Effect of Fat-Soluble Vitamins A, D, E and K on Vitamin Status and Metabolic Profile in Patients with Fat Malabsorption with and without Urolithiasis.

Patients with intestinal fat malabsorption and urolithiasis are particularly at risk of acquiring fat-soluble vitamin deficiencies. The aim of the study was to evaluate the vitamin status and metabolic profile before and after the supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and K (ADEK) in 51 patients with fat malabsorption due to different intestinal diseases both with and without urolithiasis. Anthropometric, clinical, blood and 24-h urinary parameters and dietary intake were assessed at baseline and after ADEK supplementation for two weeks. At baseline, serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was higher in stone formers (SF; n = 10) than in non-stone formers (NSF; n = 41) but decreased significantly in SF patients after supplementation. Plasma vitamin D and E concentrations increased significantly and to a similar extent in both groups during intervention. While plasma vitamin D concentrations did not differ between the groups, vitamin E concentrations were significantly lower in the SF group than the NSF group before and after ADEK supplementation. Although vitamin D concentration increased significantly in both groups, urinary calcium excretion was not affected by ADEK supplementation. The decline in plasma AST activity in patients with urolithiasis might be attributed to the supplementation of ADEK. Patients with fat malabsorption may benefit from the supplementation of fat-soluble vitamins ADEK.

Preliminary analysis of serum electrolytes and body mass index in patients with and without urolithiasis.

OBJECTIVES: To compare body mass index (BMI); serum parameters; and urine parameters between patients with and without urolithiasis. METHODS: Data from 1164 patients admitted to our Department of Urology from January 2011 to July 2013 were retrospectively reviewed; 714 patients (age, 5-87 years; male:female ratio, 1.8:1) exhibited urolithiasis, and 450 patients (age, 12-94 years; male:female ratio, 3.8:1) did not. Blood and urine were collected from patients the morning after hospital admission. Serum and urine parameters were checked by an automatic biochemistry analyzer. Statistical analysis included the Mann-Whitney U test and binary logistic regression. RESULTS: Serum sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorus, and carbon dioxide combining power significantly differed between groups. In male patients, serum sodium, calcium, and phosphorus levels were higher in the urolithiasis group, whereas serum potassium and urine pH levels were lower. In female patients, serum sodium was higher in the urolithiasis group. BMI was higher in the urolithiasis group in all patients, male and female. Respective ß-values of serum sodium and BMI in male patients were 0.077 and 0.084; in female patients, these values were 0.119 and 0.102. CONCLUSIONS: Changes in serum sodium and BMI may be involved in the pathogenesis and treatment of urolithiasis.

Sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism and stone disease: a comprehensive metabolic evaluation before and after parathyroidectomy.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the stone risk and the impact of parathyroidectomy on the metabolic profile of patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and urolithiasis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We analysed the prospectively collected charts of patients treated at our stone clinic between January 2001 and January 2016 searching for patients with PHPT and urolithiasis. Imaging evaluation of the kidneys, bones and parathyroid glands was assessed. We analysed the demographic data, serum and urinary variables before and after parathyroidectomy. We used a paired t-test, Fisher's test, Spearman's test and anova in the statistical analysis. RESULTS: A total of 51 patients were included. The mean patient age was 57.1 ± 12.1 years and 82.4% were women. Before parathyroidectomy, mean calcium and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels were 11.2 ± 1.0 mg/dL and 331 ± 584 pg/dL, respectively. Hypercalcaemia was present in 84.3% of patients. All eight patients with normal calcium levels had elevated PTH levels. Only two patients did not have PTH above the normal range, although both had elevated calcium levels. The most common urinary disorders were low urinary volume (64.7%), hypercalciuria (60.8%), high urinary pH (41.2%) and hypocitraturia (31.4%). After parathyroidectomy, the number of patients with hypercalcaemia (n = 4; 7.8%), elevated PTH (n = 17; 33.3%) and hypophosphataemia (n = 3; 5.9%) significantly decreased (P < 0.001). The number of urinary abnormalities decreased and there was a reduction in urinary calcium (P < 0.001), pH (P = 0.001) and citrate levels (P = 0.003). CONCLUSION: Individuals with PHPT and nephrolithiasis frequently have elevated baseline PTH and calcium levels. Low volume, hypercalciuria, high urinary pH, and hypocitraturia are the most frequent urinary disorders. Parathyroidectomy is effective in normalizing serum calcium and PTH levels, although other urinary metabolic may persist. Patients should be monitored for the need for citrate supplementation.

Potential therapeutic activity of Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis Hardow (Mabb) flower extract and its biofabricated silver nanoparticles against chemically induced urolithiasis in male Wistar rats.

Urolithiasis is a painful disorder in which stones are formed in the kidney, bladder or urethra. There are no proper therapeutic treatments available for kidney stones and people suffering from larger stones have to undergo surgery which has many side effects. A natural remedy with therapeutic effects that can dissipate and remove even the larger stones would eliminate the need of a surgery and the risks associated with it. The flowers of Phlogacanthus thyrsiformis used in culinary recipes in the north eastern India are also widely used as a folklore medicine for the treatment of kidney stones and liver disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prophylactic and therapeutic activity of the aqueous extract of P. thyrsiformis flowers and its biofabricated silver nanoparticles against struvite urinary stones and calcium oxalate kidney stones. A kidney stone inhibition study was carried out on struvite stones grown in gel medium and calcium oxalate stones in rat models using an aqueous extract of P. thyrsiformis flowers and its biofabricated silver nanoparticles. The aqueous extract of P. thyrsiformis flowers and their biofabricated silver nanoparticles, obtained by a green synthetic method, were used to treat struvite urinary stones in vitro and calcium oxalate kidney stones in vivo. Struvite stones were grown in tubes by gel diffusion technique and were treated with varying concentrations of the extract and its nanoparticles. The size of the struvite stones was monitored for 96h using a travelling microscope. Calcium oxalate stones were induced in male Wistar rats by feeding ethylene glycol-ammonium chloride mixture for 14days. Both, prophylactic and therapeutic activities were evaluated by analyzing the urine, serum and histopathological parameters of the rats. The qualitative screening of water extract unveiled the presence of flavonoids as a major constituent. Both, the extract and the nanoparticles effectively reduced the size of struvite stones in vitro and eliminated calcium oxalate stones in Wistar rats in vivo. The potent therapeutic activity of both extract and silver nanoparticles was observed as compared to preventive activity. Anti-urolithiatic potency can be attributed to the presence of flavonoids.

In vitro and ex vivo approach for anti-urolithiatic potential of bioactive fractions of gokhru with simultaneous HPLC analysis of six major metabolites and their exploration in rat plasma.

CONTEXT: Tribulus terrestris L. (Zygophyllaceae) fruits have long been used in traditional systems of medicine for the treatment of various urinary diseases including urolithiasis. OBJECTIVE: To explore the anti-urolithiatic potential of gokhru and to develop an analytical method for quantitative estimation of metabolites for its quality control. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Aqueous extract of gokhru fruit was prepared through maceration followed by decoction to produce a mother extract, which was further used for polarity-based fractionations. In vitro and ex vivo anti-urolithiatic activity of mother extract and fractions at different concentration (100-1000 µg/mL) were carried out using aggregation assay in synthetic urine and in rat plasma, however, nucleation assay for 30 min was done using confocal microscopy. A simultaneous HPLC method has been developed for quantification of diosgenin, catechin, rutin, gallic acid, tannic acid and quercetin in mother extract and in fractions. RESULTS: The extraction resulted in 14.5% of w/w mother extract, however, polarity-based fractionation yielded 2.1, 2.6, 1.5, 1.3 and 6.1% w/w of hexane, toluene, dichloromethane (DCM), n-butanol and water fractions, respectively. In vitro and ex vivo studies showed a significant anti-urolithiatic potential of n-butanol fraction. Further, HPLC analysis revealed significantly (p < 0.01) higher content of quercetin (1.95 ± 0.41% w/w), diosgenin (12.75 ± 0.18% w/w) and tannic acid (9.81 ± 0.47% w/w) in n-butanol fraction as compared to others fractions. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In vitro and ex vivo studies demonstrated potent anti-urolithiatic activity of n-butanol fraction which can be developed as new phytopharmaceuticals for urolithiasis. HPLC method can be used for quality control and pharmacokinetic studies of gokhru.

Chenopodium album Linn. leaves prevent ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The leaves of Chenopodium album Linn. are traditionally used for correction of kidney diseases and urinary stones. The present work investigated the effect of methanolic and aqueous extracts of leaves of Chenopodium album on experimentally-induced urolithiasis in rats to substantiate its traditional use as antilithiatic agent. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The leaf extract was standardized by HPLC. Urolithiasis was induced in rats by administration of 0.75% v/v of ethylene glycol (EG) in distilled water and in addition, vehicle or methanol (CAME) or aqueous (CAAE) extract of the leaves of Chenopodium album each in the dose 100, 200 and 400mg/kg or Cystone (750mg/kg) were administered daily orally for 28 days. Urolithiasis was assessed by estimating the calcium, phosphorus, urea, uric acid, and creatinine in both urine and plasma. The volume, pH and oxalate levels were also estimated in urine. The renal oxalate content was estimated in kidney while calcium oxalate deposits were observed histologically. RESULTS: The treatment with CAME or CAAE for 28 days significantly attenuated the EG-induced elevations in the urine and plasma levels of calcium, phosphorus, urea, uric acid and creatinine along with decrease in urine volume, pH and oxalates. The treatments also decreased renal tissue oxalate and deposition of oxalate crystals in kidney due to EG treatment. The effects of CAME and CAAE were comparable to standard antilithiatic agent, cystone. The findings indicate the preventive effect of CAME and CAAE which can be due to inhibitory effect on crystallization and stone dissolution. The effect was attributed to the presence of phytochemicals like flavonoids and saponins. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Chenopodium album leaves exhibited antilithiatic effect and validates its ethnomedicinal use in urinary disorders and kidney stones.

Antilithiatic effect of Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke in chemically induced urolithiasis in rats.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Duqu (Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke) has been used by Unani physicians since ancient times in retention of urine, renal and bladder calculi, nephritis and other associated disorders in different dosage forms. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of the study was to evaluate the antiurolithiatic activity of Peucedanum grande C. B. Clarke in experimental model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The experiment was carried out in male Sprague Dawley rats divided into 5 groups of 8 animals each. Animals of negative control received 1ml of 5% Gum acacia throughout the study. Remaining four groups received Ethylene glycol 0.75% and Ammonium chloride 1% by adding in their drinking water for first seven days to induce urolithiasis. From 8th day, positive control received 1ml of 5% Gum acacia, standard control received Cystone in the dose of 750mg/kg while test groups A and B were treated with hydroalcoholic extract of test drug in the dose of 56mg/kg and 97mg/kg respectively up to 21 days, thereafter the animals were sacrificed. Number of CaOx crystals in urine, levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, urea, urinary calcium and sodium were observed. Kidney homogenate analysis and histopathology were also carried out. RESULTS: Test drug reduced number of CaOx crystals in urine (p<0.001); levels of serum calcium, phosphorus, creatinine, (p<0.001) urea, (p<0.05); urinary calcium (p<0.001) and sodium decreased significantly in standard and test groups. The urine volume increased significantly (p<0.05, 0.01) in both the test groups. Histopathology of kidney showed no CaOx crystal deposition in both the test groups. CONCLUSION: On the basis of above findings, it can be concluded that the test drug possesses significant antiurolithiatic activity.

Effect of hydro-alcoholic extract of Vernonia cinerea Less. against ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis in rats.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study is to evaluate antiurolithiatic potential of whole plant hydro-alcoholic (30:70) extract of Vernonia cinerea Less. in accordance to its claims made in ancient literature and also being one of the ingredients of cystone, a marketed formulation widely used in the management of urolithiasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To induce urolithiasis, 0.75% v/v ethylene glycol was administered orally for 14 days. The curative dose of 400 mg/kg b.w. and preventive doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg b.w. were administered from 15th to 28th and 1st to 28 days, respectively. Cystone 750 mg/kg b.w. was selected as the reference standard for both curative and preventive doses. On 28th day, urinate of 24 h was collected and subjected for estimation of calcium, oxalate, and phosphates. Serum biochemical and kidney homogenate analysis was done for determination of renal oxalate contents. RESULTS: The diseased Group II showed marked increase (P < 0.001 vs. normal Group I) in levels of urine calcium, oxalate, and phosphate. Serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid levels were also increased. Histopathological studies of kidney sections revealed significant changes. Treatment with hydro-alcoholic extract of V. cinerea showed significant (P < 0.01 vs. calculi-induced Group II) dose-dependent activity. A progressive increase in urine output, body weight, and decline in concentrations of stone-forming components such as calcium, oxalates, and phosphates was observed. CONCLUSION: It can be inferred that V. cinerea Less. is effective in ethylene glycol-induced urolithiasis and may have a potential in preventing and curing urolithiasis.

Polyacrylic acid attenuates ethylene glycol induced hyperoxaluric damage and prevents crystal aggregation in vitro and in vivo.

The study explores calcium oxalate crystal inhibiting characteristic of polyacrylic acid (pAA), an anionic polymer in in vitro and in vivo. Animals were divided into 5 groups where group 1 served as control, group 2 were made hyperoxaluric by supplementing with Ethylene glycol (EG) 0.75% (v/v) for 30 days. Group 3, 4 & 5 were also given with EG and treated simultaneously with 2.5, 5 & 10 mg of pAA/kg of body weight, respectively. Urine, serum and tissue analyses along with histological studies were performed at the end of the 30 days study. In vitro crystallization was significantly inhibited by pAA and further it was supported by particle size analyses, XRD and FT-IR studies. Toxicological analyses showed that pAA was safe to use in animals at concentrations below 100 mg/kg BW. In vivo anti-urolithic study showed significant improvement in urinary lithogenic factors (calcium, oxalate, phosphate, citrate & magnesium) and renal function parameters (creatinine, urea and protein). Tissue analyses on anti-oxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxides showed maintenance of tissue antioxidant status in the pAA supplemented rats and histological studies demonstrated the nephroprotection offered by pAA and were concurrent to the biochemical analyses. Supplementation of pAA not only reduces the crystal aggregation but also regulates the expression and localization of crystal inhibiting proteins and gene expression of inflammatory cytokines in experimental animals. In summary, pAA is a potent anti-urolithic agent in rats and we can propose that 10 mg/kg body weight is the effective dosage of pAA and this concentration can be used for further studies.

Antilithic effects of extracts from different polarity fractions of Desmodium styracifolium on experimentally induced urolithiasis in rats.

Desmodium styracifolium (D. styracifolium) has been widely used in traditional Chinese medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis. This work was undertaken to investigate extracts from different polarity fractions of D. styracifolium for possible antilithic effects as well as antioxidant potential to explore the underlying phytochemically active constituents of this plant. The extracts of D. styracifolium were divided into four different polarity fractions by petroleum ether (Fr. PE), chloroform (Fr. CH), ethyl acetate (Fr. EA), and n-butyl alcohol (Fr. NB). The antilithic and antioxidant effects were evaluated and compared in vivo on an animal model of calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolithiasis, which was established by administration of 1 % ethylene glycol along with 2 % ammonium chloride in drinking water for 28 days. A total of 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group, lithogenic group, and four different polarity fractions of D. styracifolium-treated groups. At the end of the study, urine, blood, and kidney tissue samples were all collected for evaluation. Among the four polarity fractions of D. styracifolium extracts, the Fr. PE and Fr. NB treatment significantly reduced the CaOx crystal deposition in kidneys, prevented the renal toxic changes like pH, Cr, and BUN. In addition, Fr. PE and Fr. NB treatment significantly decreased urinary excretion of oxalate along with a increase of citrate excretion. The increased amounts of malondialdehyde and decreased activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase were detected in lithogenic group, D. styracifolium extracts treatment prevented the oxidative stress changes especially for the Fr. PE and Fr. NB extracts. In conclusion, our data suggest that the extracts from D. styracifolium possess the antiurolithic activity, possibly mediated through the inhibition of CaOx crystal aggregation as well as the alleviation of oxidative injury in the kidney, and the Fr. PE and Fr. NB extracts are the active fractions of D. styracifolium extract.

Implications of vitamin D deficiency in lithiasic patient and in general population.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Vitamin D deficiency causes problems in mineral metabolism but also overall health. In first place a review of the topic was carried out. Then, in order to contextualize it in lithiasic patient, a study on Vitamin D deficiency and its possible relationship with impaired PTH levels is performed. EVIDENCES ACQUISITION: A review of topics such as metabolism, epidemiology and the relationship of vitamin D deficiency with several pathologies was performed. Besides a multivariate analysis and a correlation study between vitamin D and PTH levels was conducted in 100 lithiasic patients. EVIDENCES SYNTHESIS: We present a review of Vitamin D metabolism, receptors and functions, as well as about its valuation methodology and the treatment of its deficiency. Lithiasic patients show a higher vitamin D deficiency than general population. Vitamin D deficiency has been significantly associated with increased PTH levels. In addition, there is enough literature showing a relationship between vitamin D deficiency not only with bone disease, but also with multiple diseases. CONCLUSION: vitamin D levels should be measured in all lithiasic patients, and those with vitamin D deficiency should be treated.

[The use of NefroDoz in patients with urolithiasis who underwent extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy].

The article presents the results of the multicenter clinical comparative open-label trial in three parallel groups, which was aimed to the evaluation of the efficacy and safety ofbiologically active food supplement NefroDoz after extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) in patients with urolithiasis. NefroDoz was prescribed for the lithokinetic purpose. The study involved 114 patients from different regions of the Russian Federation aged from 18 to 75 years (mean age 45.56 +/- 12.49 years) with a diagnosis of urolithiasis who underwent ESWL. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to the type oftreatment. Evaluation of the effectiveness was performed using data from a blood test, urine analysis, and biochemical blood assay, ultrasound and KUB X-ray. The results showed that NefroDoz has diuretic, anti-inflammatory, and lithokinetic effects, and is effective and safe drug for the patients with urolithiasis who underwent ESWL.

Preliminary investigation on ultra high diluted B. vulgaris in experimental urolithiasis.

PURPOSE: The study focuses on the anti-urolithiasis potential of ultra-diluted homeopathic potency of Berberis vulgaris (B. vulgaris) root bark, commonly used in homeopathic system to treat renal calculi. METHODOLOGY: B. vulgaris root bark (200c, 20 µl/100 g body weight/day, p.o, for 28 days) was tested in an animal model of urolithiasis. Urolithiasis was induced in male Wistar rats by adding 0.75% ethylene glycol (EG) to drinking water. Urine and serum samples were analyzed for calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, uric acid and creatinine. Enzymic makers of renal damage (alkaline phosphatase, lactate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase) were assessed in kidney and urine. Renal tissues were analyzed for oxalate content. RESULTS: Administration of EG to rats increased the levels of the stone-forming constituents calcium, phosphorus and uric acid, in urine. Levels were normalized by B. vulgaris treatment. The decrease in the urolithiasis inhibitor magnesium in urine was prevented by treatment with B. vulgaris. Serum creatinine levels were largely normalized by B. vulgaris treatment. Hyperoxaluria induced renal damage was evident from the decreased activities of tissue marker enzymes and an apparent escalation in their activity in the urine in control animals; this was prevented by B. vulgaris treatment. CONCLUSION: Homeopathic B. vulgaris root bark has strong anti-urolithiasis potential at ultra-diluted dose.

[Clinical and laboratory parameters in patients with urolithiasis in the presence and absence of primary hyperparathyroidism].

The clinical and laboratory findings in 78 patients with various forms of urolithiasis depending on the presence of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) were analyzed. PHPT was diagnosed in 17 patients. Group "without PHPT" and group "with PHPT" differed significantly in terms of parathyroid hormone (PTH) level, serum calcium, phosphorus, chloride, alkaline phosphatase, calciuria and kaliuria. In patients with staghorn calculi, PHPT was diagnosed in 12.5%, and staghorn calculi in the presence of PHPT were identified in 17.7% of cases. Hypercalciuria in the group "with PHPT" was detected in 82.4% of patients (all 3 patients with staghorn calculi), and in the group "without PHPT"--in 18% of patients (2 of 21 patients with staghorn calculi). Hyperoxaluria was observed in 42.3% of patients "without PHPT" and in 35.3% of patients "with PHPT", in 36.8% of patients with simple stones and in 57.2%--with staghorn calculi. In 39% of patients "without PHPT", secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT) was diagnosed. SHPT prevalence was 28% in patients with staghorn calculi, and 45% in patients with simple stones. In 87.5% of patients with hypomagnesemia, staghorn calculi were observed. Significant relationship between magnesium and triglycerides (r(s) = -0.296; P = 0.041), and magnesium and high-density lipoproteins (r(s) = 0.339; P = 0.032) in all patients with urolithiasis were revealed. Thus, the study found no association between staghorn nephrolithiasis and PHPT. Elevated PTH levels usually indicate SHPT rather than PHPT. In hypocalcemia, there was more strong association between PTH and calcium, in normocalcaemia--between PTH and magnesium.

[Treatment and metaphylaxis of gout complicated by nephropathy and urolithiasis].

The evaluation of clinical efficacy of combined treatment and metaphylaxis in 58 patients with gout complicated by nephropathy and urolithiasis was performed. The study included 41 (71%) men and 27 (29%) women aged 44 to 88 years (mean age - 58 +/- 7 years). All patients received parenteral therapy with trometamol H, 5 -10 infusion for the course, an average of 7 infusions. For the metaphylaxis, all patients received biologically active supplement urisan 2 tablets 2 times a day during next three months against the background of drug therapy. Findings indicate a high clinical efficacy of the trometamol H in the combined treatment of patients with gout, complicated by nephropathy and urolithiasis, considering that improvement of renal function, microcirculation in the renal parenchyma, increased glomerular filtration rate, normalization of nitrogenous wastes levels, partial or complete dissolution of concretions of the kidneys, a significant decrease in the tophs size, an increase in motor activity were observed, which ultimately improves the quality of life for these patients. Metaphylaxis using urisan for 3 months on a background of traditional therapy contributed to a stable normalization of blood uric acid levels, which prevented the exacerbation of underlying disease and recurrent stone formation. These data allow to recommend reducing the dose of traditional anti-gout drugs and conducting repeated course of metaphylaxis with the urisan after 5-6 months during 3 months.

Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum extract as a preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Since ancient times, various herbal preparations have been used in treatment of urolithiasis, which is basically formation of calcium oxalate stones in kidney. The aim of our study is to assess the effects of Helichrysum plicatum DC. subsp. plicatum (HP) as a preventive agent in experimentally induced urolithiasis model in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The efficacy of 125, 250, and 500 mg/kg HP extract was studied in 1% ethylene glycol and 1% ammonium chloride-induced urolithiasis for 21 days in rats. The weight difference and the levels of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, urea nitrogen, creatinine and uric acid in both serum and 24h-urine were measured. The calcium oxalate (CaOx) and pH were defined in urine. Histo-pathological analyses in kidneys were also performed. RESULTS: The rats' weights were higher in HP groups than urolithiasis group. Urolithiasis caused a significant increase in both serum and urine biochemical parameters compared to healthy rats. HP extract decreased levels of these parameters. Urine CaOx level was high in urolithiasis rats, whereas it was decreased by HP extract. Histopathological examinations revealed extensive intratubular crystal depositions and degenerative tubular structures in urolithiasis group, but not in HP treatment groups. CONCLUSION: More studies will be necessary to elucidate the antiurolithiatic activity of HP. Nonetheless, having a beneficial effect in preventing and eliminating CaOx deposition into kidneys, HP extract may be a potential drug for urolithiasis treatment.

Correlation of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid and magnesium level in serum and 24 hours urine of patients with urolithiasis.

UNLABELLED: BAKCGROUND: Urinary stones disease is common pathology encountered in urological practice in Nepal. Supersaturated urine and its stagnation are well known facts for the development of urolithiasis. Metabolic disorders like hypercalciuria, hyperuricaemia, hypocitraturia are also responsible for formation of urolithiasis. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify the level of calcium, phosphorus, uric acid, and magnesium in the blood and urine of Nepalese patients with urinary stones. METHODS: This study was conducted over a period of six months (From May to November 2010). It is a descriptive cross sectional study and quantitative method was used for analysis. Primary data were collected and utilized from 79 cases. RESULTS: The prevalence of urolithiasis in male patients was 65.8% and 34.2% in female patients (p less than 0.05). Serum calcium in stone former and non-stone former was 8.3+/-1.2 and 7.5+/-1.5 (p less than 0.01) respectively. Serum phosphorus and uric acid in both groups were statistically not significant (p value 0.269 and 0.597 respectively) though in 24 hours urine of stone formers value of phosphorus was 447.9+/-182.4 but in non-stone formers it was 186.5+/-118.7 (p less than 0.001). Magnesium level in urine was 48.1+/-69.7 and 131.4+/-86.9 (p less than 0.001) respectively. CONCLUSION: Higher level of calcium in serum was found in patients with urolithiasis in our population. Though phosphate level in blood serum was not different in the both groups but in urine phosphate and magnesium levels were significantly different.