Enzymatic synthesis of Vaccinium blue using vaccinoside as a bifunctional precursor.

Since Tang dynasty in China, the fresh leaves of Vaccinium bracteatum (VBL) have been applied as natural pigment to produce black rice. However, detailed information on its biosynthetic mechanism still remained unclear. Following rice dyeing capacity assay, vaccinoside, one of iridoid glycosides, was identified as the key active compound. Increased methodical research demonstrated vaccinoside as a distinct bifunctional precursor, which could be catalyzed by polyphenol oxidase or ß-glucosidase independently, followed by reaction with 15 amino acids to give blue pigments (VBPs; λmax 581-590 nm) of different hues. Two synthetic pathways of VBPs were proposed, using multiple techniques such as HPLC, HPSEC, UV-Vis spectrum and colorimeter as analysis tools. Black rice was interpreted to be prepared by cooking, using vaccinoside, intrinsic enzymes from fresh VBL and rice protein in combination. These findings promote the understanding of VBP formation mechanisms and provide an efficient method of producing novel Vaccinium blue pigments.

Peculiarities of the Variation of Biologically Active Compounds in Fruit of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. Growing in the Cepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve.

This study was carried out to analyze the accumulation patterns of anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid, and triterpene compounds in fruit samples of Vaccinium oxycoccos L. berries growing in the Cepkeliai State Strict Nature Reserve in Lithuania. Studies were carried out on the phytochemical composition of cranberry fruit samples during the period of 2020-2022. Anthocyanins, flavonols, chlorogenic acid and triterpene compounds were identified and quantified using UPLC-DAD methods, and proanthocyanins were determined using spectrophotometric methods. The content of identified compounds varied, as reflected in the total amounts of anthocyanins (710.3 ± 40 µg/g to 6993.8 ± 119 µg/g), proanthocyanidins (378.4 ± 10 µg EE/g to 3557. 3 ± 75 µg EE/g), flavonols (479.6 ± 9 µg/g to 7291.2 ± 226 µg/g), chlorogenic acid (68.0 ± 1 µg/g to 3858.2 ± 119 µg/g), and triterpenoids (3780.8 ± 98 µg/g to 7226.9 ± 224 µg/g). Cranberry fruit samples harvested from open oligotrophic wetland habitats contained higher levels of anthocyanins, anthocyanidins, flavonol glycosides, and proanthocyanidins. The highest levels of triterpene compounds were found in the cranberry fruits harvested in the spring of the following year after the snowmelt. The use of principal component analysis showed that cranberry plant material harvested in October and November had higher levels of bioactive compounds.

Subcritical Water Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Vaccinium Dunalianum Wight Leaves and Their Antioxidant and Tyrosinase Inhibitory Activities in Vitro.

Subcritical water extraction was used to extract bioactive phenolic compounds from Vaccinium dunalianum Wight leaves. The optimal extraction conditions were determined as an extraction temperature of 150 °C, an extraction time of 40 min, and a liquid-solid ratio of 35 : 1 mL/g. The total phenolic content reached 21.35 mg gallic acid /g, which was 16 % higher than that by hot water extraction. The subcritical water extraction extract exhibited strong scavenging activity of DPPH free radical and ABTS+ free radical, as well as significant tyrosinase inhibitory activity. The study suggests that subcritical water extraction can alter the composition of the extracts, leading to the production of various phenolic compounds, effective antioxidants, and tyrosinase inhibitors from Vaccinium dulciana Wight leaves. These findings confirm the potential of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight as a natural antioxidant molecule source for the medicine and food industries, and for the therapy of skin pigmentation disorders.

Vaccinium Species (Ericaceae): Phytochemistry and Biological Properties of Medicinal Plants.

The Vaccinium L. (Ericaceae) genus consists of a globally widespread and diverse genus of around 4250 species, of which the most valuable is the Vaccinioidae subfamily. The current review focuses on the distribution, history, bioactive compounds, and health-related effects of three species: cranberry, blueberry, and huckleberry. Several studies highlight that the consumption of Vaccinium spp. presents numerous beneficial health-related outcomes, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and protective effects against diabetes, obesity, cancer, neurodegenerative diseases and cardiovascular disorders. These plants' prevalence and commercial value have enhanced in the past several years; thus, the generated by-products have also increased. Consequently, the identified phenolic compounds found in the discarded leaves of these plants are also presented, and their impact on health and economic value is discussed. The main bioactive compounds identified in this genus belong to anthocyanins (cyanidin, malvidin, and delphinidin), flavonoids (quercetin, isoquercetin, and astragalin), phenolic acids (gallic, p-Coumaric, cinnamic, syringic, ferulic, and caffeic acids), and iridoids.

Antihyperlipidemic effect of Vaccinium dunalianum buds based on biological activity screening and LC-MS.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The buds of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight are used as folk medicine in the Yi settlement of the Yunnan Province, China. It has long been used as herbal tea in the local area owing to its effects of lowering blood lipids and body weight. However, there are only a few studies on its antihyperlipidemic effects, effective substances and mechanisms, especially its effectiveness in diet-induced hyperlipidemia. AIM OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects, pharmacodynamic material bases, and mechanisms of V. dunalianum buds on diet-induced hyperlipidemia. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A high-fat diet-induced hyperlipidemic Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat model was established. Rats were gavaged with different doses of aqueous extract of V. dunalianum(VDW) for 8 weeks and their sera and organ samples were collected. The antihyperlipidemic effect of VDW on SD rats was evaluated based on the biochemical indices and histopathological outcomes. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry(LC-MS) was used to determine the main components in VDW, which were separated and purified using sequential chromatographic methods. Their chemical structures were determined using high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin, as the principal component of VDW, was also evaluated for its antihyperlipidemic activity using an approach similar to that used for VDW. Lastly, the potential targets of VDW and 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin in lowering blood lipids were screened out using network pharmacology, and the selected targets were docked with arbutin derivatives. The expression of target proteins was determined using western blotting to illustrate the antihyperlipidemic mechanisms of VDW and 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin. RESULTS: VDW reduced triglyceride, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, alanine transaminase, and aspartate transaminase levels in the serum of modeled rats, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. There was an improvement in steatoses, and lipid droplet accumulation decreased in vivo after VDW intervention. LC-MS revealed that VDW mainly contained arbutin and chlorogenic acid derivatives. Sixteen compounds were isolated and identified. 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin was the main compound of VDW (>21.67%) that showed obvious antihyperlipidemic effect with low hepatic damage at different doses. PTGS2, ADH1C, and MAOB were screened out using network pharmacology and they showed strong correlations with arbutin derivative through molecular docking. Results from WB showed that VDW and 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin could reduce blood lipid levels by reducing the protein expression of PTGS2, ADH1C, and MAOB. CONCLUSIONS: 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin was the main component of V. dunalianum buds. VDW and 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin could regulate blood lipid levels in the high-fat diet-induced rat model of hyperlipidemia without damaging their vital organs. Furthermore, they could regulate the expression of PTGS2, ADH1C, and MAOB proteins and play a role in lowering blood lipids. The findings of this study lay a foundation for the further development of V. dunalianum and 6'-O-caffeoyl-arbutin as health supplements or drugs for the management of hyperlipidemia.

Identification of Nordic Berries with Beneficial Effects on Cognitive Outcomes and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat-Fed Middle-Aged C57BL/6J Mice.

High-fat diets are associated with neuronal and memory dysfunction. Berries may be useful in improving age-related memory deficits in humans, as well as in mice receiving high-fat diets. Emerging research has also demonstrated that brain health and cognitive function may be related to the dynamic changes in the gut microbiota. In this study, the impact of Nordic berries on the brain and the gut microbiota was investigated in middle-aged C57BL/6J mice. The mice were fed high-fat diets (60%E fat) supplemented with freeze-dried powder (6% dwb) of bilberry, lingonberry, cloudberry, blueberry, blackcurrant, and sea buckthorn for 4 months. The results suggest that supplementation with bilberry, blackcurrant, blueberry, lingonberry, and (to some extent) cloudberry has beneficial effects on spatial cognition, as seen by the enhanced performance following the T-maze alternation test, as well as a greater proportion of DCX-expressing cells with prolongation in hippocampus. Furthermore, the proportion of the mucosa-associated symbiotic bacteria Akkermansia muciniphila increased by 4-14 times in the cecal microbiota of mice fed diets supplemented with lingonberry, bilberry, sea buckthorn, and blueberry. These findings demonstrate the potential of Nordic berries to preserve memory and cognitive function, and to induce alterations of the gut microbiota composition.

Detailed investigation of the composition and transformations of phenolic compounds in fresh and fermented Vaccinium floribundum berry extracts by high-resolution mass spectrometry and bioinformatics.

INTRODUCTION: Blueberries are known for their very high content of biologically active phenolic compounds; nonetheless, differently from the North American and European species of blueberries, Neotropical blueberries have not been extensively studied yet. OBJECTIVES: In the present paper, the phenolic composition of Vaccinium floribundum Kunth, which is endemic to the Andean regions and grows 1,600 to 4,500 meters above sea level, was investigated by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS). Native and fermented berries were compared in terms of phenolic composition as well as antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, and total anthocyanin content. MATERIALS AND METHODS: V. floribundum native and fermented berries were extracted and analyzed by UHPLC-HRMS. The acquired datasets were processed by Compound Discoverer 3.1 using a dedicated data analysis workflow that was specifically set up for phenolic compound identification. RESULTS: In total, 309 compounds were tentatively identified, including anthocyanins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and proanthocyanidins. The molecular transformations of phenolic compounds during fermentation were comprehensively investigated for the first time, and by a customized data processing workflow, 13 quinones and quinone methides were tentatively identified in the fermented samples. Compared to other species of the genus Vaccinium, a peculiar phenolic profile is observed, with low abundance of highly methylated compounds. CONCLUSION: Andean berries are a rich source of a wide variety of phenolic compounds. Untargeted MS analyses coupled to a dedicated data processing workflow allowed expanding the current knowledge on these berries, improving our understanding of the fate of phenolic compounds after fermentation.

Hydroalcoholic leaves extract of Vaccinium ashei Reade promotes cell cycle arrest and apoptosis on T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Vaccinium ashei Reade, popularly known as Rabbiteye blueberry, has several therapeutic properties attributed to the phenolic compounds present in its leaves and fruits. Here, we sought to evaluate the effects of the hydroalcoholic extract from V. ashei leaves (Bluegem cultivar, VAB) in T-cell Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL). The VAB extract was toxic to T-ALL cells at the ∼60 µg/ml concentration. T-ALL cell death occurred through apoptosis. VAB extract was found to induce micronuclei formation, p53 pathway activation, and cell cycle arrest. Those mutagenic effects were evidenced through microscopy analysis and molecular p53 pathway activation. A series of phenolic compounds were identified in VAB extract by mass spectrometry, such as vanillic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, rutin, coumaric acid, taxifolin, quercetin and naringenin, some of which are presumed to induce DNA damage. In conclusion, the V. ashei leaves extract may have important secondary metabolites with antileukemic properties.

Investigating the Possibility of Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Vaccinium arctostaphlyos Extract and Evaluating Its Antibacterial Properties.

OBJECTIVE: Vaccinium genus plants have medicinal value, of which Vaccinium arctostaphylos (Caucasian whortleberry or Qare-Qat in the local language) is the only available species in Iran. Public tendency to use herbal remedies and natural products such as synthesized nanoparticles is increasing due to the proof of the destructive side effects of chemical drugs. Nanosilver products have been effective against more than 650 microbe types. This study was aimed at assessing the possibility of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Vaccinium arctostaphylos aqueous extract and at evaluating its antibacterial properties, as well. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In order to synthesize silver nanoparticles, different volumes of Vaccinium arctostaphylos aqueous extract (3, 5, 10, 15, and 30 ml) were assessed with different silver nitrate solution concentrations (0.5, 1, 3, 5, and 10 mM) and different reaction time durations (1, 3, 5, 10, and 20 minutes) at room temperature using a rotary shaker with a speed of 150 rpm. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were carried out. The antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract and the synthesized nanoparticles was evaluated, as well. RESULTS: Silver nanoparticle formation process was confirmed with XRD analysis, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and FTIR spectroscopy. The UV-Vis spectroscopy of silver colloidal nanoparticles showed a surface plasmon resonance peak at 443 nm under optimal conditions (3 ml aqueous extract volume, 1 mM silver nitrate solution concentration, and 3 min reaction time under sunlight exposure). The reduction of silver ions to silver nanoparticles in solution was confirmed, as well. Based on X-ray diffraction analysis, the size of silver nanoparticles was in the range of 7-16 nm. TEM images showed an even distribution of silver nanoparticles, with a spherical shape. FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated the presence of different functional groups of oxygenated compounds such as carboxyl, hydroxyl, and nitrogenous groups. The antibacterial properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were confirmed. CONCLUSION: The synthesized nanoparticles showed more antibacterial properties against gram-positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus) than gram-negative ones (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis).

Bioactivity-Guided Isolation of Phytochemicals from Vaccinium dunalianum Wight and Their Antioxidant and Enzyme Inhibitory Activities.

Vaccinium dunalianum Wight, usually processed as a traditional folk tea beverage, is widely distributed in the southwest of China. The present study aimed to investigate the antioxidant, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase inhibitory activities of V.dunalianum extract and isolate the bioactive components. In this study, the crude extract (CE) from the buds of V. dunalianum was prepared by the ultrasound-assisted extraction method in 70% methanol and then purified with macroporous resin D101 to obtain the purified extract (PM). Five fractions (Fr. A-E) were further obtained by MPLC column (RP-C18). Bioactivity assays revealed that Fr. B with 40% methanol and Fr. D with 80% methanol had better antioxidant with 0.48 ± 0.03 and 0.62 ± 0.01 nM Trolox equivalent (TE)/mg extract for DPPH, 0.87 ± 0.02 and 1.58 ± 0.02 nM TE/mg extract for FRAP, 14.42 ± 0.41 and 19.25 ± 0.23 nM TE/mg extract for ABTS, and enzyme inhibitory effects with IC50 values of 95.21 ± 2.21 and 74.55 ± 3.85 for α-glucosidase, and 142.53 ± 11.45 and 128.76 ± 13.85 µg/mL for pancreatic lipase. Multivariate analysis indicated that the TPC and TFC were positively related to the antioxidant activities. Further phytochemical purification led to the isolation of ten compounds (1-10). 6-O-Caffeoylarbutin (7) showed significant inhibitory effects on α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase enzymes with values of 38.38 ± 1.84 and 97.56 ± 7.53 µg/mL, and had the highest antioxidant capacity compared to the other compounds.

Protective effect of Que Zui tea hot-water and aqueous ethanol extract against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice via inhibition of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis.

The tender leaves and buds of Vaccinium dunalianum Wight have been traditionally processed as folk tea, known as Que Zui tea (QT), with a wide range of benefits to humans. In this study, Que Zui tea hot-water extract (QTW) and aqueous-ethanol extract (QTE) were tested for their effectiveness to alleviate acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver damage. QTW and QTE significantly inhibited the alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, and interleukin-1ß levels in the serum. Both extracts also ameliorated pathological damage and inhibited oxidative stress in the liver of APAP-induced mice. In addition, QTW and QTE activated the nuclear erythroid related factor 2 signal pathway, and inhibited mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. QTW and QTE also suppressed hepatocyte apoptosis by improvement of Bcl-2/Bax and inhibition of caspase-3 and caspase-9 expression. The results demonstrated that QTW and QTE could effectively protect APAP hepatotoxicity, which might be attributed to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis activities.

Assessment of cytotoxicity and antioxidant properties of berry leaves as by-products with potential application in cosmetic and pharmaceutical products.

Vaccinum myrtillus L., Ribes nigrum L., Rubus fruticosus L., Fragaria vesca L. leaves are considered an agro-waste of the berry industry. Although numerous studies indicate fruit is a rich source of bioactive compounds, the authors prove leaves can also be a valuable source of compounds used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. The study attempts to assess and compare the antioxidant and cytotoxic properties of berry leaves extracts. The total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, anthocyanins and procyanidins content were determined. Antioxidant potential was evaluated using the DPPH radical scavenging method. Cytotoxicity studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of the extracts on the metabolism and proliferation of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in vitro. The effect on the migration capacity of these cells was also assessed. The obtained results show that the examined extracts are a source of valuable bioactive agents. All tested extracts show significant ability to remove free radicals in higher concentrations. Cytotoxicity assessments have shown that leaf extracts of the analyzed plants differ in cytotoxicity, both for keratinocytes and fibroblasts. The results of the assessment of cell migration capacity correlate with cytotoxicity tests, because the concentration of extracts showing cytotoxic activity towards the tested cells also inhibited their migration.

Phenylpropanoids and lignoids from the whole plant of Vaccinium emarginatum and their cytotoxicity against prostate cancer cells.

One new naturally occurring quinone, 3',4'-dihydroxy-1,2,6-trimethoxy-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4(1H)-one (1), one new diarylpropane, emarginone A (2), and one new neolignan, emarginone B (3), along with eighteen known compounds have been isolated from the chemical investigation of the EtOAc-soluble fraction of the Vaccinium emarginatum whole plant methanolic extract. The new structures were elucidated by combined analysis of spectroscopic analytical methods and comparison with the literature data obtained from known analogues. In addition, the cytotoxicity of compounds 2, 4, and 14-20 against Du145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines using MTT cell proliferation assay was evaluated. Compounds 2 and 19 showed most potent cytotoxicity against Du145 with IC50 values of 7.53 and 6.63 µg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 2, 17, and 19 also exhibited significant cytotoxicity against PC-3 with IC50 values ranging from 3.44-6.64 µg/mL.

Combined Effect of Vaccinium nilgiriensis Bark Extract and 680nm Laser Irradiation in Inducing Breast Cancer Cell Death.

BACKGROUND: Cancer refers to a collection of diseases where cells begin to multiply uncontrollably. Breast cancer is the most predominant malignancy in women. Herbal medicine is one of the important health care systems in most developing countries. Many studies have shown that naturally occurring compounds may support the prevention and treatment of various diseases, including cancer. Some of the plant extracts and isolated compounds show photosensitizing activities and reduce cell proliferation whereas some have revealed photoprotective effects. OBJECTIVES: The biological properties and medicinal uses of extracts and bioactive compounds from V. nilgiriensis have not been investigated. This study aims to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of V. nilgiriensis in combination with 680nm laser irradiation on MCF-7 breast cancer cells. METHODS: The inverted microscopy, ATP and LDH assay were used to analyze the cellular morphology, proliferation, cytotoxicity respectively after the treatment with V. nilgiriensis bark extract. The diode laser of wavelength 680nm and 15 J/cm2 fluency has been used for laser irradiation. The activity of apoptotic proteins was studied using ELISA and nuclear damage by Hoechst staining. RESULTS: The exposure of V. nilgiriensis extracts with laser irradiation at 680nm increases the cytotoxicity and decreases the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The results of the Hoechst stain indicated nuclear damage. Our study proved that V. nilgiriensis holds a strong cytotoxic effect on breast cancer cells alone and in combination with laser irradiation by upregulating the expression of apoptotic proteins such as caspase 3, p53 and Bax. CONCLUSION: The results from this study showed that the bark ethyl acetate of V. nilgiriensis and in combination with laser is effective in preventing breast cancer cell proliferation in vitro. Further work is warranted to isolate the bioactive compounds from V. nilgiriensis bark extract and study the effect of compounds in the cell death induction. Due to the cytotoxic properties, V. nilgiriensis can be considered as a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of cancer.

A Review of the Fruit Volatiles Found in Blueberry and Other Vaccinium Species.

Variations in volatile organic compound (VOC) type and content can result in noticeable differences in fruit aroma. The genus Vaccinium encompasses over 500 distinct species of berry-producing plants, several of which are important to commercial horticulture. Understanding which VOCs are produced by different members of this genus could greatly aid efforts to improve the aroma of multiple Vaccinium crops by breeding for desirable fruit volatiles. This review summarizes the published research available on this topic, examining prior work done to characterize the volatile profiles of blueberries, cranberries, bilberries, lingonberries, whortleberries, and other Vaccinium berries. In addition, analytical methodologies used to obtain Vaccinium berry volatile profiles are discussed. Possible future directions for Vaccinium berry volatile research are also examined.

In Vitro Propagation and Variation of Antioxidant Properties in Micropropagated Vaccinium Berry Plants-A Review.

The berry crops in genus Vacciniun L. are the richest sources of antioxidant metabolites which have high potential to reduce the incidence of several degenerative diseases. In vitro propagation or micropropagation has been attractive to researchers for its incredible potential for mass production of a selected genotype in a short time, all year round. Propagation techniques affect the antioxidant activity in fruits and leaves. Total antioxidant activity was higher in the fruit of in vitro propagated plants compare to the plants grown ex vivo. This review provides critical information for better understanding the micropropagation and conventional propagation methods, and their effects on antioxidant properties and morphological differentiation in Vaccinium species, and fills an existing gap in the literature.

The effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Vaccinium arctostaphylos L. on sperm parameters, oxidative injury and apoptotic changes in oxymetholone-induced testicular toxicity in mouse.

Anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS) such as oxymetholone (OM) used for athletic enhancement, but increased free radicals damage and changes in hormonal levels, lead to serious and irreversible organ damage. Vaccinium arctostaphylos(V. arctostaphylos( has been demonstrated to have antioxidant and antiinflammatory effects. The aim of present study was to investigate V. arctostaphylos effect on OM-induced oxidative injury in mouse testis and sperm parameters. In this experimental study, 30 BALB/c mice were divided into five groups, including healthy, positive control(5 mg/kg OM) and three treatment groups (100, 200 and 400 mg/kg of V. arctostaphylos extract + 5 mg/kg OM). At the end of the study, serum luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and testosterone levels were measured. Testis stereological and sperm parameters were calculated. Antioxidant status was measured using nitric oxide (NO) and FRAP assay, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Furthermore, the expression of p53, caspase-3, Bax and Bcl-2 was measured. V. arctostaphylos decreased the serum level of testosterone, increased the LH and FSH, and improved the stereological and sperm parameters and down-regulated the p53, caspase-3 and Bax and up-regulated Bcl-2 genes. Furthermore, this dose decreased serum levels of NO and increased testis FRAP and MDA levels in treated groups compared with OM group. V. arctostaphylos extract has protective effects against testicular toxicity caused by OM.

Composition of Anthocyanins and Proanthocyanidins in Three Tropical Vaccinium Species from Costa Rica.

Total polyphenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), total anthocyanin content (TAC), and proanthocyanidin (PAC) content were determined in fruit from three tropical Vaccinium species (Vaccinium consanguineum, Vaccinium floribundum, and Vaccinium poasanum) from Costa Rica sampled at three stages of fruit development. Results show that TAC increased as the fruit developed, while TPC, TFC, and PAC content decreased. Anthocyanin profiles were evaluated using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Cyanidin and delphinidin glycosides were the predominant anthocyanins for the three tropical Vaccinium species. Proanthocyanidins were characterized using attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The presence of procyanidin structures with B-type interflavan bonds were observed, but deconvolution of mass spectrometry isotope patterns indicated that PACs with one or more A-type interflavan bonds accounted for more than 74% of the oligomers at each degree of polymerization.

New flavonoids, emarginin A-C from Vaccinium emarginatum Hayata.

Phytochemical investigation of methanolic extract of the whole plants of Vaccinium emarginatum allowed for the characterization of one epicatechin derivative (1) that was isolated from a natural source for the first time and three new flavonoids, emarginin A (2), emarginin B (3), and emarginin C (4), together with 11 known compounds (5-15). The structures of compounds 1-4 were elucidated by combination of spectroscopic analysis (MS, IR, and NMR) and by comparison with that of literature analogues. Compounds 1-8 and 11-15 were evaluated for their preliminary in vitro anti-proliferative activity against Du145 and PC-3 prostate cancer cell lines. Among them, compound 15 exhibited most potent cytotoxicity against Du145 and PC-3 cells, with IC50 values of 8.46 and 10.98 µM, respectively. Furthermore, compounds 1-7 were assessed for their anti-inflammatory potential against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells. Compound 4 exhibited moderate anti-inflammatory activity, with an IC50 value of 27.99 µM.

Anti-inflammatory effect of Vaccinium oldhamii stems through inhibition of NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling activation in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

BACKGROUND: Vaccinium oldhamii (V. oldhamii) has been reported to exert a variety of the pharmacological properties such as anti-oxidant activity, anti-cancer activity, and inhibitory activity of α-amylase and acetylcholinesterase. However, the anti-inflammatory activity of V. oldhamii has not been studied. In this study, we aimed to investigate anti-inflammatory activity of the stem extracts from V. oldhamii, and to elucidate the potential mechanisms in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated by MTT assay. The determination of NO and PGE2 production was performed using Griess reagent and Prostaglandin E2 ELISA Kit, respectively. The change of mRNA or protein level was evaluated by RT-PCR and Western blot. RESULTS: Among VOS, VOL and VOF, the inhibitory effect of NO and PGE2 production induced by LPS was highest in VOS treatment. Thus, VOS was selected for the further study. VOS dose-dependently blocked LPS-induced NO and PGE2 production by inhibiting iNOS and COX-2 expression, respectively. VOS inhibited the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1ß, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, VOS suppressed TRAP activity and attenuated the expression of the osteoclast-specific genes such as NFATc1, c-FOS, TRAP, MMP-9, cathepsin K, CA2, OSCAR and ATPv06d2. VOS inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB signaling activation through blocking IκB-α degradation and p65 nuclear accumulation. VOS inhibited MAPK signaling activation by attenuating the phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38 and JNK. Furthermore, VOS inhibited ATF2 phosphorylation and blocked ATF2 nuclear accumulation. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that VOS may exert anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB and MAPK/ATF2 signaling. From these findings, VOS has potential to be a candidate for the development of chemopreventive or therapeutic agents for the inflammatory diseases.