RESUMEN
The double fortification of salt with iodine and iron has been proposed as a method for the mass prevention of iron deficiency anemia. This article reports on the technical and financial aspects of the production of such double fortified salt (DFS) based on the experiences of current and past producers. It draws contrasts with the established process of fortifying salt solely with iodine particularly examining the cost and complexity of the processes involved. Based on these factors it questions the commercial viability of existing DFS formulations and thus their sustainability as vehicles for the widespread distribution of iron outside a subsidized environment. It makes suggestions for the future development of DFS particularly relating to the development of less expensive iron formulations suitable for use with lower quality salts and identifies key technical and economic areas to be taken into account when considering the production of DFS.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos Fortificados , Yodo , Hierro de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/economía , Industria de Procesamiento de Alimentos/normas , Humanos , India , Internacionalidad , Hierro de la Dieta/clasificaciónRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Double-fortified salt (DFS) is a vehicle for dual fortification with iron and iodine, to reduce their respective deficiencies. This background article is the third in a series reviewing available research, analyses, and experiences on DFS as an effective delivery vehicle for iron and iodine. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this article is to systematically evaluate current programs distributing DFS around the world and catalogue opportunities, risks, and challenges related to programs that incorporate DFS. We carried out a narrative review of DFS programs from around the world with our data sources deriving from a mix of a nonsystematic literature search and interviews with key informants. METHODS: We assessed programmatic experience with DFS from social safety net programs in India (from the states of Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, and Uttar Pradesh) and from non-social safety net country programs or projects in Argentina, Cote d'Ivoire, Kenya, Morocco, Nigeria, Philippines, and Sri Lanka. RESULTS: Findings revealed color change of the final DFS product was an issue in 9 of the 14 programs or studies reviewed and was the most significant challenge that had a direct impact on consumer acceptance and uptake regardless of type of program (open market or social safety net). Other challenges identified were related to the quality of the salt and lack of DFS formulation standards and regulatory monitoring protocols. CONCLUSIONS: DFS programs need to focus on 1) improved technology with better consumer acceptance and better performance when used with lower-quality salt; 2) elucidation and enforcement of DFS formulation quality standards, along with producer incentives; and 3) strong government backing at the policy level. DFS offers a unique opportunity to leverage an almost universally consumed product with the addition of 2 important nutrients missing in many populations. However, program "maturity" will take time with urgent attention needed for quality production.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos Fortificados , Yodo/administración & dosificación , Hierro de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Evaluación de Programas y Proyectos de Salud , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Humanos , India , Internacionalidad , Hierro de la Dieta/clasificaciónRESUMEN
Could DFS help prevent iron deficiency and anemia? Studies in controlled settings (efficacy) demonstrate that double-fortified salt (DFS; iron added to iodized salt) reduces the prevalence of anemia and iron deficiency anemia. Studies in program settings (effectiveness) are limited and reported differing levels of DFS coverage, resulting in mixed evidence of impact on anemia. What iron formulations are available and how do they affect iodized salt? Ferrous sulfate and encapsulated ferrous fumarate (both with various enhancers and/or coating materials) are the main iron formulations currently in use for DFS. Adding iron to iodized salt may lead to adverse changes in the product, specifically discoloration and losses in iodine content. These changes are greatest when the iodized salt used in DFS production is of low quality (e.g., contain impurities, has high moisture, and is of large crystal size). DFS requires iodized salt of the highest quality and a high-quality iron formulation in order to minimize adverse sensory changes and iodine losses. Appropriate packaging of iodized salt is also important to prevent losses. What is known about the minimum requirements to manufacture DFS? DFS producers must use high-quality refined iodized salt meeting the minimum standards for DFS production (which is higher than standards for salt intended for iodization alone), and an iron formulation for which there are rigid quality-assurance measures to ensure consistent quality and blending techniques. The actual proportion of iodized salt meeting the stringent requirements necessary for DFS production is unclear, but likely to be low in many countries, especially those with fragmented salt industries and a low proportion of industrially produced salt. What are the financial implications of adding iron to iodized salt? As a result of higher input costs both for input salt and the iron compound, DFS is more expensive to produce than iodized salt and thus has a higher production cost. Various grades of iodized salt are produced and consumed in different sectors of the market. Experience in India indicates that, on average, producing DFS costs 31-40 US dollars/metric ton or 0.03-0.04 US dollars/kg more than high-quality refined iodized salt. The exact impact of this production-level cost difference on profit margins and consumer price is specific to the conditions of different salt markets. Factors such as transport costs, customary wholesale and retail mark-ups, and taxes all vary greatly and need to be assessed on a case by case basis. Is DFS in alignment with salt-reduction efforts? The WHO has long recognized that salt iodization is an important public health intervention to achieve optimal iodine nutrition and is compatible with salt-reduction goals. Fortification of salt (with any nutrient) should not be used to justify or encourage an increase in salt intake to the public. Any effort to expand salt fortification to other nutrients should be done in close consultation with WHO and those working on salt reduction. What has been the experience with DFS delivery under different platforms? To date, DFS has been introduced into the retail market and in social safety net (primarily in India) programs, but sensory changes in DFS have been raised as concerns. The higher price for DFS has limited expansion in the retail market. In social safety net programs where the cost of DFS is subsidized for beneficiaries, programs must consider long-term resourcing for sustainability. Overall: The optimal production and delivery of DFS are still under development, as many challenges need to be overcome. There is a beneficial impact on hemoglobin in efficacy trials. Thus, if those conditions can be replicated in programs or the technology can be adapted to better fit current production and delivery realities, DFS may provide an effective contribution in countries that need additional food-fortification vehicles to improve iron intake.
Asunto(s)
Anemia/prevención & control , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/normas , Alimentos Fortificados , Yodo , Hierro de la Dieta/administración & dosificación , Estado Nutricional , Cloruro de Sodio Dietético , Humanos , India , Internacionalidad , Compuestos de Hierro/clasificación , PolíticasRESUMEN
Through an investigation into the origins of American food marketing, this dissertation reveals how brandingspecifically, the centennial brands Quaker Oats, Coca-Cola, and Criscocame to underpin much of today's market-driven economy. In a manner akin to alchemy, the entrepreneurs behind these three firms recognized the inherent value of an agricultural Eden, then found ways to convert common, low-cost agricultural goodsoats, sugar, and cottonseed oilinto appealing, high-revenue branded food products. In the process, these ventures devised new demand-driven business models that exploited technology and communications advances, enabling them to tap a nascent consumer culture. Their pioneering efforts generated unprecedented profits, laid the foundation for iconic billion-dollar brands, and fundamentally changed how Americans make daily food choices.
Asunto(s)
Productos Agrícolas , Emprendimiento , Industria de Alimentos , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Mercadotecnía , Avena/economía , Avena/historia , Carbohidratos/economía , Carbohidratos/historia , Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/economía , Aceite de Semillas de Algodón/historia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Emprendimiento/economía , Emprendimiento/historia , Industria de Alimentos/economía , Industria de Alimentos/educación , Industria de Alimentos/historia , Industria de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/educación , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Mercadotecnía/economía , Mercadotecnía/educación , Mercadotecnía/historia , Estados Unidos/etnologíaRESUMEN
This paper provides an historical survey of the evolution of rice technology in China, from the traditional farming system to genetically modified rice today. Using sociotechnological analytical framework, it analyses rice technology as a socio-technical ensemble - a complex interaction of material and social elements, and discusses the specificity of technology development and its socio-technical outcomes. It points to two imperatives in rice variety development: wholesale transporting agricultural technology and social mechanism to developing countries are likely lead to negative consequences; indigenous innovation including deploying GM technology for seed varietal development and capturing/cultivating local knowledge will provide better solutions.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Tecnología de Alimentos , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente , Oryza , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Agricultura/legislación & jurisprudencia , China/etnología , Economía/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/educación , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente/economía , Alimentos Modificados Genéticamente/historia , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Historia Antigua , Oryza/economía , Oryza/historia , Cambio Social/historia , Factores SocioeconómicosRESUMEN
The scale, structure and impacts of food systems in Ireland have changed dramatically over the last several hundred years, predominantly since the mechanisation and intensification of farming began in the late nineteenth century. The transformation of the potato production system, which for the preceding century had dominated the Irish diet, was particularly dramatic. The time from the introduction of the potato c. 1600 to its catastrophic decline in the mid-1800s, represented a period of Irish agriculture distinctly at odds with what came before and after, involving as it did complete dependence on a single crop system. Despite devastating crop losses suffered in the nineteenth century and particularly associated with the Great Famine, the potato remained agriculturally significant in Ireland. From the late 1800s onwards the system underwent a transition towards the highly mechanised, specialised, intensive and market-oriented agri-industrial food systems of today. This new high input-high output system was accompanied by an expansion in environmental impacts extending from local to global scales. This article addresses that transition in the role and impacts of the potato in Ireland, from its introduction to the present day.
Asunto(s)
Agricultura , Dieta , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Tecnología de Alimentos , Grupos de Población , Solanum tuberosum , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Antropología Cultural/educación , Antropología Cultural/historia , Dieta/economía , Dieta/etnología , Dieta/historia , Dieta/psicología , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/educación , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Irlanda/etnología , Grupos de Población/educación , Grupos de Población/etnología , Grupos de Población/historia , Grupos de Población/legislación & jurisprudencia , Grupos de Población/psicología , Solanum tuberosum/economía , Solanum tuberosum/historiaRESUMEN
A comparative study of the storage and reuse of immobilized yeast cells on apple pieces, kissiris, and gamma-alumina was carried out. The immobilized biocatalysts were allowed to remain in the fermented alcoholic liquid after the end of each fermentation batch for extended periods at 30 degrees C before reactivation in batch fermentation for wine-making. The results showed that the biocatalysts were able to reactivate and ferment after successively increased periods of storage compared to free cell systems both on glucose medium and on grape must. In glucose medium, apple-, kissiris-, and gamma-alumina-supported biocatalysts reactivated after 120, 80, and 83 days, respectively. Possible storage periods for grape must were lower but remained high. Immobilized yeast biocatalyst on apple pieces produced wines with an improved volatiles composition compared to kissiris- and gamma-alumina-supported biocatalysts. There were no significant negative effects on the fermentation activity and volatile byproduct composition.
Asunto(s)
Células Inmovilizadas/fisiología , Fermentación , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Saccharomyces cerevisiae/fisiología , Vino , Óxido de Aluminio , Análisis Costo-Beneficio , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Glucosa , Malus , Factores de Tiempo , VolatilizaciónAsunto(s)
Comercio , Culinaria , Productos Lácteos , Industria de Alimentos , Salud Rural , Población Rural , Queso/economía , Queso/historia , Comercio/economía , Comercio/educación , Comercio/historia , Comercio/legislación & jurisprudencia , Culinaria/economía , Culinaria/historia , Productos Lácteos/economía , Productos Lácteos/historia , Manipulación de Alimentos/economía , Manipulación de Alimentos/historia , Manipulación de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Industria de Alimentos/economía , Industria de Alimentos/educación , Industria de Alimentos/historia , Industria de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/educación , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Francia/etnología , Historia del Siglo XV , Historia del Siglo XVI , Historia del Siglo XVII , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Historia Antigua , Historia Medieval , Industrias/economía , Industrias/educación , Industrias/historia , Industrias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Salud Rural/historia , Población Rural/historia , Factores SocioeconómicosAsunto(s)
Animales Domésticos , Productos Agrícolas , Abastecimiento de Alimentos , Agricultura/economía , Agricultura/educación , Agricultura/historia , Animales , Argentina/etnología , Brasil/etnología , Café/economía , Café/historia , Colonialismo/historia , Productos Agrícolas/economía , Productos Agrícolas/historia , Economía/historia , Economía/legislación & jurisprudencia , Empleo/economía , Empleo/historia , Empleo/legislación & jurisprudencia , Empleo/psicología , Ambiente , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/economía , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/historia , Abastecimiento de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/historia , Tecnología de Alimentos/legislación & jurisprudencia , Historia del Siglo XVIII , Historia del Siglo XIX , Historia del Siglo XX , Industrias/economía , Industrias/historia , Industrias/legislación & jurisprudencia , Internacionalidad/historia , Internacionalidad/legislación & jurisprudencia , Gobierno Local , Política Pública , Sacarina/economía , Sacarina/historia , Factores Socioeconómicos , Venezuela/etnologíaRESUMEN
A flexible scheme for the fractionation of brewer's yeast was developed. The procedure allows the production of different products such as: dry yeast flakes, dry yeast pills, yeast-extract based table sauce, yeast protein concentrates and soy-like sauce. The investment required for the processing of one ton per day is below 2 million dollars with an overall profitability higher than 53%. Investment is recovered in 0.75 years. The production of food ingredients from yeast upgrades its biomass about 25 fold. Present procedure is compared with other biomass fractionation processes taking into account the utilization of all technological streams where the process becomes environmentally friendly since effluent production significantly lower than similar technologies.
Asunto(s)
Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Levaduras , Análisis de Varianza , Suplementos Dietéticos , Aditivos Alimentarios , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , SaccharomycesRESUMEN
The application of membrane separation in palm oil refining process has potential for energy and cost savings. The conventional refining of crude palm oil results in loss of oil and a contaminated effluent. Degumming of crude palm oil by membrane technology is conducted in this study. The objective of this research is to study the feasibility of membrane filtration for the removal of phospholipids in the degumming of crude palm oil, including analyses of phosphorus content, carotene content free fatty acids (as palmitic acid), colour and volatile matter. A PCI membrane module was used which was equipped with polyethersulfone membranes having a molecular weight cut off of 9,000 (type ES209). In this study, phosphorus content was the most important parameter monitored. The membrane effectively removed phospholipids resulting in a permeate with a phosphorus content of less than 0.3 ppm The percentage removal of phosphorus was 96.4% and was considered as a good removal. Lovibond colour was reduced from 27R 50Y to 20R 30Y. The percentage removal of carotene was 15.8%. The removal of colour was considered good but the removal of carotene was considered insignificant by the membrane. Free fatty acids and volatile matter were not removed. Typical of membrane operations, the permeate flux decreased with time and must be improved in order to be adopted on an industrial scale. Membrane technology was found to have good potential in crude palm oil degumming. However, an appropriate method has to be developed to clean the membranes for reuse.
Asunto(s)
Aceites de Plantas/aislamiento & purificación , Ultrafiltración/métodos , Carotenoides/análisis , Color , Grasas Insaturadas en la Dieta , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/análisis , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Membranas Artificiales , Microscopía Electrónica de Rastreo , Aceite de Palma , Fosfolípidos , Fósforo/análisis , ReologíaRESUMEN
Continuous hydrolysis of palm oil triglyceride in organic solvent using immobilized Candida rugosa on the Amberlite MB-1 as a source of immobilized lipase was studied in packed bed reactor. The enzymatic kinetics of hydrolysis reaction was studied by changing the substrate concentration, reaction temperature and residence time(tau) in the reactor. At 55 degrees C, the optimum water concentration was found to be 15 % weight per volume of solution (%w/v). The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was used to obtain the reaction parameters, Km(app) and V max(app). The activation energies were found to be quite low indicating that the lipase-catalyzed process is controlled by diffusion of substrates. The Michaelis-Menten kinetic model was found to be suitable at low water concentration 10-15 %w/v of solution. At higher water concentration, substrate inhibition model was used for data analysis. Reactor operation was found to play an important role in the palm oil hydrolysis kinetic.
Asunto(s)
Enzimas Inmovilizadas/metabolismo , Lipasa/metabolismo , Aceites de Plantas/metabolismo , Reactores Biológicos , Candida/enzimología , Tecnología de Alimentos/economía , Tecnología de Alimentos/métodos , Hidrólisis , Cinética , Aceite de Palma , Temperatura , AguaRESUMEN
Hydrolysis of palm oil has become an important process in Oleochemical industries. Therefore, an investigation was carried out for hydrolysis of palm oil to fatty acid and glycerol using immobilized lipase in packed bed reactor. The conversion vs. residence time data were used in Michaelis-Menten rate equation to evaluate the kinetic parameters. A mathematical model for the rate of palm oil hydrolysis was proposed incorporating role of external mass transfer and pore diffusion. The model was simulated for steady-state isothermal operation of immobilized lipase packed bed reactor. The experimental data were compared with the simulated results. External mass transfer was found to affect the rate of palm oil hydrolysis at higher residence time.