to June 2016. The documents were obtained from PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, and any article that was irrelevant or a duplicate was excluded. A total of 61 articles were found, and 27 articles were reviewed. SETTING: This project was performed at the Avicenna Research Center (Tehran, Iran). PARTICIPANTS: Literature included human and animal studies conducted on rabbits, mice, rats, and boars. INTERVENTION: Among these studies, any article that was irrelevant, a duplicate, or published with duplicate data was excluded. At the end, 27 articles were checked. OUTCOME MEASURES: Outcome measures included testing related to reproductive organ weights, reproductive endocrinal hormones, fetal development, and spermatogenesis as well as sperm motility, morphology, and vitality. RESULTS: The reviewed studies provided contradictory results that were highly dependent on the exposure parameters, such as the shape and frequency of wave, intensity, duration, and timing of the exposure. CONCLUSIONS: LF-EMF at 15 Hz with a peak intensity of 8 Gauss, with a square waveform of 50 Hz frequency and a duration of a few hours or less can have a positive effect on sperm quality, motility, and fertility. Exposures at other frequencies either had no effects on the sperm's performance and quality or held biological hazard for cells. It appears that there is still little understanding of how EMF affects cellular functions. Therefore, more standardized and controlled studies should be carried out to understand the effects of EMF on the body.

Changes in brain peptides associated with reproduction and energy homeostasis in photosensitive and photorefractory migratory redheaded buntings.

Present study examined the expression of brain peptides associated with the reproduction and energy homeostasis (GnRH/GnIH, NPY/VIP), and assessed their possible functional association in the photosensitive (non-breeding, pre-breeding), photostimulated (breeding) and photorefractory (post-breeding) migratory redheaded buntings (Emberiza bruniceps), using double-labeled immunohistochemistry. Particularly, we measured immunoreactive (-ir) cell numbers, per cent cell area and cell optical density (OD) in the preoptic area (GnRH-I), midbrain (GnRH-II), paraventricular nucleus (GnIH), dorsomedial hypothalamus, DMH and infundibular complex, INc (NPY and VIP), and lateral septal organ (VIP) of buntings kept under natural photoperiods at the wintering latitude (26°55'N). There was a significant seasonal difference in GnRH-I, not GnRH-II, with reduced -ir cells in the photosensitive and photorefractory buntings, and notably with increased cell OD between the refractory and non-breeding states with no increase in testis size. Also, increased cell OD of GnIH neurons in non-breeding state indicated its role in the maintenance of small testes during the post-refractory period. Overall, seasonal changes in GnRH-I and GnIH were found consistent with their suggested roles in reproductive regulation of absolute photorefractory birds. Further, there was a significant seasonal change in cell OD of NPY neurons in DMH, not the INc. In contrast, VIP immunoreactivity was seasonally altered, with a significantly higher VIP-ir cells in breeding than the pre-breeding state. Finally, close proximity between perikarya with fibres suggested functional interactions between the GnRH and GnIH, and NPY and VIP. Thus, seasonal plasticity of brain peptides is perhaps the part of neural regulation of seasonal reproduction and associated energy homeostasis in migratory songbirds.

Reproductive failure in Arabidopsis thaliana under transient carbohydrate limitation: flowers and very young siliques are jettisoned and the meristem is maintained to allow successful resumption of reproductive growth.

The impact of transient carbon depletion on reproductive growth in Arabidopsis was investigated by transferring long-photoperiod-grown plants to continuous darkness and returning them to a light-dark cycle. After 2 days of darkness, carbon reserves were depleted in reproductive sinks, and RNA in situ hybridization of marker transcripts showed that carbon starvation responses had been initiated in the meristem, anthers and ovules. Dark treatments of 2 or more days resulted in a bare-segment phenotype on the floral stem, with 23-27 aborted siliques. These resulted from impaired growth of immature siliques and abortion of mature and immature flowers. Depolarization of PIN1 protein and increased DII-VENUS expression pointed to rapid collapse of auxin gradients in the meristem and inhibition of primordia initiation. After transfer back to a light-dark cycle, flowers appeared and formed viable siliques and seeds. A similar phenotype was seen after transfer to sub-compensation point irradiance or CO2 . It also appeared in a milder form after a moderate decrease in irradiance and developed spontaneously in short photoperiods. We conclude that Arabidopsis inhibits primordia initiation and aborts flowers and very young siliques in C-limited conditions. This curtails demand, safeguarding meristem function and allowing renewal of reproductive growth when carbon becomes available again.

Melatonin: a possible link between the presence of artificial light at night and reductions in biological fitness.

The mechanisms underpinning the ecological impacts of the presence of artificial night lighting remain elusive. One suspected underlying cause is that the presence of light at night (LAN) supresses nocturnal production of melatonin, a key driver of biological rhythm and a potent antioxidant with a proposed role in immune function. Here, we briefly review the evidence for melatonin as the link between LAN and changes in behaviour and physiology. We then present preliminary data supporting the potential for melatonin to act as a recovery agent mitigating the negative effects of LAN in an invertebrate. Adult crickets (Teleogryllus commodus), exposed to constant illumination, were provided with dietary melatonin (concentrations: 0, 10 or 100 µg ml(-1)) in their drinking water. We then compared survival, lifetime fecundity and, over a 4-week period, immune function (haemocyte concentration, lysozyme-like and phenoloxidase (PO) activity). Melatonin supplementation was able only partially to mitigate the detrimental effects of LAN: it did not improve survival or fecundity or PO activity, but it had a largely dose-dependent positive effect on haemocyte concentration and lysozyme-like activity. We discuss the implications of these relationships, as well as the usefulness of invertebrates as model species for future studies that explore the effects of LAN.

A Systematic Review of the Molecular Mechanisms of Uranium -Induced Reproductive Toxicity.

Uranium is the heaviest metal known as nuclear fuel, and employed in the production of glass tinting compounds, ceramic glazes, gyroscope wheels, chemical catalysts and X-ray tube targets. Inhalation and ingestion are two of the most usual ways of exposure. Uranium may be released into drinking water through the mining leading to contamination. Uranium is able to damage the DNA by generation of free radicals and acting as a catalyst in the Fenton reactions causing oxidative stress. In fact, reproductive system contains high amount of polyunsaturated fatty acids, and therefore it is highly vulnerable to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sensitive to uranium toxicity. Toxic effects of uranium are generally reported through different mechanisms of action including inflammation, degeneration of testis, vacuolization of Leydig cells, spermatocytes necrosis, and oocyte dysmorphism. The present article provides a comprehensive review of the recent findings mostly about the molecular and biochemical toxicity of uranium on the reproductive system.

Leptin inhibits the reproductive axis in adult male Syrian hamsters exposed to long and short photoperiod.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of acute leptin treatment of adult Syrian hamsters exposed to a long (LP, eugonadal males) and short photoperiod (SP, hypogonadal males). Animals were exposed to LP (L:D 14:10) or SP (L:D 10:14) for 10 weeks. Afterwards, both LP and SP hamsters were allocated to a control (SP-C, LP-C) or leptin-treated group (SP 3, SP 10, SP 30 or LP3, LP 10, LP 30). One hour before sacrifice, a single dose of leptin (3, 10 or 30 µg/kg) or vehicle was administered (i.p.) to the males. Testis weight, serum and pituitary luteinizing hormone (LH) concentrations, as well as the hypothalamic concentration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) were recorded. Histological analysis of the testis was performed and GnRH concentration in the culture medium of hypothalamic explants was examined. A dramatic regression of testicular weight and histological atrophy of seminiferous tubules, as well as a decrease in serum and pituitary LH concentrations were found in SP males. All doses of leptin significantly reduced serum LH levels and medium GnRH concentrations in both photoperiod groups. Pituitary LH and hypothalamic GnRH concentrations were not affected by leptin. In conclusion, we demonstrated that leptin inhibited the reproductive axis of Syrian male hamsters exposed to LP and SP and fed ad libitum.

Transmission of DNA damage and increasing reprotoxic effects over two generations of Daphnia magna exposed to uranium.

This study aimed to examine the mechanisms involved in the transgenerational increase in Daphnia magna sensitivity to waterborne depleted uranium (DU) under controlled laboratory conditions. Daphnids were exposed to concentrations ranging from 2 to 50 µg L(-1) over two successive generations. Genotoxic effects were assessed using random amplified polymorphic DNA and real time PCR (RAPD-PCR). Effects on life history (survival, fecundity and somatic growth) were monitored from hatching to release of brood 5. Different exposure regimes were tested to investigate the specific sensitivity of various life stages to DU. When daphnids were exposed continuously or from hatching to deposition of brood 5, results demonstrated that DNA damage accumulated in females and were transmitted to offspring in parallel with an increase in severity of effects on life history across generations. When daphnids were exposed during the embryo stage only, DU exposure induced transient DNA damage which was repaired after neonates were returned to a clean medium. Effects on life history remained visible after hatching and did not significantly increase in severity across generations. The present results suggest that DNA damage might be an early indicator of future effects on life history.

Reproductive effects of low-to-moderate medical radiation exposure.

Medical radiation from x-rays and nuclear medicine is the largest man-made source of radiation exposure in Western countries, accounting for a mean effective dose of 3.0 mSv per capita per year, comparable to the radiologic risk of 150 chest x-rays, and in many cases gonads fall in the imaging field, with > 20 millions examinations per year in US being abdominal and pelvic CT, and > 0.5 million barium enema. Of the over 7 million workers exposed to medical radiation, special attention has been paid to those working in the interventional cardiology and radiology labs, with high and increasing professional exposures, two-to three times higher than diagnostic radiologists. Thus, adverse effects of radiation exposure are well worth of the scientific community's interest. Aims of this review are: 1) to assess gonad dose to patients undergoing diagnostic testing or interventional fluoroscopy therapy and in professionally exposed interventional fluoroscopists; and 2) to evaluate the evidence linking radiation exposure in the low-to-moderate range (besides the radiotherapy high dose range) to adverse reproductive effects. In patients, the gonad radiation exposure can reach 5 mSv for a lower limb angiography, 20 mSv for a CT pelvis and hips, and 36 (in females) to 90 mSv (for males) for a lower gastrointestinal series. For interventional cardiologists, the gonad dose (below lead apron) is in the same order of magnitude of the shielded thyroid dose, with a median of 50 to 100 microSievert per cine-angiography procedure. The dose can be ten-fold higher for a complex interventional procedure. This leads to a cumulative exposure in the 0.5-1 Sv range over a professional lifetime of 30 years. At present, the epidemiological approach provided inconclusive results, inadequate for a robust evidence-based advice to exposed subjects, since large groups followed-up for decades would be required to detect a small increase in risk. A molecular epidemiology approach and/or the use of integrated biomarkers of reproductive health (e.h., reproductive hormone balance, sperm quality, sperm DNA damage) might be more fruitful in future research focused in the low-to-moderate dose range (< 1000 mSv) of greatest interest for diagnostic and professional exposures.

The reproductive effects in rats after chronic oral exposure to low-dose depleted uranium.

This two-generation study evaluated the effects of depleted uranium (DU) on reproduction in rats. Across two generations, Wistar rats (30/sex/group) were maintained on feed containing DU at dose levels of 0 (control group), 4 (DU4 group), or 40 (DU40 group) mg kg⁻¹ day⁻¹ for 4 months prior to mating. After 4 months of exposure, the pregnancy rate, normal labour rate, and survival rate of offspring produced by F1 rats were all significantly decreased as compared to the control group, and especially in the DU40 group, these parameters fell by half to two-thirds, while no adverse effects were evident in F0 rats. The uranium content in the testes and ovaries of F1 rats in the DU4 and DU40 groups was significantly higher than that found in F0 rats. The levels of sex hormone in the serum were disorder in both generations. The enzymes related to spermiogenesis were also significantly different between generations, and the damage was more severe in F1 rats. In conclusion, the reproductive effects in F0 rats were slight after chronic oral exposure to DU, while the effects were obvious in F1 rats.

Individual-based model of Chironomus riparius population dynamics over several generations to explore adaptation following exposure to uranium-spiked sediments.

Natural populations are chronically exposed to various pollutants over many generations. It is thus crucial to understand and quantify adaptive dynamics of stressed populations in order to increase the relevance of ecotoxicological risk assessment. However, long-term consequences to population exposure are not much studied yet. The present study investigated evolutionary responses of Chironomus riparius populations exposed to uranium (heavy metal pollutant) and to assess the underlying mechanisms. To fulfil our objective, we produced data with organisms exposed to four relevant concentrations of uranium through eight successive generations. We built an individual-based (IBM) model of C. riparius population dynamics to analyse these data and to test several assumptions about the mechanisms involved in the phenotypic changes. The IBM was based on a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model for C. riparius by Pery et al. (2002). DEB models account mathematically for the acquisition and use of energy to describe and predict growth, maintenance, development and reproduction of living organisms. The IBM accounted for the influence of the test conditions on the observations over eight generations and highlighted some trait evolution such as time to emergence and adult size in control conditions. The model was then used to analyse the exposed population data. Our results showed that exposure to uranium led to a phenotypic selection via a differential survival characterised by longer time to emergence and smaller larval maximal size. As a general conclusion, IBMs based on DEB-based modelling developed to analyse multi-generation experiments are very promising for understanding and quantifying long term selection and tolerance mechanisms in a population under toxic stress.

Population-level modeling to account for multigenerational effects of uranium in Daphnia magna.

As part of the ecological risk assessment associated with radionuclides in freshwater ecosystems, toxicity of waterborne uranium was recently investigated in the microcrustacean Daphnia magna over a three-generation exposure (F0, F1, and F2). Toxic effects on daphnid life history and physiology, increasing over generations, were demonstrated at the organism level under controlled laboratory conditions. These effects were modeled using an approach based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB). For each of the three successive generations, DEBtox (dynamic energy budget applied to toxicity data) models were fitted to experimental data. Lethal and sublethal DEBtox outcomes and their uncertainty were projected to the population level using population matrix techniques. To do so, we compared two modeling approaches in which experimental results from F0, F1, and F2 generations were either considered separately (F0-, F1-, and F2-based simulations) or together in the actual succession of F0, F1, and F2 generations (multi-F-based simulation). The first approach showed that considering results from F0 only (equivalent to a standard toxicity test) would lead to a severe underestimation of uranium toxicity at the population level. Results from the second approach showed that combining effects in successive generations cannot generally be simplified to the worst case among F0-, F1-, and F2-based population dynamics.

Possible ameliorative effects of kolaviron against reproductive toxicity in sub-lethally whole body gamma-irradiated rats.

Ionizing radiation is one of the environmental factors that may contribute to reproductive dysfunction by a mechanism involving oxidative stress. We investigated the possible ameliorative effects of kolaviron (KV) (a biflavonoid from the seeds of Garcinia kola) on sperm characteristics, testicular lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant status after a whole body γ-irradiation in Wistar rats. Vitamin C (VC) served as standard antioxidant in this study. The study consists of four groups of 6 rats each. Group I received corn oil, whereas group II received a single dose of γ-radiation (5 Gy). The animals in groups III and IV were pretreated with KV (250 mg/kg) and VC (250 mg/kg) by oral gavage five times in a week, respectively, for 6 weeks prior to and 8 weeks after exposure to γ-radiation. Gamma-irradiation resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in body weight and relative testes weight. Also, γ-irradiation significantly (p<0.05) decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione S-transferase as well as glutathione level, but markedly elevated malondialdehyde levels in the serum and testes. Irradiated rats showed testicular degeneration with concomitant decrease in sperm motility and viability. Although sperm abnormalities significantly increased, it has no effect on the epididymal sperm count. KV and VC significantly (p<0.05) decreased the body weight loss and increased relative testes weights of the rats. Furthermore, supplementation of KV and VC ameliorated radiation-induced toxicity by increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes, decreased LPO and abrogated testicular degeneration. Taken together, γ-irradiation caused reproductive dysfunction by depleting the antioxidant defence system in the rats, while administration of KV or VC ameliorated the radiation-induced testicular toxicity.

The use of field-based mesocosm systems to assess the effects of uranium milling effluent on fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reproduction.

Northern Saskatchewan, Canada is home to a uranium milling operation that discharges a complex milling effluent containing nutrients, cations and anions, and many metals including selenium (Se). Se has the potential to accumulate in a system even when water concentrations are low. This study evaluated the effects of treated uranium milling effluent and contaminated sediment in combination and in isolation to determine the contribution and importance of each source to fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) reproduction and survival. Trios of fathead minnows were allocated to one of four treatments for 21-days where the following were evaluated; survival (adult and 5 day larval), larval deformities, reproductive effects (egg production, spawning events) and metal tissue burdens (muscle, gonad, eggs and larvae). In addition Se speciation analysis was conducted on fish tissues. Effects were solely effluent-mediated with little contribution observed due to the presence of contaminated sediments. The contaminated sediments tested were taken from the actual receiving environment and represented the sediment composition found in greatest abundance. Results showed egg production significantly increased in the effluent treatments compared to the reference water treatments. Although egg production increased following effluent exposure, there was reduced hatching and larval survival and a significant increase in skeletal deformities in 5 day old larvae. Despite these effects on the offspring, when examined in an integrated manner relative to increased egg production, the mean number of normal larvae did not differ among treatments. Total selenium significantly increased in the effluent exposed, algae, female muscle, gonad, eggs and larvae in addition to other metals. A shift in the proportion of species of selenium was evident with changing exposure conditions. Biofilm/algae was key in the transfer of available Se into the food chain from the water and a source of direct dietary exposure in fish and possibly invertebrates.

[Effect of radio-ecological conditions in the ChNPP exclusion zone on morphofunctional state and responsiveness of organs and tissues of laboratory animals].

The state of hematopoietic, reproductive and endocrine systems of the organisms of male rats and their offspring in generations (F0-F1-F2) was studied, and the sensitivity of an organism to the action of carcinogen (Af mice) after a stay in the ChNPP exclusion zone was analyzed. It was ascertained that the most significant changes of the morphofunctional state of the animals were observed in the II generation (F2), which remained for a long period under the conditions of radioactive contamination. We have revealed an increased number of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and, especially, monocytes as against while the decrease in the number of erythrocytes and haemoglobin content; the decrease of thyroid function and cortical layer of the adrenals as opposed to while the increase in the relative weight of testes and their epididymides and the decrease in the number of spermatocytes and spermatozoa in the testis tissue. The exposure of Af mice in the exclusion zone increases the processes of mutagenesis and carcinogenesis, and changes the organism response to standardized action of chemical carcinogen. The increase in the exposure time of animals intensifies metabolic processes in a cell and increases their sensitivity to the action of xenobiotics.

Antagonistic effects of Lycium barbarum polysaccharides on the impaired reproductive system of male rats induced by local subchronic exposure to 60Co-γ irradiation.

Lycium barbarum, a famous Chinese medicinal herb, has a long history of use in traditional medicine as an antioxidant and to promote sexual fertility. Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituents in L. barbarum fruits. In this study, male rats were exposed to subchronic (60)Co-γ irradiation to investigate the effects of LBP on sperm quantity and motility, sexual ability, serum hormone levels, oxidative status and testicular tissue DNA damage on days 1, 7 and 14 of treatment. It was found that LBP significantly increased the sperm quantity and motility, shortened the erection, capture and ejaculation latencies, increased the number of captures and ejaculations, and improved the sexual ability of male rats. LBP also played a significant role in the recovery of serum testosterone levels, increased superoxide dismutase activity, decreased malondialdehyde levels, promoted oxidative balance and rescued testicular DNA damage. In conclusion, LBP has significant protective effects against damage induced by local subchronic exposure to (60)Co-γ irradiation, allowing rats to achieve near-complete recovery with LBP treatment.

Effects of dietary uranium on reproductive endpoints--fecundity, survival, reproductive success--of the fish Danio rerio.

Exposure to metal-contaminated water has been shown to result in a number of reproductive abnormalities in adult and larvae fish, such as failure of oocyte maturation and teratogenic effects. Recently, dietary uptake of metals by fish has been recognized as a critical route of exposure, however, the mechanisms of metal uptake and toxicity are poorly understood and in need of further investigation. The objectives of the present study are to quantify uranium (U dietary transfers from spiked artificial diets) in Danio rerio tissues and embryos, as well as establish its effect on reproduction and embryonic development. Uranium's environmental prominence is currently increasing because of new mining and milling activities. Uranium concentrations range from 0.02 µg/L in natural waters to 2 mg/L. The focus of this study was to examine the trophic transfer and effects of U following exposure modalities (dose, exposure duration 1 to 20 d). Two different isotopes were used to distinguish between chemical and radioactivity toxicity of U. Results showed that U trophic transfer was low (0.52%). Uranium tissue distributions showed that accumulation occurred in digestive organs (liver, digestive tract) following dietary exposure. High levels of U were measured in the gonads (female in particular, >20% of relative burden). High U accumulation levels in eggs indicated maternal transfer of the contaminant. Moreover, U trophic exposure led to a reduction in reproduction success as a function of U accumulated levels. High U exposure conditions strongly reduced the total number of eggs (50%) and their viability at 10 d (reduction of the clutch number, low quality of eggs).