Resistencia antimicrobiana en aislados clínicos de Pseudomonas aeruginosa / Antimicrobial resistance in clinical patterns of Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Pseudomonas aeruginosa es un microorganismo oportunista frecuentemente implicado en infecciones de origen nosocomial que presenta resistencia natural y adquirida a muchos de los antimicrobianos de uso clínico. Se llevo a cabo un estudio de resistencias a antimicrobianos de 3.029 aislamientos de P. aeruginosa de enfermos intra y extrahospitalarios en el periodo 2005-2010. La metodología utilizada fue, el método semiautomatizado WIDER I (Soria Melguizo), para la identificación de las especies y para el estudio de sensibilidades a antimicrobianos. Se consideraron los criterios de sensibilidad y resistencia recomendados por el grupo MENSURA. En nuestro hospital existe un mantenimiento relativo de la sensibilidad antimicrobiana de P. aeruginosa en el periodo 2005-2010, con un aumento de esta en amikacina, gentamicina y cefalosporinas. Existen diferencias de porcentajes de sensibilidades entre las cepas de origen intrahospitalario y extrahospitalario, salvo para fosfomicina y tobramicina. Destacamos la importancia de realizar estudios locales de la sensibilidad y resistencias de P. aeruginosa en cada zona, de forma periódica para poder valorar las diferentes pautas terapéuticas, no siendo posible extrapolar los datos de las diferentes regiones españolas(AU)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic microorganism that is frequently the cause of nosocomial infections. Multiple mechanisms are involved in its natural and acquired resistance to many of the antimicrobial agents commonly used in clinical practice. We performed an antibiotic resistance study on P. aeruginosa isolated from intrahospitalary and extrahospitalary samples between 2005 and 2010 years. We included in the study a global amount of 3,029 P. aeruginosa isolates from clinical samples received at University Hospital Reina Sofia. Microbiology Service in Córdoba (Spain). Semiautomatic system WIDER I for strains identification and sensibility testing was employed. We considered susceptibility and resistance criteria recommended by MENSURA group. Results of the analysis showed that P. aeruginosa maintanied similar levels of antimicrobial susceptibility during the period 2005-2010, with increased susceptibility to amikacin, gentamicin and cefalosporins. There were also important differences in the degree of susceptibility between intrahospital and extrahospital strains during 2010 year, except for tobramicin and fosfomycin. The intrahospital difference in susceptibility was also evaluated, emphasizing the importance of periodically surveillance of susceptibility and resistance patterns of P. aeruginosa, in each setting in order to evaluate different therapeutic guidelines, because it is not always advisable to extrapolate data from different regions(AU)

Efficacy of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid for treatment of experimental Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis in rats.

The efficacy of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was compared with the efficacies of standard antistaphylococcal agents (flucloxacillin, oxacillin, nafcillin, and vancomycin) and ticarcillin in an experimental model of Staphylococcus aureus endocarditis. Therapy was either initiated soon (8 h) after infection, when numbers of bacteria in aortic valve vegetations were relatively low (approximately 6 to 8 log10 CFU/g), or delayed until 24 h after infection, when the vegetations usually contained greater than 9 log10 CFU/g. Doses of the antibiotic were selected to produce peak concentrations in rat serum similar to those achievable in humans after administration of parenteral therapeutic doses. Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was more effective overall than ticarcillin alone against endocarditis caused by beta-lactamase-producing strains of S. aureus, illustrating the beta-lactamase-inhibitory activity of clavulanic acid in vivo. Ticarcillin-clavulanic acid was as effective as the standard antistaphylococcal beta-lactam agents flucloxacillin, oxacillin, and nafcillin in these infections, whereas vancomycin was generally less active. These results illustrate the clinical potential of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid in the prophylaxis or therapy of severe staphylococcal infections.

Pharmacokinetics of intravenously and intramuscularly administered ticarcillin and clavulanic acid in foals.

Serum concentrations of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid were measured in healthy foals (2 to 6 months old) given the drugs in combination by intravenous and intramuscular routes of administration. Five foals were administered 50 mg of ticarcillin/kg of body weight and 1.67 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, IV. Five foals were administered 100 mg of ticarcillin/kg and 3.33 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, IV, and 4 of those 5 were given the same combined dose IM. The elimination half-life of ticarcillin for intravenous administration was 0.83 hour for the low dosage and 0.96 hour for the high dosage. After intramuscular administration, the half-life of elimination was 2.9 hours, with bioavailability of 54.6%. For IV administered clavulanic acid, the elimination half-life was 0.65 hour for the low dosage and 0.74 hour for the high dosage. After intramuscular administration, the elimination half-life was 0.92 hour, and bioavailability was 68.1%. A combined dosage, 50 mg of ticarcillin/kg and 1.67 mg of clavulanic acid/kg, given every 6 hours is recommended.

Pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid (timentin) in experimental Escherichia coli K-1 and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis.

The pharmacokinetics and bacteriological efficacy of ticarcillin and clavulanic acid administered individually or in combination were assessed in rabbits with experimental Escherichia coli K-1 and Haemophilus influenzae type b meningitis. The mean penetrations into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of infected animals after a single dose of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid were approximately 11 and 28% for ticarcillin and clavulanic acid, respectively. In continuous-infusion experiments, the mean penetrations into CSF were 14.6 and 35% for ticarcillin and clavulanic acid, respectively, in rabbits with E. coli meningitis and 6.1 and 24%, respectively, in rabbits with H. influenzae meningitis. In animals that received a continuous infusion of the two drugs alone or in combination, the median CSF bactericidal titers for E. coli were less than 1:2, less than 1:2, and 1:2 for ticarcillin, clavulanic acid, and ticarcillin-clavulanic acid, respectively, and for H. influenzae the titers were less than 1:2, less than 1:2, and 1:4, respectively. The addition of clavulanic acid potentiated significantly the bacteriological efficacy of ticarcillin in reducing the number of bacteria in CSF of infected rabbits. Additional studies in animals and humans are required before recommendations can be made regarding the use of ticarcillin-clavulanic acid for treatment of meningitis.