Eye Trauma in Mixed Martial Arts and Boxing.

PURPOSE: To evaluate and compare eye and face trauma in mixed martial arts (MMA) and boxing. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Data from boxing and MMA competitions were extracted from the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) between 2000 and 2020. Details of competitions, contestants, outcomes, and injuries were extracted. RESULTS: In total 1539 boxing injuries (from 4313 contests) and 1442 MMA injuries (from 2704 contests) were identified. Boxing had higher eye injury rates compared to MMA ( p < 0.0001), with an odds ratio of 1.268 (95% CI, 1.114-1.444). Eye trauma represented 47.63% of boxing injuries and 25.59% of MMA injuries, with periocular lacerations being the most common eye injury in both. Orbital fractures represented 17.62% of eye injuries in MMA and 3.14% in boxing contests. However, 2%-3% were retinal in both sports, and 3.27% were glaucomatous in boxing. MMA contestants had an odds ratio of 1.823 (95% CI, 1.408-2.359) for requiring physician evaluation following an eye injury compared with boxing. MMA contestants also had a higher rate of face ( p < 0.0001) and body ( p < 0.0001) injuries. For both sports, an increased number of rounds and being the losing fighter were associated with increased odds of eye and face injury. CONCLUSION: Although boxing has a higher rate of eye injuries, MMA eye injuries are more likely to require physician evaluation. MMA contestants also have a higher rate of orbital fractures and face and body trauma. A detailed postfight examination and long-term follow-up of ocular injury in combat sports will be vital in proposing reforms to prevent eye trauma.

Characteristics of Facial Trauma in Professional Mixed Martial Arts.

Background: Injuries are common in mixed martial arts (MMA) competitions. However, the risk factors for facial injury have not been delineated. Objective: Identify the facial injuries and associated risk factors of professional MMA fights. Methods: The Nevada State Athletic Commission medical injury reports from all professional Ultimate Fighting Championship bouts from 2010 to 2020 was reviewed. Fighter characteristics, details of the competition, and injuries sustained were collected. Binary logistic regressions determined significant predictors of facial injury. Results: A total of 1462 fighters were included. Most participants were male (91.0%) with mean age of 29.5 ± 4.1 years. Most fights took place between 135 and 185 lbs., lasted ≥3 rounds (59.4%), and resulted in judges' decision (50.5%) or knockout (31.2%). The facial injury rate was 15.8%, which were predominantly lacerations (12.0%) and fractures (3.6%). Multivariate regression revealed being male (p = 0.026), heavier weight (p = 0.028), more rounds fought (p = 0.019), losing (p < 0.001), and nonsubmission outcome (p = 0.017) predicted facial injury. Conclusion: Facial injuries are common in MMA fighting. The risks should be iterated to participants in this sport.

Garlic Burn to the Face.

Topical burns from the use of garlic have been reported rarely in the medical literature. Most cases have resulted from the use of naturopathic or home remedy treatments. A 20-year-old male military Servicemember presented to a military wound care clinic 7 days after applying a homemade topical preparation of garlic to the zygomatic region of the right side of his face. The patient had consulted the Internet for treatment of a minor skin lesion in that area. He created a garlic paste, applied it to the affected area, and covered it with a dressing. Twelve hours later, he noted an intense burning sensation where he had applied the garlic paste. After the initial blistering, the patient recovered without any additional treatment. Second-degree burns were an unintended consequence of the use of garlic as a home remedy.

A chemical burn from a garlic poultice applied to the face to treat toothache: a case report.

This case report is of a significant chemical burn to the face resulting from the use of an external garlic poultice for toothache. The patient used internet search engines to seek a toothache remedy and did not identify any reports of this complication. This report aims to inform all dentists of the risks of raw garlic application to the skin and also to ensure that in the future any patient using the internet for a toothache remedy will be made aware of the potential risk and how to avoid it.

Fijación del tubo endotraqueal en paciente con quemaduras faciales extensas: una solución simple / Endotracheal tube fixation in a patient with facial burns

Los pacientes con quemaduras extensas y compromiso facial y de vía aérea representan un desafío en cuanto a la fijación del tubo endotraqueal y consiguiente seguridad en su mantención. Tanto en unidades de paciente crítico como en pabellón pueden ocurrir extubaciones accidentales. Existe literatura internacional, que demuestra mayor frecuencia de estos eventos en pacientes con quemaduras. El presente trabajo describe un método mínimamente invasivo de fijación de tubo endotraqueal en pacientes con quemaduras extensas de cara y que fue desarrollado recientemente en nuestro hospital frente a la necesidad de resolver este problema. Se presenta el caso clínico de un varón de 8 años de edad, con quemadura de vía aérea y lesiones de cara que impiden la fijación habitual de tubo endotraqueal con telas. El paciente ingresa con tubo endotraqueal sujeto a la encía con un punto interdentario, pero este se desgarra 5 veces en 7 días por lo que se busca método alternativo. Se interconsulta a cirujano dentista y se evalúa al paciente en conjunto decidiendo colocar férula de alambre-composite entre incisivos superiores, utilizando la técnica del grabado acido. El procedimiento se realiza en la cama del paciente en Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos adaptando el equipamiento y consiguiendo fijar alambre en forma sencilla y firme entre incisivos. A continuación se amarra al alambre el tubo endotraqueal con una sutura de seda 2-0. El paciente no requirió de nuevos elementos de fijación para el tubo y cada vez que fue necesario retirar la ventilación mecánica, se cortó la sutura, volviéndose a amarrar al mismo alambre en las siguientes intubaciones endotraqueales para procedimientos bajo anestesia. Una vez dado de alta el paciente, se retira el alambre en el policlínico dental sin inconvenientes y sin ningún tipo de secuela para la dentadura. El procedimiento se realizó con facilidad y no presentó complicaciones. Fue de tan amplia aceptación por los equipos de UTI...

Patients with extensive burns, facial and airway compromise represent a challenge in terms of endotracheal tube fixation and therefore the maintenance of a safe airway pathway. Both in intensive care units as well as in the operating room accidental extubation may occur. The literature reports an increased frequency of these events in patients with extensive burns. This paper describes a minimally invasive method of endotracheal tube fixation in patients with extensive facial burns that was recently developed in our hospital facing the need to solve this problem. We report the case of a eight years old boy with airway burn and face injuries that prevent normal endotracheal tube fixation. The patient was admitted with endotracheal tube fixed to the gums with an interdental suture, unfortunately the suture tears 5 times in 7 days. Due to this, we search for an alternative method. Through an interconsultation with a dentist the patient is asess and together we decided to apply a splint fixation with wire-composite to the upper incisors. The procedure is performed at the bedside in ICU, adapting our equipment and achieving to set our splint simply and firmly between the upper incisors. Then wire is tied to the endotracheal tube with 2-0 silk suture. The patient does not require other fixations methods to fix the tube. When the mechanical ventilations devises are removed the device can be used on the following endotracheal intubation procedures under anesthesia. Once discharged the patient the fixed wire can be removed in the dental clinic smoothly and without any sequel to the teeth. The procedure was performed easily and with no complications. Was so widely accepted by the ICU team, anesthesia equipment and burn surgeons that was used immediately in the next similar patient admitted to the ICU of the Hospital. The second patient, like the former kept the splint on during his treatment, He didn´t present any complications...

Severe facial and ocular injuries from a potato gun.

Potato guns or spud guns are homemade firearms built primarily for recreational use. Information on how to make these can be found easily by searching the topic on the Internet. There is a surplus of Web sites dedicated to providing information to anyone looking to make one of their own. We present an interesting case that illustrates the extent of trauma, which can be caused by these dangerous devices. Despite the growing information available for consumers of any age, there is little information for clinicians regarding these devices and the serious threat of injury that they pose. The current trauma and injury databases, unfortunately, do not gather data pertaining specifically to these devices. In addition, because they are homemade and primarily built for recreational purposes, their use is not controlled or regulated by the government. It is important for clinicians to be aware of homemade firearms such as potato guns, be prepared to manage injury from these devices, and as with other weapons or firearms provide patients and families with the appropriate anticipatory guidance.

The "sweet science" of reducing periorbital lacerations in mixed martial arts.

The popularity of mixed martial arts competitions and televised events has grown exponentially since its inception, and with the growth of the sport, unique facial injury patterns have surfaced. In particular, upper eyelid and brow lacerations are common and are especially troublesome given the effect of hemorrhage from these areas on the fighter's vision and thus ability to continue. We propose that the convexity of the underlying supraorbital rim is responsible for the high frequency of lacerations in this region after blunt trauma and offer a method of reducing subsequent injury by reducing its prominence.

Current review of injuries sustained in mixed martial arts competition.

Mixed martial arts (MMA) have enjoyed a tremendous growth in popularity over the past 10 years, yet there remains a paucity of information with respect to common injuries sustained in MMA competitions. In the available studies, certain trends pertaining to risk factors for injury, as well as the most common injuries sustained in MMA competition, were noted. Common risk factors include being the losing fighter, history of knockout or technical knockout, and longer fight duration. Common injuries that were noted include lacerations and abrasions, followed by injuries to the face and ocular region. Concussions with or without loss of consciousness also were noted in MMA competition.

Facial scars after a road accident--combined treatment with pulsed dye laser and Q-switched Nd:YAG laser.

We report the case of a woman who presented with several facial scars following a road accident. Treatment was carried out using combined laser treatment with pulsed dye laser (PDL) and Q-switched neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (QS Nd:YAG laser). No side effects or complications from treatment were noted or reported. The patient had very good cosmetic results with this combined technique. A variety of facial scars - erythematous, pigmented, atrophic, and hypertrophic - may occur as a result of trauma, surgery, burns, and skin disease. Surgery with other adjunctive methods including radiotherapy, intralesional steroids, and pressure therapy have shown variable results. Laser treatment has been attempted for scar revision since the 1980s. The PDL is the optimal treatment for reducing scar bulk and symptoms. It also decreases erythema and telangiectasia associated with scars, normalizes the skin surface texture, and improves the scar pliability. The QS Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) is highly effective for traumatic tattoo removal, resulting in complete clearance in the majority of cases.

Complications of minor skin surgery performed under local anesthesia.

BACKGROUND: Minor surgical procedures performed under local anesthesia are the most common surgical procedures routinely carried out in every plastic surgical practice. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of immediate local and systemic complications of such procedures. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Records of 2,600 procedures performed under local anesthesia on 2,431 patients between November 2001 and May 2004 were reviewed. Local anesthetic complications and all surgical-related complications were recorded. RESULTS: Procedure-related complications were 51 presyncope (1.9%), 4 true syncope (0.16%), 2 minor burns (0.08%), and 1 facial laceration (0.04%). CONCLUSIONS: True allergic reaction to lidocaine is extremely rare and none was noted in our study. Most patients who claimed that they had suffered from such a reaction were probably experiencing symptoms related to intravenous injection administration, a reaction to the added vasoconstrictor (adrenaline), or a vasovagal reaction, which is a common trait among young adults.

Orofacial injuries associated with prehospital management of febrile convulsion in Nigerian children.

The aim of this prospective study was to determine in a population of pediatric patients with febrile convulsions the prevalence and pattern of orofacial and dental injuries caused by traditional remedies used in a suburban Nigerian community. Over the study period of 28 months, 75 cases of febrile convulsion presented to the Children's Emergency unit of our hospital. Of these, 27 children (36%) sustained orofacial injuries caused by forceful insertion of a spoon into the mouth (96.3%) or a bite (3.7%) during convulsive episodes. The ages of the patients ranged from 12 to 84 months with a mean 39.8 +/- 18.3 months. There were 15 males and 11 females with a male to female ratio of 1.4:1. The orofacial and dental injuries sustained from prehospital treatment at home were lacerations and bruising of soft tissues including lips, tongue, mucosa and commissures and tooth subluxation, displacement or avulsion. Other injuries sustained outside the mouth include second-degree burns to the feet, a chin laceration and facial bruises resulting from a fall. Many oral injuries were overlooked by pediatricians. Prompt recognition and appropriate management of febrile convulsion would be of great benefit to the pediatric patients.

High-pressure grease injury of the face.

We describe a rare case of high-pressure grease injury of the face in a 48-year-old man with severe facial edema, soft palate swelling, and bleeding from the nose and mouth. Preoperative computed tomography (CT) revealed multiple low-density areas in nasal cavity, subcutaneous tissue of the cheek, soft palate, right maxillary sinus, and right infratemporal fossa. The patient complained of a dyspnea feeling, and immediate tracheostomy was performed. The grease was removed by the Caldwell-Luc incision approach but was partially left in the infratemporal fossa. After the operation, the patient still complained cheek and temporal pain. CT and magnetic resonance imaging were useful to diagnose the remaining grease, and the remnant of the grease was completely removed by the Weber-Fergusson incision approach.

Accidental sodium hypochlorite-induced skin injury during endodontic treatment.

A case of accidental skin injury caused by leakage of sodium hypochlorite solution from the rubber dam during root canal preparation is reported. After placement of a rubber dam and initiation of root canal treatment, the patient complained of a burning sensation with sodium hypochlorite irrigation. The complaints were ignored by the practitioner, and a skin rash developed on and around the patient's chin, followed by scab formation. The patient required medical treatment with topical Hamamelis virginiana extract for 2 weeks, with full recovery.

A 16 year study of injuries to professional kickboxers in the state of Victoria, Australia.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the rate and type of injuries occurring to registered professional kickboxers in Victoria, Australia over a 16 year period. METHODS: Data describing all fight outcomes and injuries sustained during competition for the period August 1985 to August 2001 were obtained from the Victorian Professional Boxing and Combat Sports Board. RESULTS: A total of 382 injuries were recorded from 3481 fight participations, at an injury rate of 109.7 injuries per 1000 fight participations. The most common body region injured was the head/neck/face (52.5%), followed by the lower extremities (39.8%). Specifically, injuries to the lower leg (23.3%), the face (19.4%), and intracranial injury (17.2%) were the most common. Over 64% of the injuries were superficial bruising or lacerations. CONCLUSION: The nature of kickboxing, whereby kicking the opponent is the prime movement and the head a prime target, is reflected in the distributions of body regions most commonly injured by participants. Further research into injury patterns in different styles of kickboxing and the mechanism of injury occurrence is required. Exposure adjusted prospective studies are needed to monitor injury rates over time.

Video analysis of blows to the head and face at the 1999 World Taekwondo Championships.

BACKGROUND: Limited research has been done on head blows that may result in mild traumatic brain injury in Taekwondo. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fighting conditions under which blows to the head commonly take place, with a view to determining the typical conditions under which injury may occur. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN: videotape analysis (retrospective). SETTING: the semi-final and final matches (a total of 48 matches) at the 14th World Taekwondo Championships in 1999. PARTICIPANTS: 64 athletes (32 females and 32 males) who won elimination-round matches (out of 563 competitors), aged 15 to 38 years. MEASURES: frequency, mechanism of head blows, characteristics of situations leading up to and following head blows, frequency of multiple impacts. RESULTS: A total of 35 incidents of head blow occurred (365 blows per 1,000 athlete exposures). All of these head blows were associated with a direct head or face contact and frequently involved: a closed sparring stance, shorter athletes, axe or roundhouse type kicks, attacker's offensive kick, and head-blow-receiver's offensive action with absence of a blocking skill. CONCLUSIONS: To prevent possible brain injury resulting from direct head blows, updated safety education, a complete understanding of concussion for athletes, coaches, and referees, and a rule change in competition Taekwondo are recommended.

Emollients in the prevention of frostbite.

47% of Finnish conscripts had had at least one frostbite of the head (42% on the ears, 23% on the face) at the age of 19. Non-medicated ointments are traditionally used in Finland for protection against facial frostbite without scientific evidence of their benefit. In studies on cold protecting emollients it was found that 21% of the male conscripts in Finland had used them in the cold. 84% of the users had experienced their effect as somewhat or clearly protective. However, in a controlled prospective epidemiological study of 913 cold injuries of the head, the use of cold protective ointments was associated with an increased risk of frostbite to the head (odds ratio 4.5 for ear frostbite, 5.6 for nasal frostbite and 3.3 for frostbite on other parts of the face). The thermal insulation provided by different emollients in the cold was minimal in in vitro experiments using a skin model. In in vivo studies with test subjects the skin on the applied half of the face cooled at least as quickly as the untreated half. However, when white petrolatum was applied, the subjective skin perception of a test persons was warming in the majority of the tests, in contrast to objective measurements. "Protecting" emollients seem to cause a false sensation of safety leading to an increased risk of frostbite probably mainly through neglect of efficient protective measures.

Whistleblowing or scaremongering?

We live in a society of free speech but we, as dentists, are also privileged to be members of a self regulated profession and, as such, have responsibilities to fulfil. Dentists must be responsible for supplying balanced information to the public, based on the best evidence available.

Parental attitudes toward mouthguards.

An 11-item, one-page questionnaire was mailed to 1800 parents chosen at random in the Henrico County, VA public school system. Parents were asked questions such as "who should be responsible for mouthguard wear?" "what sports should require mouthguards?" and "has [their] child ever sustained an oral or facial injury?" The parental responses indicate that mouthguard enforcement is the responsibility of both parents and coaches. Of the total injuries reported, 19% were sustained in basketball, 17% in baseball, and 11% in soccer. Despite these high injury rates, however, there was a lack of perceived need for mouthguard use in these sports. When asked which sports should require a mouthguard rule, the sports that generated the most responses were, in decreasing order, football, boxing, ice hockey, wrestling, field hockey, and karate. Parents were more likely to require mouthguards for their sons than daughters, and more likely to require them for their children who participated in a mandatory mouthguard sport, a contact sport, or who had been previously injured. The authors conclude that because parents view themselves as equally responsible as coaches for maintaining mouthguard use, both groups should be targeted and approached as a possible source for the recommendation of mandatory mouthguard rules in basketball, baseball, and soccer.