Consumer Acceptance and Market Potential of Iodine-Biofortified Fruit and Vegetables in Germany.

Biofortification of food crops with iodine is a novel approach to preventing iodine deficiency in humans. The present study analyses the consumer target groups and the market potential of iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables in Germany. For this purpose, an online survey of 1016 German fruit and vegetable consumers was conducted to investigate the acceptance of different product categories as well as relevant criteria for the market launch. The results show that iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables are particularly attractive to consumers who purchase at farmers' markets, organic food shops, and farm stores. Out of this group, 39% of consumers rate such iodine-rich foods as very appealing. They attach importance to food that naturally contains iodine and prefer produce from integrated domestic cultivation. With their focus on sustainability and naturalness, this group of consumers clearly differs from typical users of dietary supplements, who are primarily concerned with health benefits. However, overall about 85% of respondents would prefer biofortified fruits and vegetables to supplements to improve their iodine supply. The greatest market potential for iodine-biofortified fruit and vegetables is to be expected in supermarkets, as this is the preferred food shopping location for most consumers. A total of 28% of those who buy here rate the biofortified foods presented as very appealing. Nevertheless, a successful market launch requires that the benefits of the new products are communicated according to the potential consumer group needs.

Recent Trends in Dietary Habits of the Italian Population: Potential Impact on Health and the Environment.

Population growth, globalization, urbanization, and economic pressures are causing changes in food consumption all over the world. The study's aims are (1) to evaluate trends in food habits in Italy to highlight deviations from the traditional Mediterranean diet, (2) to analyze the features of the present Italian diet that should be modified to meet evidence-based global scientific targets for a healthy and sustainable diet proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission. Trends in food availability for human consumption during the period 2000-2017 were assessed using the food balance sheets (FBSs). Greenhouse gas (GHG) emission was estimated according to life cycle assessment (LCA) analyses. During the study period, the availability of animal fat and beef meat greatly declined (-58% and -32%, respectively), followed by fruit, potatoes, vegetables, milk, and non-tropical oils (-20%, -15%, -13%, -14%, and -11%, respectively). A substantial increase has occurred for tropical oils, fish, and nuts (+156, +26%, and +21%, respectively). In order to meet the targets of consumption proposed by the EAT-Lancet Commission, the consumption of legumes and nuts should be almost doubled, whereas the consumption of meat, eggs, dairy products, animal fat, tropical oils, and sugars should be reduced by proportions ranging from 60% to 90%. If implemented, these changes would reduce the diet-related greenhouse gas emission by nearly 50%. In conclusion, these data call for nutritional education programs and interventions on the food system aimed at promoting a healthier and more environmentally sustainable diet. To this end, the availability and affordability of products with a better impact on human health and the environment should be promoted.

Pilot Study of a Farm-to-Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Intervention Promoting Vegetable Consumption.

BACKGROUND: Vegetable intake is below recommended levels among adults served by the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether a novel, theory-driven, farm-to-WIC intervention to promote vegetable intake showed promise of being successful and is therefore appropriate for efficacy testing. DESIGN: From June 2019 to January 2020, the intervention was piloted in three WIC agency sites (one randomized to the intervention study group and two to the control group) selected based on similarity in size and the demographics of participants served. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Recruited between June 3, 2019 and August 1, 2019, participants were 297 primarily Hispanic adults served by a large WIC agency located in a densely populated urban area in New Jersey (160 were enrolled at the intervention site and 137 at control sites). INTERVENTION: The intervention combined behaviorally focused instruction and handouts with the introduction of a WIC-based farmers' market, field trips to an area farmers' market, telephone coaching and support before and after trips, and recipe demonstrations and tastings. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes were vegetable intake (measured objectively using dermal carotenoids as a biomarker of intake and via self-report) and the redemption of vouchers provided through the WIC Farmers' Market Nutrition Program (FMNP) for fruit and vegetable purchases at farmers' markets (objectively assessed using data provided by WIC). STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Between-group differences in vegetable intake were examined at mid- and post-intervention (3 and 6 months post-baseline, respectively) with linear mixed-effects models adjusted for baseline vegetable intake and covariates. Logistic regression analysis was used to relate FMNP voucher redemption to study group and covariates. RESULTS: At mid-intervention, objectively measured vegetable intake was higher among participants in the control group as compared with the intervention group; self-reported intake did not differ by group. Post-intervention, objectively measured and self-reported vegetable intake were higher among participants in the intervention group as compared with the control group. Receipt of the intervention was associated with a greater likelihood of FMNP voucher redemption. Voucher redemption rates were 87% in the intervention group and 28% in the control group (odds ratio = 17.39, 95% confidence interval [8.64, 35.02]). CONCLUSIONS: Meaningful associations found between the intervention, vegetable intake, and FMNP voucher redemption suggest that the program is appropriate for efficacy testing.

Effect of Neighborhood Food Environment and Socioeconomic Status on Serum Phosphorus Level for Patients on Chronic Dialysis.

BACKGROUND: Elevated blood phosphorus levels are common and associated with a greater risk of death for patients receiving chronic dialysis. Phosphorus-rich foods are prevalent in the American diet, and low-phosphorus foods, including fruits and vegetables, are often less available in areas with more poverty. The relative contributions of neighborhood food availability and socioeconomic status to phosphorus control in patients receiving dialysis are unknown. METHODS: Using longitudinal data from a national dialysis provider, we constructed hierarchical, linear mixed-effects models to evaluate the relationships between neighborhood food environment or socioeconomic status and serum phosphorus level among patients receiving incident dialysis. RESULTS: Our cohort included 258,510 patients receiving chronic hemodialysis in 2005-2013. Median age at dialysis initiation was 64 years, 45% were female, 32% were Black, and 15% were Hispanic. Within their residential zip code, patients had a median of 25 "less-healthy" food outlets (interquartile range, 11-40) available to them compared with a median of four "healthy" food outlets (interquartile range, 2-6). Living in a neighborhood with better availability of healthy food was not associated with a lower phosphorus level. Neighborhood income also was not associated with differences in phosphorus. Patient age, race, cause of ESKD, and mean monthly dialysis duration were most closely associated with phosphorus level. CONCLUSIONS: Neither neighborhood availability of healthy food options nor neighborhood income was associated with phosphorus levels in patients receiving chronic dialysis. Modifying factors, such as nutrition literacy, individual-level financial resources, and adherence to diet restrictions and medications, may be more powerful contributors than food environment to elevated phosphorus.

A Systematic Review of Mobile Produce Markets: Facilitators and Barriers to Use, and Associations with Reported Fruit and Vegetable Intake.

BACKGROUND: Diet-related chronic diseases are a major public health burden. There is growing awareness that disparities in healthful food access contribute to disparities in health. Mobile produce markets (MPMs) have emerged as a strategy to improve fruit and vegetable access and consumption, particularly among low-income, minority, and other vulnerable populations (eg, older adults and children) in food desert neighborhoods. OBJECTIVE: This review examined research on MPMs in the United States and specifically aimed to assess the relationship between MPM use and fruit and/or vegetable intake, and facilitators and barriers related to MPM use within a social ecological framework. METHODS: A systematic review of the literature consistent with PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines was conducted. Articles published through December 2017 were identified using the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, Agricola, and CAB Abstracts. MPM studies published in English and in peer-reviewed journals were eligible for inclusion if they were based on primary research of MPMs in the United States, included results, and if MPMs were analyzed separately from other market venues and sold predominantly fruits and/or vegetables. A total of 24 studies were identified for inclusion, which varied in study types as follows: quantitative (n=15), qualitative (n=3), and mixed methods (n=6). RESULTS: An association was found between MPM use and higher reported fruit and/or vegetable intake, although existing studies that measured fruit and vegetable intake were not rigorous in study design (eg, lack of control group, use of convenience sample, small sample size). MPM location was the most commonly cited facilitator of MPM use. Other institutional factors (eg, nutrition education), as well as policy factors (eg, food-assistance programs), community factors (eg, market site liaisons), interpersonal factors (eg, socializing at market), and intrapersonal factors (eg, awareness of the benefits of fruit and/or vegetable intake) were identified. CONCLUSIONS: MPMs offer a promising strategy to improve access to fruits and vegetables and may further support healthful-food purchasing and consumption through food-assistance incentives and enticements for consumers (eg, opportunities for social networking and nutrition education). Future research on MPMs would benefit from more rigorous experimental designs, such as including a control group, and examining multiple levels within a social ecological framework.

100% Juice, Fruit, and Vegetable Intake Among Children in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children and Nonparticipants.

INTRODUCTION: The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) provides monthly food packages to low-income children (aged 1-4 years) in the U.S., including 128 ounces of 100% fruit juice and an $8 cash value voucher for purchasing fruits and vegetables. The fruit juice allowance translates to 71%-107% of the maximum intake recommended by the American Academy of Pediatrics (4-6 ounces/day). Careful examination of WIC food package allocations is necessary because overconsumption of fruit juice among young children has been linked to weight gain and juice lacks important nutrients found in whole fruit (e.g., fiber). METHODS: A total of 1,576 children aged 2-4 years were assessed using the 2009-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. Multiple linear regressions were conducted in 2017 to analyze the association between WIC program participation and intake of 100% fruit juice, whole fruits, and vegetables. Logistic regression was used to examine the association between WIC program participation and the odds of exceeding the American Academy of Pediatrics maximum intake for juice. RESULTS: Adjusting for child and parent/caregiver characteristics, WIC participants consumed significantly more 100% fruit juice (ß=0.22 cup equivalents/day, 95% CI=0.04, 0.40) compared with income-eligible nonparticipants, but not more whole fruits or total vegetables. WIC participants had 1.51-times greater odds (95% CI=1.06, 2.14) of exceeding the age-specific American Academy of Pediatrics maximum intake for juice compared with income-eligible nonparticipants. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support recommendations to reduce 100% fruit juice allowances in the WIC program and reallocate those funds to the cash value voucher to increase whole fruit and vegetable consumption.

Incorporating orange-fleshed sweet potato into the food system as a strategy for improved nutrition: The context of South Africa.

Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) is considered the single most successful example of biofortification of a staple crop, and presents a feasible option to address vitamin A deficiency. Though initially promoted as part of a crop-based approach focusing on production and consumption at household level, it evolved into small-scale commercial production, predominantly in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper reviews OFSP initiatives in relation to the South African food environment and food supply systems, also identifying opportunities for scaling out OFSP in a situation where sweet potato is not eaten as a staple. Current per capita consumption of sweet potato is low; the focus is thus on increasing consumption of OFSP, rather than replacing cream-fleshed varieties. For the major OFSP variety, Bophelo, 66g consumption can be sufficient to meet the recommended daily allowance for 1-3year old children (300µRE vitamin A). Despite a national Vitamin A supplementation programme and fortified staple foods in South Africa, 43.6% of children under 5years of age were reported to be vitamin A deficient in 2012, indicating a stronger need to promote the consumption of Vitamin A-rich foods, such as OFSP. To increase availability of and access to OFSP, all aspects of the food supply system need to be considered, including agricultural production, trade, food transformation and food retail and provisioning. Currently, small-scale commercial OFSP producers in South Africa prefer to deliver their produce to local informal markets. To enter the formal market, small-scale producers often have difficulties to meet the high standards of the retailers' centralised procurement system in terms of food quality, quantity and safety. Large retailers may have the power to increase the demand of OFSP, not just by improving availability but also by developing marketing strategies to raise awareness of the health benefits of OFSP. However, currently the largest scope for scaling out is through a number of public sector programmes such as the National School Nutrition Programme, Community Nutrition and Development Centres, Small-holder Farmer programmes and Agriparks. Though the major approach is focused on unprocessed, boiled OFSP, there are unexploited opportunities for processing of OFSP. However, the nutritional quality of products should be a main consideration within the context of the co-existence of undernutrition, overnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies in the country.

Food environment of fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program.

This study provides a spatial analysis of distribution and access to commercial fruit and vegetable establishments within the territory of a representative sample of public fitness facilities known as the Health Academy Program (HAP) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study evaluated commercial food establishments within a buffer area based on a radius of 1,600 meters around each of 18 randomly selected fitness facilities. Quality of access to fruits and vegetables was assessed by the Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI), consisting of the variables availability, variety, and advertising of fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed foods. The analysis was based on calculation of the Kernel intensity estimator, nearest neighbor method, and Ripley K-function. Of the 336 food establishments, 61.3% were green grocers and open-air markets, with a median HFSI of 11 (5 to 16). In only 17% of the territories, the majority of the "hot area" establishments displayed better access to healthy foods, and only three areas showed a clustering pattern. The study showed limited access to commercial establishments supplying healthy fruits and vegetables within the territory of the public fitness program.

Food environment of fruits and vegetables in the territory of the Health Academy Program / Ambiente alimentar de frutas y verduras en el territorio del Programa Academia de la Salud / Ambiente alimentar de frutas e hortaliças no território do Programa da Academia da Saúde

Abstract This study provides a spatial analysis of distribution and access to commercial fruit and vegetable establishments within the territory of a representative sample of public fitness facilities known as the Health Academy Program (HAP) in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study evaluated commercial food establishments within a buffer area based on a radius of 1,600 meters around each of 18 randomly selected fitness facilities. Quality of access to fruits and vegetables was assessed by the Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI), consisting of the variables availability, variety, and advertising of fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed foods. The analysis was based on calculation of the Kernel intensity estimator, nearest neighbor method, and Ripley K-function. Of the 336 food establishments, 61.3% were green grocers and open-air markets, with a median HFSI of 11 (5 to 16). In only 17% of the territories, the majority of the “hot area” establishments displayed better access to healthy foods, and only three areas showed a clustering pattern. The study showed limited access to commercial establishments supplying healthy fruits and vegetables within the territory of the public fitness program.

Resumen Analizamos espacialmente la distribución y el acceso a tiendas de frutas y verduras en el territorio de una muestra representativa de lugares donde se realiza el Programa Academia de la Salud (PAS por sus siglas en portugués) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Evaluamos los establecimientos que aparecen en zonas acotadas con un radio de 1.600 metros, con respecto a 18 zonas procedentes de muestras al azar. La calidad de acceso a frutas y hortalizas se evaluó mediante el Índice de Acceso a los Establecimientos de Alimentación (IAA), integrado por variables de disponibilidad, variedad, anuncios de frutas y hortalizas, así como alimentos ultraprocesados. Se usó en este análisis el estimador de intensidad Kernel, el barrio más cercano y la función K de Ripley. De los 336 establecimientos encuestados, un 61,3% eran tiendas y mercados al aire libre, con una media de 11 IAA (5-16). Tan sólo en un 17% del territorio analizado la mayoría de los establecimientos estaban situados en la zona más significativa, donde había un mejor acceso a alimentos sanos, e incluso tres áreas mostraron un patrón de aglomeración. Verificamos, asimismo, un acceso limitado a los establecimientos comerciales que ofrecen frutas y verduras en otras áreas del HAP, sobre todo en cuanto a la calidad.

Resumo Analisar espacialmente a distribuição e o acesso a estabelecimentos comerciais de frutas e hortaliças no território de uma amostra representativa de polos do Programa Academia da Saúde (PAS) de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil. Avaliaram-se estabelecimentos contidos dentro de buffers com raios de 1.600 metros a partir de 18 polos amostrados aleatoriamente. A qualidade do acesso às frutas e hortaliças foi avaliada pelo Índice de Acesso a Alimentos em Estabelecimentos (HFSI), composto por variáveis de disponibilidade, variedade e propaganda de frutas e hortaliças e alimentos ultraprocessados. A análise constou do cálculo do estimador de intensidade kernel, método do vizinho mais próximo e função K de Ripley. Dos 336 estabelecimentos, 61,3% eram sacolões e feiras-livres, com mediana de HFSI 11 (5 a 16). Em apenas 17% dos territórios analisados, a maioria dos estabelecimentos da área quente apresentava melhor acesso a alimentos saudáveis, sendo que apenas três áreas apresentaram padrão de aglomeração. Verificou-se acesso limitado a estabelecimentos comerciais que ofertam frutas e hortaliças com qualidade no território do PAS.

Impact of a focused nutrition educational intervention coupled with improved access to fresh produce on purchasing behavior and consumption of fruits and vegetables in overweight patients with diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to test the impact of distributing coupons redeemable at farmers markets plus an educational intervention on fruit and vegetable (F&V) purchase and consumption in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS: Seventy-eight participants with T2DM being followed at Jacobi Medical Center, a large public hospital in the Bronx, New York, were randomized to receive the standard of care or a 1-hour session focused on benefits of F&V consumption and $6 in coupons. Questionnaires assessed demographics, F&V intake, and farmers market purchasing at baseline and 12 weeks. Clinical parameters were obtained through chart review at baseline and at 12 weeks. RESULTS: Participants were predominantly Latino, females, and low income. At 12 weeks, there was a statistically significant increase in the number of participants in the intervention arm who reported purchasing from a farmers market. In addition, there was a minimal increase in fresh fruit intake in the intervention arm at 12 weeks. CONCLUSION: Focused education combined with a small economic incentive resulted in an increase in purchasing behavior and fresh fruit intake per day. A more intense behavioral intervention combined with increased access may result in a significant impact on obesity and diabetes, particularly among low-income and racially diverse communities.

Aid for Trade: an opportunity to increase fruit and vegetable supply.

Low fruit and vegetable consumption is an important contributor to the global burden of disease. In the wake of the United Nations High-level Meeting on Non-Communicable Diseases (NCDs), held in September 2011, a rise in the consumption of fruits and vegetables is foreseeable and this increased demand will have to be met through improved supply. The World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Bank have highlighted the potential for developing countries to benefit nutritionally and economically from the increased production and export of fruit and vegetables.Aid for Trade, launched in 2005 as an initiative designed to link development aid and trade holistically, offers an opportunity for the health and trade sectors to work jointly to enhance health and development. The Aid for Trade work programme stresses the importance of policy coherence across sectors, yet the commonality of purpose driving the Aid for Trade initiative and NCD prevention efforts has not been explored.In this paper food supply chain analysis was used to show health policy-makers that Aid for Trade can provide a mechanism for increasing the supply of fruits and vegetables in developing countries. Aid for Trade is an existing funding channel with clear accountability and reporting mechanisms, but its priorities are determined with little or no input from the health sector. The paper seeks to enable public health policy-makers, practitioners and advocates to improve coherence between trade and public health policies by highlighting Aid for Trade's potential role in this endeavour.

RésuméLa faible consommation de fruits et de légumes contribue de manière significative à la charge mondiale de morbidité. Au lendemain de la Réunion de haut niveau des Nations Unies sur les maladies non transmissibles (MNT), qui s'est tenue en septembre 2011, une hausse de la consommation de fruits et de légumes est à prévoir, et cette demande accrue devra être satisfaite par une offre accrue. L'Organisation mondiale de la Santé, l'Organisation des Nations Unies pour l'alimentation et l'agriculture et la Banque mondiale ont mis en évidence le potentiel existant, pour les pays en voie de développement, à bénéficier sur le plan nutritionnel et économique de l'augmentation de la production et de l'exportation de fruits et de légumes.L'Aide pour le commerce, lancée en 2005 en tant qu'initiative visant à lier de manière holistique l'aide au développement et le commerce, permet aux secteurs de la santé et du commerce de travailler conjointement afin d'améliorer la santé et de renforcer le développement. Le programme de travail de l'Aide pour le commerce met l'accent sur l'importance de la cohérence des politiques intersectorielles, pourtant l'objectif commun motivant l'initiative de l'Aide pour le commerce et les efforts de prévention liés aux MNT n'a pas été étudié.Dans ce document de travail, l'analyse de la chaîne de l'approvisionnement alimentaire été utilisée pour montrer aux décideurs des politiques de santé que l'Aide pour le commerce peut fournir un mécanisme d'augmentation de l'offre en fruits et légumes dans les pays en voie de développement. L'Aide pour le commerce est un canal de financement préexistant, aux responsabilités et aux mécanismes déclaratifs clairs. Toutefois ses priorités sont déterminées avec peu ou pas d'apport de la part du secteur de la santé. Ce document de travail vise à permettre aux décideurs de la santé publique, aux praticiens et aux défenseurs d'améliorer la cohérence entre commerce et politiques de santé publique, en mettant en avant le rôle potentiel de l'Aide pour le commerce dans cette entreprise.

ResumenEl consumo bajo de fruta y verdura contribuye de forma importante a la carga de morbilidad en el mundo. A raíz de la reunión de alto nivel de las Naciones Unidas sobre enfermedades no transmisibles, celebrada en septiembre de 2011, se prevé un aumento en el consumo de fruta y verdura, y se deberá hacer frente a esa demanda mayor incrementando el suministro. La Organización Mundial de la Salud, la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Agricultura y la Alimentación y el Banco Mundial han destacado la posibilidad que tienen los países en desarrollo de beneficiarse económica y nutricionalmente de este aumento de la producción y exportación de fruta y verdura.Ayuda para el Comercio, que comenzó en el año 2005 como una iniciativa diseñada para unir por completo la ayuda al desarrollo y el comercio, ofrece a los sectores de la salud y del comercio la oportunidad de trabajar juntos para mejorar la salud y el desarrollo. El programa de trabajo de Ayuda para el Comercio enfatiza la importancia de la coherencia de las estrategias en todos los sectores, aunque la mayor parte del objetivo de la iniciativa Ayuda para el Comercio y los esfuerzos de prevención de enfermedades no transmisibles no se han examinado todavía.En este artículo se empleó un análisis de la cadena de suministro de alimentos para mostrar a los legisladores que Ayuda para el Comercio puede proporcionar un instrumento para incrementar el suministro de fruta y verdura en los países en desarrollo. Ayuda para el Comercio es un canal de financiación existente con una responsabilidad clara y mecanismos de presentación de informes, pero sus prioridades están poco o nada condicionadas por aportaciones del sector sanitario. El presente documento pretende permitir a los legisladores de la sanidad pública, médicos y abogados mejorar la coherencia entre las estrategias comerciales y de salud pública destacando el posible papel de Ayuda para el Comercio en este empeño.

Vitamin E and coronary heart disease: the European paradox.

OBJECTIVE: To relate premature mortality from coronary heart disease (CHD) to national food and nutrient supplies. DESIGN: Descriptive correlational study. SETTING: Nineteen western European and five non-European countries. METHODS: Premature mortality from CHD in men below 65 years was related to recalculated Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) food, antioxidant vitamins and other nutrient supply data in 24 developed countries for 1985-87. Longitudinal analyses of death rates from CHD and supplies between 1970 and 1987 were carried out for all the countries. Correlational analyses of supplies that preceded mortality by up to 10 years were also undertaken. RESULTS: In 17 western European countries the inter-country association of dairy product supply with CHD was of moderate strength (r = 0.5) and the principal saturated fatty acids derived from dairy products: butyric, caproic and myristic acids (C4:0, C6:0 and C14:0) were the most strongly related with CHD (r = 0.5, 0.5 and 0.4 respectively). The phenolic-antioxidant-rich foods, e.g. wine, vegetables and vegetable oils, were inversely related to CHD (r = -0.8, -0.7 and -0.6 respectively). Of the antioxidant vitamins, the alpha-tocopherol component of vitamin E was strongly related to CHD across Europe (r = -0.8). The major determinant of alpha-tocopherol supply was usually sunflowerseed oil. Vitamin C and beta-carotene gave moderate correlations (r = -0.6 and -0.5 respectively). Latency periods of 5 and 10 years between supplies and mortality rates did not markedly change the correlations. Longitudinal analyses of nutrient supplies and death rates within each country from 1970 to 1987 also showed that for the majority of countries there was an inverse association between supply of alpha-tocopherol and CHD. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary alpha-tocopherol may provide at least as good an explanation as does wine for the paradoxically low rates of CHD in several European countries which have a relatively high saturated fatty acid intake.