HIV policy in Italy and recommendations across the HIV care continuum.

The HIV epidemic has not yet ended, and there are ever more challenges: the recent Italian National Plan of Interventions against HIV and AIDS (Piano Nazionale di Interventi Contro HIV e AIDS (PNAIDS) 2017-2019) was hailed for its comprehensiveness. Its likelihood of success across the HIV care continuum was therefore assessed. Awareness interventions are sporadic and continue to miss high risk populations; if effectively implemented, the prescriptive detail in PNAIDS may help address this. Combined prevention needs greater focus and investment. However, there has been recent progress: free anonymous testing is available at multiple settings although improvements to provide access to key vulnerable populations are needed. Clinical management is available to a high standard across the country, with some areas for improvement in ensuring equality of access. Long-term management of people living with HIV is often effective, but discrepancies exist across regions and settings of care. It is recommended to enable implementation of PNAIDS as a matter of urgency, develop integrated awareness and testing interventions for STIs and HIV, make condoms free for high-risk populations, and develop a network of multidisciplinary services for long-term holistic care of people living with HIV.

Are evolving human rights harmless? An examination of English legislation, prostitution and its effect on human relatedness.

This paper addresses key philosophical and social questions that shape the contemporary discourse on prostitution. The initial section outlines the contemporary challenges facing legislative practice on prostitution in England. This involves analysing moral and legal framework surrounding prostitution that has made the current legislative dilemma surrounding prostitution practice possible. The second part of the paper then outlines the history of the philosophy of human rights from Aquinas to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948). The paper concludes by analysing whether the current ontology employed by human rights theory is effective in creating a system of just relatedness between agents, made visible in concrete legislative guidance. I argue that legislation guided by a fragmented teleology and ontological anthropology enables asymmetrical patterns of relatedness that can cause genuine physical and psychological harm to individuals.

Syphilis and prostitution in the socio-medical geographies of Turkey's early republican provinces.

During and after the Ottoman Empire's collapse, Turkey's fledgling public health and social services ministry sought to deal with the increasing prevalence of syphilis-especially in its rural communities. This article examines the emergence of state-led information collection in Turkey during the 1920s and early 1930s and the anti-syphilis campaigns that resulted, and thus explores how the state created a new medical and moral order surrounding its citizens' sexualities that came to focus its gaze upon prostitution. Utilizing information from official primary sources, we analyze this transformation as part of a broader process of medicalization and state expansion that made syphilis a subject for state regulation. Within this context, moral pronouncements regarding the disease, traditional medicine, and prostitution and the potential benefits of regulated brothels were reframed, represented, and dispersed as directives for public health policy. Through this research, we assess how field-based surveys contributed ultimately to republican regimes of regulating sex work that still persist.

Bedford v. Canada: a paradigmatic case toward ensuring the human and health rights of sex workers.

The Criminal Code of Canada prohibits certain aspects of sex work: the keeping of a common bawdy-house, living off the avails of prostitution and communicating for the purposes of prostitution in a public place. These legal constraints impede sex workers' ability to practise their profession safely and without risk to their bodily integrity; they also impair their personal autonomy and can lead to their stigmatization. Bedford v. Canada is a groundbreaking case, since the applicants and intervening organizations seek to overturn aspects of Canadian law that specifically put the health and human rights of sex workers at risk.

Rewriting the history of Chinese families in nineteenth-century Australia.

The nineteenth-century Chinese population in Australia was made up mostly of men, drawing many commentators to the conclusion these men faced an absence of family life, resulting in prostitution, gambling, opium use and other so-called vices. Recent research has, however, expanded and complicated our knowledge of Chinese families in New South Wales and Victoria, particularly concerning the extent to which Chinese men and white Australian women formed intimate relationships. This article traces the origins of the misconceptions about Chinese families in nineteenth-century Australia, and considers how new directions in scholarship over the past decade are providing methods for enlarging our knowledge. It argues that instead of being oddities or exceptions, Chinese-European families were integral to the story of Australia's early Chinese communities.