Effects of Connective Tissue Massage on Pain in Primiparous Women After Cesarean Birth.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of connective tissue massage to reduce postoperative pain in primiparous women on Postoperative Day 1 after unplanned cesarean birth. DESIGN: A randomized controlled trial with three groups: intervention (Group 1), control or standard care (Group 2), and individualized attention (Group 3). SETTING: Family/newborn units of a large teaching hospital in the Northeastern United States. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 165 women who experienced unplanned cesarean births of singleton newborns at term gestation. METHODS: Participants were randomized to three groups: those in Group 1 received a 20-minute massage, those in Group 2 received the usual standard of care, and those in Group 3 received 20 minutes of individualized attention. On Postoperative Day 1, participants completed questionnaires to measure overall pain, stress, and relaxation at Time 1 and again 60 minutes later. Daily numeric pain ratings and medication consumption data were retrieved from the electronic health care records. Latent growth modeling and analysis of variance were used to analyze data, as appropriate. RESULTS: Participants in Group 1 had increased relaxation (p < .001), decreased pain (p < .001), decreased stress (p < .001), and decreased opioid use on Day 1 (p = .031) and Day 2 (p = .006) of the hospital stay after the intervention compared with the other groups. Additionally, opioid use in Group 1 decreased linearly, whereas the control groups had a nonlinear pattern of change. CONCLUSION: Using massage therapy during postoperative hospitalization improved relaxation and decreased pain, stress, and opioid use in this sample of women after unplanned cesarean births.

The effects of connective tissue manipulation and Kinesio Taping on chronic constipation in children with cerebral palsy: a randomized controlled trial.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of connective tissue manipulation (CTM) and Kinesio Taping® (KT) on constipation and quality of life in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHOD: This study was designed as a randomized controlled trial. Forty children diagnosed with chronic constipation based on Rome III criteria were randomly assigned to CTM group [6 females, 7 males; 8 y 6 mo (SD = 3y 4 mo)], KT group [7 female, 7 male; 8y 7 mo (SD =3y 5 mo)] or control group [6 female, 7 male; 8y 3 mo (SD = 3y 6 mo)]. All patients were assessed with 7-day bowel diaries, Bristol Stool Form Scale (BSFS), Visual Analog Scale (VAS), and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PEDsQL). Kruskal-Wallis, Wilcoxon's signed-rank, and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to determine intra-group and inter-group differences. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: Among the CTM, KT, and control groups, there were statistically significant differences regarding the changes in defecation frequency (2.46, 3.00, 0.30, ES 1.16, p < 0.001), duration of defecation (5.07, 5.35, 0.15, ES 2.37, p = 0.003), BSFS (1.84, 2.14, 0.07, ES 0.91, p < 0.001), VAS (4.83, 3.87, 0.23, ES 1.98, p < 0.001), and PEDsQL total scores (7, 14, 8.36, -0.85, ES 4.08, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This study revealed that CTM and KT seem equally effective physiotherapy approaches for the treatment of pediatric constipation and these approaches may be added to bowel rehabilitation program. Implications for rehabilitation CTM and KT have similar effectiveness in alleviating the constipation-related symptoms and improving quality of life in children with CP. CTM and KT can be integrated into bowel rehabilitation programs. Considering the characteristics of patients, these treatment options can be used as an alternative of each other by physiotherapists.

Effect of MELT method on thoracolumbar connective tissue: The full study.

Altered connective tissue structure has been identified in adults with chronic low back pain (LBP). A self-care treatment for managing LBP is the MELT method. The MELT method is a hands-off, self-treatment that is said to alleviate chronic pain, release tension and restore mobility, utilizing specialized soft treatments balls, soft body roller and techniques mimicking manual therapy. The objective of this study was to determine whether thickness of thoracolumbar connective tissue and biomechanical and viscoelastic properties of myofascial tissue in the low back region change in subjects with chronic LBP as a result of MELT. This study was designed using a quasi experimental pre-post- design that analyzed data from subjects who performed MELT. Using ultrasound imaging and an algorithm developed in MATLAB, thickness of thoracolumbar connective tissue was analyzed in 22 subjects. A hand-held digital palpation device, called the MyotonPRO, was used to assess biomechanical properties such as stiffness, elasticity, tone and mechanical stress relaxation time of the thoracolumbar myofascial tissue. A forward bending test assessing flexibility and pain scale was added to see if MELT affected subjects with chronic LBP. A significant decrease in connective tissue thickness and pain was observed in participants. Significant increase in flexibility was also recorded.

Cervical and scapulothoracic stabilization exercises with and without connective tissue massage for chronic mechanical neck pain: A prospective, randomised controlled trial.

This study was planned to assess and compare the effectiveness of cervical and scapulothoracic stabilization exercise treatment with and without connective tissue massage (CTM) on pain, anxiety, and the quality of life in patients with chronic mechanical neck pain (MNP). Sixty patients with chronic MNP (18-65 years) were recruited and randomly allocated into stabilization exercise with (Group 1, n = 30) and without the CTM (Group 2, n = 30). The program was carried out for 12 sessions, 3 days/week in 4 weeks. Pain intensity with Visual Analog Scale, pressure pain threshold with digital algometer (JTech Medical Industries, ZEVEX Company), level of anxiety with Spielberger State Trait Anxiety Inventory, and quality of life with Short Form-36 were evaluated before and after the treatment. After the program, pain intensity and the level of anxiety decrease, physical health increase in Group 1 and 2 were found (p < 0.05). Pressure pain threshold and mental health increase were detected in only Group 1 (p < 0.05). The intergroup comparison showed that significant difference in pain intensity at night, pressure pain threshold, state anxiety and mental health were seen in favor of Group 1 (p < 0.05). The study suggested that stabilization exercises with and without the CTM might be a useful treatment for patients with chronic MNP. However, stabilization exercises with CTM might be superior in improving pain intensity at night, pressure pain threshold, state anxiety and mental health compared to stabilization exercise alone.

Effect of Connective Tissue Manipulation on Symptoms and Quality of Life in Patients With Chronic Constipation: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of connective tissue manipulation (CTM) on the severity of constipation and health-related quality of life in individuals diagnosed with chronic constipation. METHODS: Fifty patients with a diagnosis of chronic constipation according to Rome III criteria were recruited and randomized to an intervention (n = 25) or control group (n = 25). The intervention group received CTM in addition to the lifestyle advice, whereas the control group was given only lifestyle advice for constipation. All assessments were performed at baseline and at the end of 4 weeks. The primary outcome measure was the Constipation Severity Instrument. Secondary outcomes included Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire, Bristol Stool Scale, and 7-day bowel diary. Differences between groups were analyzed with t tests, Mann-Whitney U test and χ(2) test. RESULTS: Compared with the control group, subjects in the intervention group reported significantly greater improvement in total and subscale scores of the Constipation Severity Instrument and Patient Assessment of Constipation Quality of Life Questionnaire (P < .05). Based on the results from bowel diaries, the improvements in the number of bowel movements, duration of defecation, stool consistency, and the feeling of incomplete evacuation in the intervention group were also significantly more than the control group (P < .05). CONCLUSION: This study showed that CTM and lifestyle advice were superior to reducing symptoms of constipation and quality of life compared with lifestyle advice alone for patients with chronic constipation.

Connective tissue manipulation: a review of theory and clinical evidence.

Connective tissue manipulation or connective tissue massage (bindegewebsmassage) is a manual reflex therapy in that it is applied with the therapist's hands which are in contact with the patient's skin. The assessment of the patient and the clinical decision-making that directs treatment is based on a theoretical model that assumes a reflex effect on the autonomic nervous system which is induced by manipulating the fascial layers within and beneath the skin to stimulate cutaneo-visceral reflexes. This paper reviews the literature and current research findings to establish the theoretical framework for CTM and the evidence for its clinical effects. The rationale for the principles of treatment are discussed and the evidence for the clinical effectiveness assessed through an analytical review of the clinical research.

Effects of different physiotherapy applications on pain and mobility of connective tissue in patients with myofascial pain syndrome.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of electrotherapy and exercise on pain intensity and mobility of connective tissue in patients with myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) in their cervical region. METHODS: 60 patients were divided into 3 groups using a random allocation programme method. A hotpack was applied, and ultrasound was carried out on the patients in the treatment group who were also given exercise training. Exercise training was only given to the exercise group while the control group was given two weeks rest. The demographic characteristics, autonomic symptoms, and other MPS-associated symptoms of patients were recorded. The Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to evaluate the intensity and quality of pain, and a skin-roll test was used to evaluate connective tissue mobility. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference between treatment and control group on the sensory pain, total pain, and Visual Analog Scale measurements (p< 0.05). There was a decrease in connective tissue sensitivity measurements in the treatment and control groups. The connective tissue tension measurements were also decreased after treatment in the treatment and exercise groups. CONCLUSION: We concluded that combined treatment was more effective to decrease pain intensity, and increase connective tissue mobility.

Overexpression of fetuin-a counteracts ectopic mineralization in a mouse model of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (abcc6(-/-)).

The pathologic hallmark of pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is ectopic mineralization of soft connective tissues. Recent studies have suggested that PXE is a metabolic disease, and perturbations in a number of circulatory factors have been postulated. One of them is fetuin-A, a 60-kDa glycoprotein synthesized in the liver and secreted into blood. Observations in targeted mutant mice (Ahsg(-/-)) and in cell culture model systems have shown that fetuin-A is a powerful anti-mineralization factor in circulation, and the serum levels of fetuin-A in patients with PXE as well as in a mouse model of PXE (Abcc6(-/-)) have been shown to be reduced by up to 30%. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that overexpression of fetuin-A in Abcc6(-/-) mice counteracts the ectopic mineralization. Delivery of an expression construct containing full-length mouse fetuin-A complementary DNA (cDNA), linked to a His-tag, to the liver of these mice resulted in elevated serum levels of this protein. As a consequence, soft tissue mineralization, which is a characteristic of Abcc6(-/-) mice, was reduced by approximately 70% at 12 weeks of age, but the effect was transient when examined 4 weeks later. The results suggest that normalization of serum fetuin-A, either through gene therapy approaches or by direct protein delivery to the circulation, may offer strategies for treating PXE and perhaps other heritable disorders of soft tissue mineralization.

Diabetes and rheumatic diseases.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: This review summarizes recent advances in the field of diabetes and rheumatic disease. These conditions exert a significant healthcare burden on our society and much remains to be learned regarding their pathophysiology and treatment. RECENT FINDINGS: We summarize new insights into diabetes and its association with osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, carpal tunnel syndrome, osteoporosis, diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis, crystalline arthropathy, neuropathic arthropathy, and tendinopathy. Diabetes has major effects on connective tissues, which have significant impact on both the development and outcome of these diseases of cartilage, bone, ligament, and tendon. An improved understanding of the mechanisms through which diabetes alters connective tissue metabolism should lead to better preventive and therapeutic interventions. SUMMARY: Incremental progress has been made in understanding the interactions between diabetes and common musculoskeletal syndromes. Although this review highlights exciting areas of future interest, more work in this field is certainly warranted.

[Mechanisms of muscle pain : significance of trigger points and tender points]. / Mechanismen des Muskelschmerzes : Bedeutung von Trigger points und Tender points.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and myofascial pain syndrome (MPS) belong to the group of chronic non-inflammatory pain syndromes affecting muscles and tendinous insertions. Important criteria in the diagnosis of both diseases are the presence of "tender points" and "trigger points". According to ACR criteria FMS is characterized by the presence of tender points whereas trigger points are typically found in MPS.The main difference is that until now tender points could only be defined in terms of their localization, whereas trigger points can be found upon palpation which may cause a specific referred pain pattern. In addition, analysis of trigger points by microdialysis demonstrated elevated levels of pro-inflammatory substances at these sites. Moreover, local treatment of trigger points either by manipulative therapy or injection appears to be most effective for prompt relief of symptoms.

An in vitro assay of collagen fiber alignment by acupuncture needle rotation.

BACKGROUND: During traditional acupuncture therapy, soft tissues attach to and wind around the acupuncture needle. To study this phenomenon in a controlled and quantitative setting, we performed acupuncture needling in vitro. METHODS: Acupuncture was simulated in vitro in three-dimensional, type I collagen gels prepared at 1.5 mg/ml, 2.0 mg/ml, and 2.5 mg/ml collagen, and either crosslinked with formalin or left untreated. Acupuncture needles were inserted into the gels and rotated via a computer-controlled motor at 0.3 rev/sec for up to 10 revolutions while capturing the evolution of birefringence under cross-polarization. RESULTS: Simulated acupuncture produced circumferential alignment of collagen fibers close to the needle that evolved into radial alignment as the distance from the needle increased, which generally matched observations from published tissue explant studies. All gels failed prior to 10 revolutions, and the location of failure was near the transition between circumferential and radial alignment. Crosslinked collagen failed at a significantly lower number of revolutions than untreated collagen, whereas collagen concentration had no effect on gel failure. The strength of the alignment field increased with increasing collagen concentration and decreased with crosslinking. Separate studies were performed in which the gel thickness and depth of needle insertion were varied. As gel thickness increased, gels failed at fewer needle revolutions. For the same depth of insertion, alignment was greater in thinner gels. Alignment increased as the depth of insertion increased. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the mechanostructural properties of soft connective tissues may affect their response to acupuncture therapy. The in vitro model provides a platform to study mechanotransduction during acupuncture in a highly controlled and quantitative setting.

A neurovascular transmission model for acupuncture-induced nitric oxide.

Acupuncture is the practice of inserting needles into the body to reduce pain or induce anesthesia. More broadly, acupuncture is a family of procedures involving the stimulation of anatomical locations on or in the skin by a variety of techniques. Employing acupuncture to treat human disease or maintain bodily condition has been practiced for thousands of years. However, the mechanism(s) of action of acupuncture at the various meridians are poorly understood. Most studies have indicated that acupuncture is able to increase blood flow. The acupuncture points have high electrical conductance and a relationship of the acupuncture points and meridians with the connective tissue planes and the perivascular space has also been suggested. Several studies employing the human and animal models have shown that acupuncture enhances the generation of nitric oxide (NO) and increases local circulation. Specifically, electroacupuncture (EA) seems to prevent the reduction in NO production from endothelial NO synthetase (eNOS) and neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) that is associated with hypertension and this process involves a stomach-meridian organ but not a non-stomach-meridian organ such as the liver. How can we explain the phenomena of EA and meridian effect? Here, we proposed a neurovascular transmission model for acupuncture induced NO. In this proposed model, the acupuncture stimulus is able to influence connective tissue via mechanical force transfer to the extracellular matrix (ECM). Through the ECM, the mechanotransduction stimulus can be translated or travel from the acupuncture points, which involve local tissue and cells. Cells in the local tissue that have received mechanotransduction induce different types of NO production that can induce changes in blood flow and local circulation. The local mechanical stress produced is coupled to a cyclic strain of the blood vessels and this could then change the frequency of resonance. According to the resonance theory, an oscillatory pattern of NO formation might occur in that specific organ. Therefore, the artery tree would then change the blood distribution and microcirculation of various organs and as a result further affect the production of NO.

Pathophysiological model for chronic low back pain integrating connective tissue and nervous system mechanisms.

Although chronic low back pain (cLBP) is increasingly recognized as a complex syndrome with multifactorial etiology, the pathogenic mechanisms leading to the development of chronic pain in this condition remain poorly understood. This article presents a new, testable pathophysiological model integrating connective tissue plasticity mechanisms with several well-developed areas of research on cLBP (pain psychology, postural control, neuroplasticity). We hypothesize that pain-related fear leads to a cycle of decreased movement, connective tissue remodeling, inflammation, nervous system sensitization and further decreased mobility. In addition to providing a new, testable framework for future mechanistic studies of cLBP, the integration of connective tissue and nervous system plasticity into the model will potentially illuminate the mechanisms of a variety of treatments that may reverse these abnormalities by applying mechanical forces to soft tissues (e.g. physical therapy, massage, chiropractic manipulation, acupuncture), by changing specific movement patterns (e.g. movement therapies, yoga) or more generally by increasing activity levels (e.g. recreational exercise). Non-invasive measures of connective tissue remodeling may eventually become important tools to evaluate and follow patients with cLBP in research and clinical practice. An integrative mechanistic model incorporating behavioral and structural aspects of cLBP will strengthen the rationale for a multidisciplinary treatment approach including direct mechanical tissue stimulation, movement reeducation, psychosocial intervention and pharmacological treatment to address this common and debilitating condition.

Self-localization of laser induced tumour coagulation limited by heat diffusion through active tissue.

We analyse necrosis growth due to thermal coagulation induced by laser light absorption and limited by heat diffusion into the surrounding live tissue. The tissue is assumed to contain a tumour in the undamaged tissue where the blood perfusion rate does not change during the action. By contrast, normal tissue responds strongly to an increase in the tissue temperature and the blood perfusion rate can grow by tenfold. We study in detail necrosis formation under conditions typical of a real course of thermal therapy treatment. The duration of the treatment is about 5 minutes when a necrosis domain of about 1 cm or above is formed. In particular, if the tumour size is sufficiently large, i.e. it exceeds 1 cm, and the tissue response is not too delayed, i.e. the delay time does not exceed 1 min, then there are conditions under which the relative volume of the damaged normal tissue is small in comparison with the tumour volume after the tumour is totally coagulated.

Evidence of connective tissue involvement in acupuncture.

Acupuncture needle manipulation gives rise to "needle grasp," a biomechanical phenomenon characterized by an increase in the force necessary to pull the needle out of the tissue (pullout force). This study investigates the hypothesis that winding of connective tissue, rather than muscle contraction, is the mechanism responsible for needle grasp. We performed 1) measurements of pullout force in humans with and without needle penetration of muscle; 2) measurements of pullout force in anesthetized rats, with and without needle rotation, followed by measurements of connective tissue volume surrounding the needle; 3) imaging of rat abdominal wall explants, with and without needle rotation, using ultrasound scanning acoustic microscopy. We found 1) no evidence that increased penetration of muscle results in greater pullout force than increased penetration of subcutaneous tissue; 2) that both pullout force and subcutaneous tissue volume were increased by needle rotation; 3) that increased periodic architectural order was present in subcutaneous tissue with rotation, compared with no rotation. These data support connective tissue winding as the mechanism responsible for the increase in pullout force induced by needle rotation. Winding may allow needle movements to deliver a mechanical signal into the tissue and may be key to acupuncture's therapeutic mechanism.

Supresión adrenal grave en pacientes reumatológicos: análisis de 25 casos consecutivos / Severe adrenal insuficiency in rheumatological patients: analysis of 25 consecutive cases

Los corticoesteroides (CE) son piedra angular en tratamiento del paciente con enfemedades difusas del tejido conjuntivo (EDTC); la supresión o aumento de los requerimientos de estos sin la terapia sustitutiva adecuada, se asocia a incremento en morbimortalidad. Pacientes y métodos. Se incluyeron en el presente análisis pacientes con EDTC, bajo tratamiento con CE, los que fueron suspendidos bruscamente por diversas causas; esto tradujo problema que requirió hospitalización. Resultados. Nuestro estudio incluye 25 pacientes consecutivos con EDTC y suspensión de CE que requirieron de internamiento a través del Servicio de Urgencias. La edad de los pacientes fue de 54 años en promedio (15 a 78). La mayoría fueron del género femenino (68 por ciento), con tiempo de empleo de los CE de 10 meses a 18 años y promedio de 8 años. El 60 por ciento de los pacientes recibían prednisona, 4 por ciento betametasona de depósito, 28 por ciento combinación de indometacina con betametasona y 8 por ciento dexametasona. El 28 por ciento de los pacientes tomaban este tratamiento por prescripción de reumatólogos, 36 por ciento por indicación de médicos generales, 12 por ciento por internistas, 4 por ciento por ortopedistas y 20 por ciento se autoprescribieron los CE. El 48 por ciento suspendió los CE por imposibilidad para la ingesta (vómito), 8 por ciento por falta de medicamento, 20 por ciento por indicación médica al tener el paciente algún proceso infeccioso concomitante, 12 por ciento por cambio de tratamiento y 12 por ciento por indicación médica ignorando que el paciente recibía CE. Todos presentaron taquipnea, mialgias, astenia y adinamia, 92 por ciento fiebre, 92 por ciento artralgias, 88 por ciento hipotensión arterial y 84 por ciento taquicardia. El 84 por ciento se presentó con hipoglucemia, 76 por ciento tuvieron leucocitosis, 56 por ciento hiponatremia y 48 por ciento hiperkaliemia. Un paciente falleció con cuadro concomitante de suboclusión intestinal y otro con neumonía, el que por prescripción de su médico suspendió el CE

Fibrous tissue and angiotensin II.

Myofibroblasts (myoFb) are cells responsible for fibrous tissue formation in injured systemic organs such as the heart. Cultured myoFb, obtained from rat cardiac scar tissue, express genes that encode components requisite for angiotensin (Ang) II generation, which in turn regulates myoFb collagen turnover in an autocrine/paracrine manner. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that these wound-healing fibroblast-like cells and locally generated Ang II are involved in other repairing tissue. To test this hypothesis, we used a granuloma pouch model, where a subcutaneous air sac is created followed by injection of croton oil. Pouch tissue was collected at days 4, 7, 14 and 21. The presence of myoFb was determined by immunohistochemical alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA) labeling and collagen accumulation by picrosirius red staining. Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) and Ang II receptor binding were detected by in vitro quantitative autoradiography using 125I-351A and 125I[Sar1, Ile8]Ang II, respectively, while Ang II receptor subtype was defined by displacement studies using either an AT1 (losartan) or AT2 (PD123177) receptor antagonist. Cells expressing ACE were determined by immunohistochemistry. Ang II content in pouch tissue was measured by radioimmunoassay following HPLC separation while its capacity to generate Ang II was assessed in tissue bath, with and without exogenous Ang I or lisinopril, an ACE inhibitor. Collagen accumulation in pouch tissue was examined by determining hydroxyproline content in response to lisinopril, AT1 or AT2 receptor antagonists (losartan or PD123177). In pouch tissue, we found: (1) myoFb at day 4 which became more extensive at days 7, 14 and 21; (2) morphologic evidence of collagen deposition evident at day 4, which gradually became more extensive thereafter; (3) ACE and Ang II receptor binding was evident at day 4 and remained invariant on days 7, 14 and 21; (4) the predominant Ang II receptor subtype expressed was AT1; (5) myoFb express ACE and AT1 receptors; (6) picogram quantities of Ang II (per g tissue) was evident on days 7, 14 and 21; and (7) Ang II was generated from Ang I substrate. Lisinopril and losartan, but not PD123177, significantly attenuated pouch weight and accumulation of collagen. Thus, in this model of cutaneous repair, the appearance of myoFb is associated with Ang II generation that regulates fibrogenesis by AT1 receptor binding. Signals involved in the appearance of myoFb remain uncertain. Further studies are required to address the regulation of Ang II generation in pouch tissue of the rat.

[Connective tissue massage]. / Bindegewebsmassage.

Connective tissue massage deals with the skin and the subcutaneous tissue. It focuses on definite regions of the body, assigned in segmental order to inner organ systems and structures of the locomotor system (spinal cord, joints, muscles). In case of acute disease, oedematous swelling of a generally soft tissue consistency can be observed in circumscribed areas. Persisting symptoms may result in induration of such tissues, associated with reduced rheology and epicritic pain if manipulated mechanically. Eventually, chronic conditions may progress to atrophy. The name "connective tissue massage" is based on the concept that corresponding physiological events take place in connective tissue structures and the segmentally associated organ. With regard to the pathophysiology of such zones, mechanisms which are comparable to sympathetic reflex dystrophy are discussed at present. Analysis of such changes has contributed to general diagnosis. Connective tissue massage is considered to be an important element of physiotherapy. The clinical data on the efficacy of connective tissue massage are reviewed.

Silicea: tropismo y núcleos psicofísicos en las distintas edades / Silicea: tropism and psychophysical nucleus in the differents ages

Es el sílice que químicamente es el óxido de silíceo. Se encuentra en la naturaleza como cristal de roca, ágata, arena, ónix, ópalo, etc. Para uso homeopático se extrae del cristal de roca. Las tres primeras dinamizaciones se hacen por trituración y las posteriores por dilución hahnemaniana. Como buen policresto actúa sobre todo el organismo, pero es indudable que como cualquier remedio, tiene su tropismo tisular preferido y se adapta a ciertas patologías de los tejidos por los cuales tiene afinidad. De este modo los Tropismos tisulares de silicea son: el tejido conectivo, las mucosas y los procesos de nutrición (AU)