Evidence of Hematoma Prevention After Facelift.

Hematoma is a common complication after facelift procedures. Multiple factors have been shown to increase the risk of hematoma formation, such as male gender, anticoagulant medication use, perioperative hypertension, increased intrathoracic pressure, and operative technique. The purpose of this manuscript is to provide an overview of existing literature to provide surgeons with evidence-based recommendations on how to minimize hematoma risk during facelift surgery. A literature search for hematoma and facelift surgery was performed that identified 478 unique manuscripts. Abstracts were reviewed, excluding articles not describing facelift surgery, those written before 1970, studies with a sample size of fewer than 5 patients, non-English studies, and those that did not provide postoperative hematoma rates. Forty-five articles were included in this text, with their recommendations. Measures such as the prophylactic management of pain, nausea, and hypertension, the use of fibrin glue tissue sealants, the use of local anesthesia rather than general anesthesia, and strict blood pressure control of at least <140 mmHg were found to significantly reduce hematoma formation. Quilting sutures has shown benefit in some high-risk patients. Measures such as drains, compression dressings, perioperative use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and perioperative steroids had no significant effect on hematoma formation. In addition to appropriate patient selection and careful intraoperative hemostasis, many adjunct measures have been shown to reduce postoperative hematoma formation in facelift procedures.

Extended Superolateral Cheek Lift With a Short Preauricular Scar: A Local Anesthesia-based Practicable Technique for the Correction of Moderate-degree Facial Aging Signs.

An ideal technique applicable to middle-aged individuals with a moderate degree of facial aging signs has not yet been established. This study aimed to evaluate the utility of an extended superolateral cheek lift with a short preauricular scar technique for the correction of facial aging signs. A total of 200 female patients (mean age: 43 y, range 27-56 y) who underwent a local anesthesia-based extended superolateral cheek lift for the correction of facial aging signs confined to the malar and nasolabial area, lower eyelid, jawline, and neck were included. Data on the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, patient-reported outcomes, and complications were recorded at 1, 6, 12, and 24 months postoperatively. The Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale scores revealed exceptional improvement in 90% of patients along with no complications at month 24. None of the patients developed a depressed scar, skin necrosis, breaking of the superficial musculoaponeurotic system plication sutures, asymmetry, or facial nerve problems. At postoperative month 24, the appearance was reported to be very much improved by 90% of patients, and 94% of patients reported that they were very satisfied with the treatment and that they would recommend this treatment to friends and acquaintances. Our findings revealed the potential utility of an extended superolateral cheek lift with a short preauricular scar as a local anesthesia-based practicable technique for the correction of facial aging signs in middle-aged patients, offering a favorable postoperative outcome, lack of complications and high patient satisfaction in addition to invisible scars and a short-term postoperative recovery.

Secondary alopecia induced by aesthetic procedures: An unrecognized potential complication.

Surgical facelifts and noninvasive techniques such as mesotherapy, hyaluronic fillers and botulinum toxin, among other procedures are widely used nowadays to reverse skin ageing and achieve rejuvenation effects. Secondary alopecia due to cosmetic procedures is a rare side effect and is poorly described in the literature. The mechanisms in which hair loss develops after an aesthetical procedure or surgical technique are not well known. The development of secondary scarring alopecia or non-scarring alopecia depends upon the interaction between different external factors, the individual host response and the extent of damage to the hair follicle anatomy. Current knowledge hints at the type of substance used, pressure to hair structures and vasculature due to the materials used, previously unknown or unaware hair disorder, and poor surgical techniques to be the main factors contributing to the development of secondary alopecia. Physicians and patients must be aware of all the substances used for the procedures and be attentive to any change in hair density or hair loss. Clinicians must have a low threshold to take biopsies if the risk of scarring alopecia may occur. Herein, we review the clinical, trichoscopic, histopathological findings and potential pathophysiological mechanisms of hair loss due to different aesthetic procedures.

High Superficial Musculoaponeurotic System Lamellar Facelift Under Local Anesthesia.

PURPOSE: Patients, nowadays, prefer easy, low-risk, day-case procedures under local anesthesia for facial rejuvenation. Therefore, they favor facelift operations applied under local anesthesia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 160 patients who underwent high superficial musculoaponeurotic system (SMAS) lamellar facelift under local anesthesia between 2010 and 2020 were included in this study. Patients operated under general anesthesia were excluded from this study. High SMAS lamellar facelift under local anesthesia was performed in all patients, consisting of 145 women and 15 men without any additional disease aged between 38 and 65 years. About 140 of these patients underwent primary facelift, whereas 20 of them had undergone SMAS plication more than 10 years ago. Lidocaine was used as a local anesthetic and the patients were not sedated. The duration of the operation was 80 minutes on average. The patients were left to rest for 1 hour after the operation and then sent home until their follow-up every other day for the first week. RESULTS: This study shows that high SMAS facelift operations for the mid-face can easily be performed under local anesthesia under operating room conditions without sedation. However, an important point to keep in mind is that although the results of this surgery satisfy the patients, the outcomes do not entirely match the expectations from total face and neck lift performed under general anesthesia. High SMAS facelift with local anesthesia should be considered as an alternative for patients who do not want to undergo general anesthesia or who are at risk of undergoing general anesthesia. Especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, local anesthesia was considered much safer for the patients.Level of evidence: Level V.

Local Anesthetic Facelift.

A thorough medical history is critical in patient selection for local anesthesia facelifting. Patients with no prior issues with dental procedures and no history of significant anxiety are better candidates. Simplifying local anesthesia mixtures and using dilute concentrations will minimize dosing errors and decrease risk of local anesthesia toxicity. Oral anxiolytics can be used with caution to minimize patient anxiety. Pulse oximetry, telemetry, and blood pressure monitoring should be performed with any addition of oral or IV sedation/anxiolytic. The short-scar anterior facelift is ideal for local anesthesia due to the limited deep-plane dissection and shorter procedure duration.

Efficacy of microneedling versus fractional Er:YAG laser in facial rejuvenation.

BACKGROUND: Microneedling and fractional lasers have been used in facial rejuvenation with acceptable results and low adverse effects. AIMS: To compare the efficacy of microneedling with fractional Er:YAG in facial skin rejuvenation. PATIENTS/METHODS: This study was planned as a split-face clinical trial. Volunteers were randomly allocated to receive three monthly treatments on each side of the face, one with fractional Er:YAG laser and one with microneedling. The assessments included investigating clinical outcomes by two blinded dermatologists accompanied by measuring skin biophysical characteristics including cutaneous resonance running time (CRRT) and transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Moreover, possible adverse effects, downtime, and patients' satisfaction were recorded at baseline, 1 month after each treatment, and 3 months after the last treatment session. The protocol was approved by the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials (IRCT20160820029436N3). RESULTS: Of the 32 selected volunteers, 24 subjects completed the study. The clinical assessment showed a significant improvement of the face appearance along with a significant reduction in dyschromia, and periorbital wrinkling (P-value < .05), with both procedures without any considerable difference between two methods. Moreover, the patients showed substantial satisfaction with both modalities with no statistically significant difference. Mean TEWL and CRRT values also decreased significantly in both groups with no considerable difference. The downtime was significantly shorter in the microneedling-treated side. There were no long-lasting or severe adverse effects after treatment with both methods. CONCLUSION: Microneedling and fractional Er:YAG laser have comparable efficacy in facial rejuvenation, but little downtime of the former makes it preferable for many patients.

Nasolabial fold correction through cheek volume loss restoration versus thread lifting: a comparative study.

Nasolabial folds are caused by loss of deep fat and subsequent loss of muscle contour in the midface, leading to sagging which forms cosmetic issues in some cases when they are otherwise overly pronounced. Various treatment procedures have been developed to reduce their appearance. The objective of this study is to compare the efficacy of hyaluronic acid (HA) cheek fillers injection and thread lifting in improving the nasolabail folds. Twenty cases presenting with prominent nasolabial folds were randomly divided into two groups; group A underwent HA fillers for cheek lifting and group B underwent thread lifting for the cheek. Only one session was done for each case, and then they were followed up after 1 and 2 months. Statistical significant difference after treatment for both groups was detected using the wrinkle severity rating scale (WSRS) and the modified Fitzpatrick wrinkle scale (MFWS). The average global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) was 2.2 ± 0.79 for the fillers group and 3.2 ± 0.92 for the threads group, showing a statistical significant improvement with a p value less than 0.05 favoring the fillers group. 70% of fillers cases were satisfied and only 30% of threads cases. Fillers cheek injection is recommended for patients with sagged thin face to improve the nasolabial folds as well as giving volume and contour. Threads would do better for patients desiring an oval, less wide face shape. Combining threads with other cosmetic procedure would give a better holistic appearance.

Minilifting technique for treatments of the lower third of the face and anterior cervical neck with tumescent anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Minimally invasive surgical techniques with a low rate of complications and rapid return to daily activities are in high demand for dermatological procedures and include lasers, microfocused ultrasound, botulinum toxin, suture strings, and filling techniques with hyaluronic acid. The facelift, on the other hand, has been criticized for complications such as bruising, relatively slow recovery rates (lasting up to a month), facial nerve lesions, and flap necrosis. Earliest descriptions of the facelift technique described a procedure associated with skin traction and detachment. However, authors did not describe a method for SMAS plication, which is still somewhat controversial. AIMS: Describe a surgical technique that reduce the signs of aging on the lower third of the face and neck with low rate of complications. METHODS: The minilifting technique described herein is capable of repositioning the superficial muscular aponeurotic system (SMAS) and removing excess skin from the neck and lower third of the face with minimal detachment, local tumescent anesthesia, a few complications, and a relatively fast return to daily activities (15 days). CONCLUSION: Performance of a deep dissection and excision of part of the SMAS with posterior sutures is believed to be an optimal approach, whereas authors believe that a superficial dissection is safer and provides similar outcomes compared to deep dissection. This procedure produces extremely natural and long-lasting results.

Evaluation of subject response following treatment for pigmentation or wrinkles using a diode laser.

BACKGROUND: Pulsed diode array laser systems are utilized extensively for various aesthetic indications such as removal of unwanted hair, treatment of vascular and pigmented lesions, and wrinkle reduction. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to report and assess the experience of using a diode laser system delivering pulsed infrared laser light at the near-infrared (NIR) spectrum at wavelengths of 805 and 1060 nm. METHODS: The study was a retrospective analysis of treatment outcomes in adult subjects treated at the clinic between January 2017 and April 2018 for wrinkles and pigmentation with a noninvasive aesthetic diode laser system. Subjects were treated at nominal wavelengths of 805 nm for pigmentation and 1060 nm for wrinkles reduction. Improvement in pigmentation and wrinkles, adverse events, and patient tolerability to treatment and satisfaction were evaluated. RESULTS: Of 44 subjects with Fitzpatrick skin types II-IV, eight were treated for pigmentation and 36 for wrinkles. For both treatments, subjects reported tolerable pain levels. All immediate responses resolved within 48 hours post-treatment. Evaluation of treatment outcomes by two blinded evaluators demonstrated significant pigmentation clearance mean of 2.50 ± 0.15, (P < .05) in subjects treated for pigmentation, as well as significant improvement mean of 0.46 ± 0.12 (P = .005) in wrinkles in 13 subjects (41%) whose "before" and "after treatment" photographs were correctly identified by both blinded evaluators. Subjects were satisfied with the treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Use of the Diode laser effectively resulted in improvement in pigmentation and wrinkles, while maintaining a high safety profile with limited downtime.

Common Complications in Rhytidectomy.

Complications of rhytidectomy are well known, yet often preventable. A thorough preoperative history and physical along with realistic patient expectations provide the surgeon and patient with insight into potential complications and postoperative management. Understanding of surgical pitfalls and avoidance are crucial in beginning to manage facelift complications. Possible complications of facelift techniques should not discourage surgeons from pursuing a particular technique as the majority of complications are temporary. Though, a strong patient-physician relationship is critical when complications occur. Complications may be frustrating for both the patient and surgeon, yet are overwhelmingly temporary and manageable without surgical intervention.

Complication After PDO Threads Lift.

Thread-lifting is as a minimally invasive procedure with limited scarring, rapid recovery, and fewer complications compared with the standard incisional surgery for facial rejuvenation. Using absorbable thread-like polydioxanone is a relatively simple procedure that is also performed by nonmedical professionals in Korea. Although several acute or delayed complications after using nonabsorbable thread types were also reported, it is uncommon to find cellulitis caused by a delayed complication after thread-lifting. A 41-year-old woman presented to our clinic with inflamed multiple palpable masses. She underwent 3 courses of acupoint embedding therapy at a Korean oriental medical clinic. She was treated with combination antibiotic therapy; however, the inflammation did not subside. Consequently, excisional biopsy was performed under local anesthesia. During the procedure, threads were detected and removed. Dimpling, thread exposure, alopecia, under-correction, asymmetry, and parotid gland injury also can occur as early complications of the procedure. Fortunately, these reactions are predominantly mild to moderate in intensity, and can be corrected by a relatively simple procedure. Chronic inflammatory reactions in the thread-lifting area, as identified in the authors' case, are an infrequent complication. It is recommended to consult with experts in the field for the implementation of this procedure. In addition, experts also need to notify the above side effects and solutions in advance to ensure safe and satisfactory procedures for their patients.

Review of non-invasive body contouring devices for fat reduction, skin tightening and muscle definition.

Non-invasive body contouring is a rapidly growing field in cosmetic dermatology. Non-invasive contouring devices improve the body's appearance through the removal of excess adipose tissue, particularly in areas in which fat persists despite optimal diet and exercise routine. The technology can also be used for skin tightening. This article reviews the five FDA-approved non-invasive body contouring modalities: cryolipolysis, laser, high-intensity focused electromagnetic field, radiofrequency and high-intensity focused ultrasound. These devices have emerged as a popular alternative to surgical body contouring due to their efficacy, favourable safety profile, minimal recovery time and reduced cost. Although they do not achieve the same results as liposuction, they are an attractive alternative for patients who do not want the risks or costs associated with surgery. When used appropriately and correctly, these devices have demonstrated excellent clinical efficacy and safety.

The cervicofacial lift under pure local anaesthesia diminishes the incidence of post-operative haematoma.

The cervicofacial lift is a frequently performed procedure in plastic surgery. It is the reference technique for facial rejuvenation and restoration of the oval form of the face and it is essential to treat excess skin. One of the most frequent complications of this procedure is the formation of haematomas. The aim of this article is to analyse the incidence of bleeding in the standard cervicofacial lift carried out under pure local anaesthesia. The entire operation, including liposuction and tightening of the SMAS, can be done under local anaesthesia. A total of 1500 patients, who have undergone cervicofacial lift under pure local anaesthesia between November 1995 and January 2016, were included in the study. The incidence of early bleeding (in the first 15 days following the operation) was recorded and analysed. Pre- intra- and post-operative monitoring of the arterial blood pressure revealed stable pressure in the peri­operative period. The mean difference in blood pressure when comparing the intra-operative to the post-operative periods was 7 mmHg for the systolic BP [range from 3 to 25] and 4 mmHg [range from 2 to 12] for the diastolic BP, with lower mean values in the post-operative period. We identified nine bleeding events in 1500 patients (0.6%). The cervicofacial lift under pure local anaesthesia does not radically modify the surgical technique. It allows better control of arterial blood pressure of patients throughout the surgical procedure and avoids fluctuations in blood pressure, which is one of the main causes of bleeding and haematoma formation. The infiltration of xylocaine adrenaline combined with the absence of hypotensive general anaesthesia diminishes the incidence of haematoma and ensures an early return home for the patients.

Broadband light treatment using static operation and constant motion techniques for skin tightening in Asian patients.

BACKGROUND: Broadband light (BBL) devices irradiate photons of different wavelength to induce photothermal reactions on various aging-related chromophores. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate three BBL treatment settings for skin tightening in Asian patients. METHODS: A total of 27 patients underwent three sessions of BBL treatment via (1) an 800-nm cutoff filter using a static operation technique and a 695-nm cutoff filter using a constant motion technique (group 1, N = 9), (2) an 800-nm cutoff filter using a constant motion technique (group 2, N = 9), and (3) a 590-nm cutoff filter using a constant motion technique (group 3, N = 9). RESULTS: The patients in group 1 presented marked clinical improvements in zygomatic wrinkles, nasolabial folds, and marionette lines, with a median overall global aesthetic improvement scale (GAIS) score of 3. Meanwhile, patients in group 2 exhibited noticeable improvements in zygomatic wrinkles, nasolabial folds, perioral expression wrinkles at the cheek, and marionette lines, with a median GAIS score of 3. Patients in group 3 experienced improvement in skin tone and texture, zygomatic wrinkles, nasolabial folds, and marionette lines, with a median GAIS score of 2. CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that BBL treatment for nonablative, noninvasive skin tightening elicits satisfactory clinical outcomes.

Facelift Performed Safely With Local Anesthesia and Oral Sedation: Analysis of 174 Patients.

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia for elective ambulatory procedures must provide appropriate pain control while minimizing perioperative risk. Local anesthesia in combination with oral sedation provides a safe office-based method of anesthesia for rhytidectomy. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this analysis was to identify the incidence of traditional outcome parameters in ambulatory rhytidectomy performed with local anesthesia and oral sedation. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who underwent office-based rhytidectomy under local anesthesia with oral sedation from February 2011 to May 2017. A total of 174 patients were included. The data collected included patient medical and surgical history, medications, body mass index, tobacco use history, operative time, technique, and concurrent procedures. All intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: One hundred and sixty-five patients were female (94.8%) and 9 were male (5.2%) a mean age of 57.6 years (SD ± 7.90). There were 46 complications, including 23 hematomas (13.2%), 6 seromas, 6 episodes of emesis, 5 infections, 4 scar deformities, and 2 ear deformities. Of the 23 hematomas, only 2 required operative evacuation with local anesthesia in the office procedure room. Twenty-one hematomas were small and managed with percutaneous needle aspiration, followed by surveillance. The 5 infections resolved after oral antibiotics only. There were no thromboembolic events or hospitalizations. CONCLUSIONS: The use of only local anesthesia in combination with oral sedation safely permits the performance of rhytidectomy with similar incidence of rhytidectomy-related complications without the risk related to general anesthesia.