Randomised Controlled Trial on Prophylaxis of Mastitis-Metritis-Agalactia Syndrome in Swine using Caulophyllum Logoplex and Lachesis Logoplex.

BACKGROUND: Mastitis-metritis-agalactia (MMA) syndrome occurs in the first days post-partum and causes piglet losses mainly due to malnutrition. One possibility for prophylaxis of MMA is via homeopathy. In this veterinary study, the effectiveness of a prophylactic administration of homeopathic remedies for the prevention of the occurrence of MMA in swine was evaluated. METHODS: In a randomised and blinded study, 60 sows were examined. Sows were randomly distributed in two groups: the experimental group (CL/LL) received a prophylactic administration of the complex homeopathic remedies Caulophyllum Logoplex and Lachesis Logoplex, and the placebo group was administered a sodium chloride (NaCl) solution in the same injection scheme as the experimental group. Clinical signs of MMA, behavioural changes, as well as production parameters, were recorded beginning with the day of farrowing until 5 days post-partum. RESULTS: The treatment group showed no significant effect on the occurrence of MMA in sows (CL/LL: 56.67% MMA positive sows; NaCl: 53.53% MMA positive sows). Treatment group had also no significant effect on health parameters (vaginal discharge, raised rectal temperature, shortage of milk) or behavioural parameters (impaired feeding behaviour and impaired general condition). For the production parameter average weight gain, statistically significant effects in the treatment group were detected. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylaxis with the homeopathic remedies Caulophyllum Logoplex and Lachesis Logoplex showed neither an improvement in MMA prevention nor an improvement in health parameters or behavioural traits in the present herd of sows.

Rusty Pipe Syndrome and Review of Literature.

Presence of blood in colostrum may change the color of breast milk and it is known as "rusty pipe syndrome." It may resolve within days, but it may be a barrier for exclusive breastfeeding. Knowledge of "rusty pipe syndrome" among health professionals is very helpful in the management of breastfeeding initiation.

Evidence-Based Updates on the First Week of Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infants ≥35 Weeks.

The nutritional and immunologic properties of human milk, along with clear evidence of dose-dependent optimal health outcomes for both mothers and infants, provide a compelling rationale to support exclusive breastfeeding. US women increasingly intend to breastfeed exclusively for 6 months. Because establishing lactation can be challenging, exclusivity is often compromised in hopes of preventing feeding-related neonatal complications, potentially affecting the continuation and duration of breastfeeding. Risk factors for impaired lactogenesis are identifiable and common. Clinicians must be able to recognize normative patterns of exclusive breastfeeding in the first week while proactively identifying potential challenges. In this review, we provide new evidence from the past 10 years on the following topics relevant to exclusive breastfeeding: milk production and transfer, neonatal weight and output assessment, management of glucose and bilirubin, immune development and the microbiome, supplementation, and health system factors. We focus on the early days of exclusive breastfeeding in healthy newborns ≥35 weeks' gestation managed in the routine postpartum unit. With this evidence-based clinical review, we provide detailed guidance in identifying medical indications for early supplementation and can inform best practices for both birthing facilities and providers.

Delayed Lactogenesis II and potential utility of antenatal milk expression in women developing late-onset preeclampsia: a case series.

BACKGROUND: Preeclampsia is a multi-system, hypertensive disorder of pregnancy that increases a woman's risk of later-life cardiovascular disease. Breastfeeding may counteract the negative cardiovascular sequela associated with preeclampsia; however, women who develop preeclampsia may be at-risk for suboptimal breastfeeding rates. In this case series, we present three cases of late-onset preeclampsia and one case of severe gestational hypertension that illustrate a potential association between hypertensive disorders of pregnancy and suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes, including delayed onset of lactogenesis II and in-hospital formula supplementation. CASE PRESENTATION: All cases were drawn from an ongoing pilot randomized controlled trial investigating the impact of antenatal milk expression versus an education control on breastfeeding outcomes. All study participants were healthy nulliparous women recruited at 34-366/7 gestational weeks from a hospital-based midwife practice. The variability in clinical presentation among the four cases suggests that any effect of hypertensive disorders on breastfeeding outcomes is likely multifactorial in nature, and may include both primary (e.g., preeclampsia disease course itself) and secondary (e.g., magnesium sulfate therapy, delayed at-breast feeding due to maternal-infant separation) etiologies. We further describe the use of antenatal milk expression (AME), or milk expression and storage beginning around 37 weeks of gestation, as a potential intervention to mitigate suboptimal breastfeeding outcomes in women at risk for preeclampsia and other hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. CONCLUSIONS: Additional research is needed to address incidence, etiology, and interventions, including AME, for breastfeeding issues among a larger sample of women who develop hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.

Management of common breastfeeding issues.

Breastfeeding provides ideal nutrition, growth hormones, and antibodies that change over time as growing infants' and children's needs change and provides these inexpensively, with no harm to the environment. Breastfed infants are healthier than other infants overall, and research indicates that the health benefits may continue on into adulthood. Increasingly, women are choosing to initiate breastfeeding in the hospital, but the attrition starts early and is dramatic. For women to meet their breastfeeding goals, physicians must not only give lip service to "breast is best" but also become knowledgeable in breastfeeding management and actively promote breastfeeding in their practices and in their communities.

Too much of a good thing. Maternal and infant hyperlactation syndromes.

Milk stasis, blocked ducts, inflammatory or infectious mastitis, and breast abscess represent the spectrum of maternal hyperlactation syndrome. Management includes decreasing the rate of milk synthesis, improving milk removal out of the breast, and antibiotic therapy for ascending lactiferous duct infections and mastitis. Thriving infants who choke and splutter at the breast, feed frequently, are colicky, and have explosive, watery bowel movements have infant hyperlactation syndrome and are managed by decreasing quantity and increasing quality of breast milk drunk.

Milk protein concentrations in galactorrhoeic mammary secretions.

Milk protein concentrations were determined either by double antibody radioimmunoassay (IgA) or single radial immunodiffusion (IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme and albumin) in the mammayr secretions of one nulliparous and three parous female patients with galactorrhoea due to hyperprolactinaemia. Concentrations of all the proteins studied were found to be similar to the concentrations observed in post-partum colostrum. In particular, secretory IgA was the only form of IgA detected in galactorrhoeic secretions. It is suggested that hyperprolactinaemia alone can result in increased mammary synthesis of the milk proteins since the steroid changes associated with a full-term pregnancy and delivery of the placenta did not immediately precede the galactorrhoea in three of the four patients studied.

Amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome with craniopharyngioma.

Two cases of craniopharyngioma presenting with amenorrhea-galactorrhea syndrome due to hyperprolactinemia are reported. After operation and irradiation, the tumor reduced markedly in size. Coincidental decrease in plasma prolactin level and restoration of menstruation seem to support the view that the hypothalamic prolactin inhibiting factor (PIF) had played an important role in hyperprolactinemia in these two patients.

Galactorrhea: a study of 235 cases, including 48 with pituitary tumors.

An analysis of 235 patients with galactorrhea (5.5 per cent males) showed that 20 per cent of all patients, and 34 per cent of women with associated amenorrhea, had radiologically evident pituitary tumors; these patients had the highest serum prolactin concentrations. The largest single group (32 per cent) consisted of women with idiopathic galactorrhea without amenorrhea; prolactin was normal in 86 per cent of these cases. Five patients had the empty-sella syndrome. Prolactin response was tested in selected patients by thyrotropin-releasing hormone, chlorpromazine, L-dopa, 24-hour sampling and other means. Tests with thyrotropin-releasing hormone were most useful in identifying patients with pituitary tumors. Surgery and radiotherapy lowered prolactin to a similar degree in patients with tumor, but galactorrhea, and amenorrhea often persisted after treatment. The ergot derivatives, bromergocryptine and lergotrile mesylate, lowered prolactin in all 18 patients with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia or pituitary tumor, stopped galactorrhea in over 50 per cent, restored menses in over 70 per cent, and allowed pregnancy in three.

Pituitary gonadotropin response in women with idiopathic hyperprolactinemia.

Inappropriate lactation and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia are frequently associated with amenorrhea. In these individuals, peripheral levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (hFSH) are usually normal, and luteinizing hormone (hLH) levels are often found in the low-normal range. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the functional capacity of the pituitary by the response of hFSH and hLH to synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Gn-RH). Six women with amenorrhea, inappropriate breast secretion, and idiopathic hyperprolactinemia (prolactin levels ranged from 45 to 355 ng/ml) were given 100 mug of Gn-RH intramuscularly. Serum hFSH and hLH levels were assessed in samples obtained at 15-minute intervals over the next 2-hour period. Initial hFSH levels were normal in all women, with a mean of 242 +/- 72 ng/ml. The absolute increase after Gn-RH administration averaged 486 +/- 193 ng/ml. Serum hLH was below normal in three of the six women, and normal in the remaining three women initially. The absolute increase averaged 1308 +/- 315 ng/ml. The greatest percentage increase in hLH was found in the women with the subnormal basal titers. In these women, hLH rose from a mean of 22 ng/ml to a mean of 1092 ng/ml. These data demonstate an exaggerated increase in hFSH and hLH levels after exogenous Gn-RH administration. This suggests that the amenorrhea associated with elevated serum prolactin levels is principally of hypothalamic origin.