Menstrual disturbances and its association with sleep disturbances: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: Menstrual disturbances harm women's health, and general well-being. As growing evidence highlights the relationship between sleep and menstrual disturbances, it is imperative to comprehensively examine the association between sleep and menstrual disturbance considering the multiple dimensions of sleep. This systematic review aims to identify the association between sleep and menstrual disturbances by evaluating using Buysse's sleep health framework. METHODS: A comprehensive search of the literature was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, psychINFO, and CINAHL to identify publications describing any types of menstrual disturbances, and their associations with sleep published between January 1, 1988 to June 2, 2022. Quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Analytical Cross-Sectional Studies. The findings were iteratively evaluated menstrual disturbances and their association with sleep using Buysse's sleep health framework. This framework understands sleep as multidimensional concept and provides a holistic framing of sleep including Satisfaction, Alertness during waking hours, Timing of sleep, Efficiency, and Sleep duration. Menstrual disturbances were grouped into three categories: premenstrual syndrome, dysmenorrhea, and abnormal menstrual cycle/heavy bleeding during periods. RESULTS: Thirty-five studies were reviewed to examine the association between sleep and menstrual disturbances. Premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea were associated with sleep disturbances in sleep health domains of Satisfaction (e.g., poor sleep quality), Alertness during waking hours (e.g., daytime sleepiness), Efficiency (e.g., difficulty initiating/maintaining sleep), and Duration (e.g., short sleep duration). Abnormal menstrual cycle and heavy bleeding during the period were related to Satisfaction, Efficiency, and Duration. There were no studies which investigated the timing of sleep. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS: Sleep disturbances within most dimensions of the sleep health framework negatively impact on menstrual disturbances. Future research should longitudinally examine the effects of sleep disturbances in all dimensions of sleep health with the additional objective sleep measure on menstrual disturbances. This review gives insight in that it can be recommended to provide interventions for improving sleep disturbances in women with menstrual disturbance.

Maternal anemia and risk of adverse maternal health and birth outcomes in Bangladesh: A nationwide population-based survey.

BACKGROUND: Maternal anemia is an ongoing public health challenge in low- and middle- income countries, including Bangladesh. The aim of this study was to explore the association of maternal anemia with a range of adverse maternal health and birth outcomes in Bangladesh. METHODS: A total of 2,259 maternal women data was analyzed, extracted from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey. Outcome variables considered were a range of maternal health and birth outcomes. Adverse maternal health outcomes were pregnancy complications, pregnancy termination, menstrual irregularities, cesarean delivery, diabetes, and hypertension. Adverse birth outcomes considered were low birth weight, stillbirths, early neonatal deaths, perinatal deaths, preterm birth, and prolonged labor. The main exposure variable was maternal anemia status. Mixed effect multilevel logistic/poisson regression model was used to determine the association between exposure and outcome variable adjusted for individual-, household-, and community-level factors. RESULTS: The reported prevalence of anemia was 44%. A higher likelihoods pregnancy complication (AOR, 1.39, 95% CI, 1.09-2.41, p<0.05) and lower likelihoods of menstrual irregularities (AOR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.58-0.94, p<0.05), diabetes (AOR, 0.78, 95% CI, 0.49-0.98, p<0.05) and hypertensive (AOR, 0.79, 95% CI, 0.60-0.96, p<0.05) were found among anemic maternal women as compared to the non-anemic maternal women. Adverse birth outcomes, including preterm birth (AOR, 2.03, 95% CI, 1.01-4.25, p<0.05), early neonatal mortality (AOR, 1.87, 95% CI, 1.06-5.10), and perinatal mortality (AOR, 1.54, 95% CI, 1.09-3.52, p<0.05), were also found higher among newborn of anemic maternal women as compared to the newborn of non-anemic maternal women. CONCLUSION: Anemia during pregnancy increases the occurrence of adverse maternal health and birth outcomes. Strategies to reduce anemia, such as iron supplementation, during pregnancy and among reproductive-aged women need to be prioritized in the policies and programs.

Social impact of menstrual problems among adolescent school girls in rural Tamil Nadu.

Background Adolescence is a period of physiological, psychological and social transition between childhood and adulthood and is characterized by the onset of menstruation in girls. A adolescent girls are naïve about menstruation and they take time to adapt to these changes both socially and psychologically. This study was carried out to assess the psychosocial impact of menstrual problems among schoolgoing adolescent girls. Methods This study is a cross-sectional study carried out in 350 schoolgoing adolescent girls in the year 2012 in the Thiruvallur district of Tamil Nadu. Girls who attained menarche 1 year prior to the data collection were included in the study. Data regarding background characteristics and psychosocial impact of menstrual problems were collected. Data was analyzed using SPSS ver. 15 software. The χ2-test was carried out to assess the statistical significance at the 95% level of significance. Results The mean age of the participants was 14.7 years. In this study, 87.7% of the girls had at least one menstrual problem. Among these, 78.5% could not attend school during menstruation, 51.1% were unable to perform household/sports activities (p < 0.001). It was observed that dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia were at increased risk of absenting the girls from school (p < 0.05). Conclusion The key to a sound adolescent health programme is a holistic approach which also focuses on the psychological and social domain of health. This could be achieved by involving all the stakeholders like parents, teachers, etc. to work as a team. It is also essential to develop adolescent friendly health services at the grass root level.

Reducing symptoms in women with chronic anorexia nervosa. A pilot study on the effects of bright light therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of bright light therapy on the sleep-wake rhythm, the menstrual cycle, mood, and key eating pathology symptoms in chronic anorexia nervosa. METHODS: Five chronic anorectic women (mean duration of illness: 15.3 years) received 5 daily sessions of 30 minutes bright light therapy (10,000 LUX). Participants completed a diagnostic interview and questionnaires at pre-test, post-test and at a three month follow-up. RESULTS: At follow up there was a slight improvement on core eating pathology, a fair decrease of depressive symptoms and an clinically important improvement on global distress. CONCLUSIONS: Bright light therapy has on short term a positive effect on the physiological and psychological well being of chronic anorectic women. However, at follow-up the effects were partly lost. It is recommended to enhance the exposure period and repeat the treatment after 3 months.

Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 may be associated with menstrual cycle disorders: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: Complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1) can develop after severe trauma or surgery in the limbs, and presents with chronic, changes in temperature, edema and dysfunction. Seventy-five percent of CRPS1 patients are female. While neurological and inflammatory components have been proposed, the etiology remains unclear. No consensus on optimal management of CRPS1 exists. In traditional Chinese medicine, menstrual disorders are related to the state of women's constitution and therefore identify their pain patterns. A classification by constitution might improve the pain management in CRPS1 patients. It is unknown whether associations exist between menstrual-cycle-conditions and CRPS1. AIM: To investigate whether a specified menstrual condition is associated with the risk of developing CRPS1. METHODS: A population-based case-control study of CRPS1 was conducted among Dutch women aged 18-82; i.e. 34 women with CRPS1 and 147 controls. A standard questionnaire consisting of 59 menstrual-cycle-symptom-based questions was administered. From this questionnaire, 15 CRPS1-related questions (DRQ 15) were analyzed. We used multivariate logistic regression to obtain odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for specified menstrual disorders adjusting for age, oral contraceptives, hysterectomy and age at menarche < or = 12 and > or = 17 years. RESULTS: On the basis of the DRQ 15, women with CRPS1 were 5.3 (95%CI 2.1, 12.9) times more likely to have menstrual disorders than comparable controls. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that selected menstrual conditions are associated with the risk of developing CRPS1.

Weight management in gynecologic care.

Body mass index (BMI) should be assessed at every health care visit. Overweight and obesity are associated with higher risks of hypertension, type 2 diabetes, irregular ovulation, infertility, and pregnancy and birth complications. Family planning and annual gynecology examinations give primary care providers the opportunity to share basic weight management guidelines with women. Weight management to normalize BMI or reduce overweight and obesity is vital to reduce future comorbidities. This article demonstrates integration of basic weight management into gynecologic care.

Epilepsy in women.

Epilepsy in women raises special reproductive and general health concerns. Seizure frequency and severity may change at puberty, over the menstrual cycle, with pregnancy, and at menopause. Estrogen is known to increase the risk of seizures, while progesterone has an inhibitory effect. Many antiepileptic drugs induce liver enzymes and decrease oral contraceptive efficacy. Women with epilepsy also have lower fertility rates and are more likely to have anovulatory menstrual cycles, polycystic ovaries, and sexual dysfunction. Irregular menstrual cycles, hirsutism, acne, and obesity should prompt an evaluation for reproductive dysfunction. Children who are born to women with epilepsy are at greater risk of birth defects, in part related to maternal use of antiepileptic drugs. This risk is reduced by using a single antiepileptic drug at the lowest effective dose and by providing preconceptional folic acid supplementation. Breastfeeding is generally thought to be safe for women using antiepileptic medications.

Caring for the woman with migraine headaches.

About 16% of American women experience migraine headaches. These debilitating headaches cause lost time from family, social activities, and work. Although migraines are thought to be a result of shifting menstrual and perimenopausal hormones, a physiologic connection has not been well established. This article approaches premenstrual and perimenopausal migraine headaches from a chronic disease perspective, focusing on self-care and the use of prescription and nonprescription therapies. Implications for practice and future research also are discussed.

[Recurrent bleeding of thalamic cavernous angioma under hormonal treatment. A case report]. / Saignements itératifs d'un angiome caverneux sous traitement hormonal.

A case of recurrent bleeding from a probable left thalamic cavernoma in a 26 year old woman taking hormonal treatment is reported. Four episodes of bleeding were clinically and radiologically documented, prior to her referral to our institution. Interestingly, each episode occurred three weeks after starting hormonal treatment, dydrogesterone, desogestrel ethinylestradiol, chlormadin, nomegestrel acetate). The patient was not operated because of the deep situation of the cavernoma which was remote from the thalamic surface within the third ventricle. There was no recurrent bleeding after the onset hormonal treatment was discontinued. Although no similar case has been found in the literature, we believe that this case gives further argumentation in favor of a role of hormonal factors influencing the biological behavior of cavernous angiomas which has been previously suggested in pregnant females with bleeding cavernous angiomas.

Iron deficiency anemia. Every case is instructive.

Awareness of subtle symptoms of mild iron deficiency is increasing, but unsuspected iron deficiency is a persistent problem, especially among certain groups, such as menstruating women and milk-fed infants. The diagnosis must be clearly established through appropriate testing, and an underlying cause should always be sought. Useful tests include determination of serum ferritin and iron levels and of iron-binding capacity. A nomogram is available that correlates the serum ferritin value with the degree of inflammation present, but in some patients, bone marrow aspiration and iron staining is still required. When oral iron therapy is undertaken, an appropriate non-enteric-coated, non-sustained-release preparation should be chosen. Gradually increasing the amount of iron supplementation and taking the tablets with meals help limit side effects and ensure patient compliance. Iron therapy should be continued for 6 months after the hemoglobin level returns to normal so that total iron stores are replaced. Follow-up to ensure that iron deficiency anemia has not recurred and that the diagnosis was correct is required.

Menstrual disorders associated with hyperprolactinemia.

In hyperprolactinemia, menstrual disorders ranging from irregular bleeding, insufficient luteal phase, spanio-amenorrhea, to anovulatory cycles and amenorrhea, are frequent. Multiple mechanisms are involved in these disorders: hyperprolactinemia could act at the hypothalamic level on LHRH secretion and directly on LH and sex steroids secretion. Hyperprolactinemia could also act by impairing fertilization or implantation at the endometrial level.