Effectiveness of perioperative oral hygiene management using a cetylpyridinium chloride-, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, and tranexamic acid-based mouthwash as an adjunct to mechanical oral hygiene in patients with maxillomandibular fixation: A randomized controlled clinical trial.

OBJECTIVES: Maxillomandibular fixation requires the jawbones to remain static. Mechanical cleaning is also carried out by brushing or with a water flosser to maintain the oral cavity in a hygienic state, but this cannot be considered sufficient. Mouthwashes are used as a substitute for mechanical cleaning or in a supplementary role after such cleaning. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of HABITPRO mouthwash, which contains cetylpyridinium chloride, dipotassium glycyrrhizinate, and tranexamic acid in the specific environment created by maxillomandibular fixation used as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 55 patients who had undergone maxillomandibular fixation were randomly allocated to either a HABITPRO group (n = 29) or a placebo group (n = 26). To investigate their oral hygiene status, their plaque control record (PCR) was reviewed, and the caries-related bacterial counts, pH, acid buffering capacity, white blood cell count, and ammonia in saliva were measured immediately before maxillomandibular fixation, on Day 10 of fixation, and immediately after fixation was released. RESULTS: After approximately 2-3 weeks of mouthwash use, the PCR index also increased significantly in the placebo group compared with baseline, whereas it remained almost steady in the HABITPRO group. Additionally, salivary ammonia levels decreased significantly in the HABITPRO group compared to that of the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS: Even with maxillomandibular fixation, continued gargling with HABITPRO mouthwash in the perioperative period as an adjunct to mechanical cleaning can help maintain better oral hygiene and reduce bacterial counts.

A Randomized Feasibility Trial to Evaluate Use of the Jaw Dynasplint to Prevent Trismus in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer Receiving Primary or Adjuvant Radiation-Based Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: This study was designed to assess the feasibility of using the Jaw Dynasplint System as an adjunct to conventional stretching exercises as a preventative measure against trismus in patients undergoing radiotherapy. METHODS: Study participants (n = 40) were randomized using a permuted block design to conventional stretching or stretching plus use of the Jaw Dynasplint 3 times per day for 30 minutes. Patients were instructed to record maximum interincisal opening each day as well as logging use of the Jaw Dynasplint. RESULTS: At 6 months after initiation of the preventative regimen, 50% of patients in the Dynasplint arm and 75% in the conventional stretching arm remained on their assigned therapy. Trismus was diagnosed in 2 patients in the control arm and in 4 patients in the Dynasplint arm. Only 25% (95% confidence interval = 11.1, 46.9) of patients in the Dynasplint arm used the device as prescribed. CONCLUSIONS: The addition of the Jaw Dynasplint decreased compliance compared with conventional stretching. It is unlikely that the prescribed regimen will prove efficacious as a preventative measure due to low compliance.

An Alternative Method of Intermaxillary Fixation for Simple Pediatric Mandible Fractures.

PURPOSE: Mandibular fractures represent a substantial portion of facial fractures in the pediatric population. Pediatric mandibles differ from their adult counterparts in the presence of mixed dentition. Avoidance of injury to developing tooth follicles is critical. Simple mandibular fractures can be treated with intermaxillary fixation (IMF) using arch bars or bone screws. This report describes an alternative to these methods using silk sutures and an algorithm to assist in treating simple mandibular fractures in the pediatric population. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review was performed and the records of 1 surgeon were examined. Pediatric patients who underwent treatment for a mandibular fracture in the operating room from 2011 to 2015 were identified using Common Procedural Terminology codes. Data collected included age, gender, type of fracture, type of treatment used, duration of fixation, and presence of complications. RESULTS: Five patients with a mean age of 6.8 years at presentation were identified. Fracture types were unilateral fractures of the condylar neck (n = 3), bilateral fractures of the condylar head (n = 1), and a unilateral fracture of the condylar head with an associated parasymphyseal fracture (n = 1). IMF was performed in 4 patients using silk sutures, and bone screw fixation was performed in the other patient. No post-treatment complications or malocclusion were reported. Average duration of IMF was 18.5 days. CONCLUSIONS: An algorithm is presented to assist in the treatment of pediatric mandibular fractures. Silk suture fixation is a viable and safe alternative to arch bars or bone screws for routine mandibular fractures.

Comparison of intermaxillary fixation screw versus eyelet interdental wiring for intermaxillary fixation in minimally displaced mandibular fracture: a randomized clinical study.

PURPOSE: The aim of the present randomized study was to evaluate the efficacy of intermaxillary fixation screw (IMFS) versus eyelet interdental wiring for intermaxillary fixation (IMF) in minimally displaced mandibular fractures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 50 patients with a minimally displaced mandibular fracture were enrolled, with 25 patients randomly selected for each group. In group I (study group, n = 25), the patients were treated using IMFS, and in group II (control group, n = 25), they received eyelet interdental wiring. Both techniques were assessed for the following parameters: time required for placement and removal of each type of IMF technique, time required for placement of IMF wires, postoperative occlusion, stability of the IMF wire, local anesthesia requirement during removal of each fixation type, oral hygiene status, glove perforation rate, and complications associated with both techniques. The collected data were analyzed using Student's unpaired t test or χ2 test. P < .05 was considered significant and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences software, version 10, was used for analysis. RESULTS: The average time required for placement in groups I and II was 17.56 and 35.08 minutes, respectively (P = .000). The time required for placement of the IMF wire in group I was 2.1 minutes and in group II was 6 minutes. The oral hygiene status was assessed, and the mean plaque index score for groups I and II was 1.44 and 2.12, respectively (P = .00). The glove perforation rate was much less in group I than in group II. Finally, the most common complication in both groups was mucosal growth. CONCLUSIONS: The results established the supremacy of IMFS compared with eyelet interdental wiring. Thus, we have concluded that IMFS, in the present scenario, is a safe and time-saving technique. IMFS is a cost-effective, straightforward, and viable alternative to cumbersome eyelet interdental and other wiring techniques for providing IMF, with satisfactory occlusion during closed reduction or intraoperative open reduction internal fixation of fractures. In addition, oral hygiene can be maintained, and the glove perforation rate was very low using IMFS. The relatively small sample size and limited follow-up period were the study limitations.

Treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint with injection of autologous blood alone, intermaxillary fixation alone, or both together: a prospective, randomised, controlled clinical trial.

Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of autologous blood injection in the treatment of chronic recurrent dislocation of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in a prospective randomised controlled clinical study. Forty-eight patients (11 men and 37 women) with chronic recurrent dislocation of the TMJ were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 equally sized groups. Patients in the first group were treated with injection of autologous blood (ABI) alone into the superior joint space and the pericapsular tissues. Those in the second group were treated with intramaxillary fixation (IMF) alone for 4 weeks, and those in the third group were treated with ABI and IMF for 4 weeks. Interincisal distance, digital panoramic radiograph, incidence of recurrent dislocation, and pain in the TMJ were assessed postoperatively at 2 weeks and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. The mean (SD) reduction in interincisal distance in the group treated with both techniques was 11.0 (1.9), which was significantly higher than in either the group treated with ABI, which was 8.5 (2.4) or IMF, which was 9.1 (2.1). The results in the ABI group and the IMF group did not differ significantly. The combined group showed the biggest decrease. The ABI alone group had the most recurrences (n=8, which were treated by repeated injections with no recurrence after the third). The IMF alone group had only 3 and there were none in the combined group. We conclude that ABI is a simple and safe technique for the treatment of dislocation of the TMJ in the outpatient clinic. Recurrence can be overcome by multiple injections. However, the best clinical results are given by a combination of ABI and IMF.

Masseter muscle thickness three years after surgical correction of class III dentofacial deformity.

OBJECTIVE: To analyse the effect of integrated orthodontic treatment, orthognathic surgery and orofacial myofunctional therapy on masseter muscle thickness in patients with class III dentofacial deformity three years after orthognathic surgery. DESIGN: A longitudinal study was conducted on 13 patients with class III dentofacial deformities, denoted here as group P1 (before surgery) and group P3 (same patients 3 years to 3 years and 8 months after surgery). Fifteen individuals with no changes in facial morphology or dental occlusion were assigned to the control group (CG). Masseter muscle ultrasonography was performed in the resting and biting situations in the three groups. Data were analysed statistically by a mixed-effects linear model considering a level of significance of P < 0.05. RESULTS: Significantly higher values (P < 0.01) of masseter muscle thickness (cm) were detected in group P3 (right rest: 0.82 ± 0.16, left rest: 0.87 ± 0.21, right bite: 1 ± 0.22, left bite: 1.04 ± 0.28) compared to group P1 (right rest: 0.63 ± 0.19, left rest: 0.64 ± 0.15, right bite: 0.87 ± 0.16, left bite: 0.88 ± 0.14). Between P3 and CG (right rest: 1.02 ± 0.19, left rest: 1 ± 0.19, right bite: 1.18 ± 0.22, left bite: 1.16 ± 0.22) there was a significant difference on the right side of the muscle (P < 0.05) in both situations and on the left side at rest. CONCLUSION: The proposed treatment resulted in improved masseter muscle thickness in patients with class III dentofacial deformity.

Review of methods used in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the maxillofacial region.

Maxillofacial and dental defects often have detrimental effects on patient health and appearance. A holistic approach of restoring lost dentition along with bone and soft tissue is now the standard treatment of these defects. Recent improvements in reconstructive techniques, especially osseointegration, microvascular free tissue transfer, and improvements in bone engineering, have yielded excellent functional and aesthetic outcomes. This article reviews the literature on these modern reconstructive and rehabilitation techniques.

Avaliação da abertura bucal dos pacientes com fratura do côndilo mandibular tratados pelo método conservador (bloqueio maxilomandibular) / Mouth opening evaluation of patients with mandibular condyle fracture treated with the conservative method (maxilarmandible blocking)

Os autores fazem um estudo sobre a fratura do côndilo mandibular, avaliando a abertura bucal máxima (distância interincisal) de 12 pacientes adultos, sendo 7 do sexo masculino e 5 do sexo feminino. Na amostra utilizada 11 pacientes tinham fratura unilateral e um bilateral, sendo a faixa etária de maior frequência de 20 a 30 anos. Os pacientes atendidos e tratados eram portadores exclusivamente de fraturas de côndilo, não tendo nenhuma outra fratura associada. Os atendimentos foram realizados na faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. As incidências radiográficas utilizadas foram radiografia panorâmica das arcadas dentárias, incidências de TOWNE, UPDEGRAVE e transorbital. Os pacientes foram submetidos ao bloqueio maxilomandibular com barras de Erich e bandas elásticas por 4 semanas. Foi utilizado um paquímetro para medir a distância interincisal de 30 a 60 dias a partir da remoção do bloqueio. O valor da mediana e da média aritmética oriunda das mensurações de 60 dias foram respectivamente 43mm e 42,9mm. Este resultado demonstrou que o tratamento conservador (bloqueio maxilomandibular) juntamente com a fisioterapia mandibular foram capazes de resistir a abertura bucal dos pacientes

Treatment of mandibular condylar process fractures: biological considerations.

The topic of condylar injury in adults has generated more discussion and controversy than any other in the field of maxillofacial trauma. It is an important subject because such injuries are common and complications of trauma to the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) are far-reaching in their effects. Why are there so many different methods to treat this injury? How can seemingly disparate treatment options all produce satisfactory outcomes in the majority of patients? The reason lies with the biological adaptations that occur within the masticatory system that are poorly understood, not readily quantifiable, and variable from one person to the next. This discussion presents our current understanding of the adaptations that must occur to provide the patient with a satisfactory outcome. The adaptations for patients treated open are different than for those treated closed. However, it is when these adaptations fail to occur that unsatisfactory outcomes occur, regardless of how they were treated.

Férula quirúrgica intermedia en cirugía ortognática bimaxilar: un método simple de obtención / Intermediate surgical splint in bimaxillary orthognathic surgery: a simple method for obtoining it

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Férula quirúrgica intermedia en cirugía ortognática bimaxilar: un método simple de obtención / Intermediate surgical splint in orthognathic bimaxillary surgery. A simple method for obtaining it

La utilización de la férula quirúrgica intermedia (FQI) en las intervenciones de cirugía ortognática bimaxilar es un procedimiento habitual. La utilidad, ayuda y confianza que aporta es indiscutible. Sin embargo, el procedimiento clásico de obtención de la FQI es complejo. Proponemos simplificar la fabricación de la FQI sin renunciar a su precisión y fiabilidad. Debemos cuestionar algunos conceptos del método de obtención de esta férula y reflexionar sobre el siguiente concepto básico: la dimensión vertical craneomandibular preoperatoria es igual a la dimensión vertical craneomandibular postoperatoria con la férula en posición. Para confeccionarla se ha diseñado un nuevo dispositivo denominado: Posicionador del maxilar (AU)

Fracturas sagitales de maxilar superior: presentación de un caso clínico / Sagittal fractures of the upper jaw: report of a clinical case

En el siguiente trabajo se enfatiza la importancia de un buen diagnóstico ante todo traumatismo del área maxilofacial, en busca de fracturas sagitales del maxilar superior, las cuales están asociadas en un 25 por ciento con los trazos tipo Le Fort. Se describe la modalidad correcta de diagnóstico y su tratamiento, presentando un caso clínico para ejemplificarlo (AU)

Orthodontic-surgical treatment after posttraumatic bilateral condylectomy of the mandible in an adult patient.

A posttraumatic open bite associated with a bird face is reported. Condylectomy was indicated in relation to the plurifragmentary fracture of the condyles with limitation of mandibular movement. Condylectomies were mandatory as a result of delayed maxillofacial surgical treatment, which was related to the poor general condition of the patient after trauma. Functional disorder recovery and aesthetic deformity correction were planned by a team approach between orthodontists and maxillofacial surgeons with the support of a logopedist for the postural-related muscle problems. The main practical and theoretical problems presented by the clinical case were a result of the need to restore the occlusal relations and to avoid recurrence of open bite in this patient. The patient presented a wide alteration of muscular function and a strength fibrotic retraction with alteration in the relationship between upper and lower jaws and retrusion of the mandible associated to open bite. Orthodontic treatment was carried with no impact on the upper and lower axis, avoiding orthodontic correction of the open bite. Surgery corrected both the open bite and the bird face by means of bilateral sagittal split osteotomies. Wiring of the mandibular osteotomies and intermaxillary fixation allowed positioning of the mandibular ramus bilaterally because of the fibrosis and muscular action-related forces without resulting in a similar rotation of the mandible with the risk of recurrence. Myotherapy and logopedic support minimized the risk of recurrence, improved reduction of muscular tension with the resolution of the lip incompetence, and allowed functional recovery of mandibular movements.

Therapeutic effect of TENS on post-IMF trismus and pain.

The study set out to investigate the therapeutic effect of Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) in the alleviation of pain and post-IMF trismus, in patients undergoing jaw exercises to hasten mouth opening after being treated for fractures of the mandible. Two groups of patients, with 10 patients in each group, were used for the study. The groups were the experimental and the control groups. They were all treated for mandibular fractures, and had their jaws immobilized for 6 weeks, immediately after which they were started on jaw exercises. The Inter-incisal distances and number of acceptable wooden spatulae that the jaws could accommodate were noted and recorded. The experimental group was then placed on the TENS therapy for 20 minutes, after which the new inter-incisal distances and the number of acceptable wooden spatulae were recorded. The control group had no TENS therapy; the patients only waited for 20 minutes without any stimulation, before the new inter-incisal distances and the number of acceptable wooden spatulae were measured and recorded. It was observed that the inter-incisal distance and the number of acceptable wooden spatulae significantly increased in patients in the experimental group compared to the control group. It was concluded that TENS could be useful in relieving the pain associated with forced mouth-opening exercises aimed at overcoming trismus caused by muscle spasm, which is associated with prolonged immobilization of the jaws for the treatment of facial fractures.