Pharmacotherapeutic potential of Vitis vinifera(grape) in age-related neurological diseases / Potencial farmacoterapéutico de Vitis vinifera(uva) en enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad

Age-related neurological disorders (ANDs), including neurodegenerative diseases, are complex illnesses with an increasing risk with advancing years. The central nervous system's neuropathological conditions, including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein misfolding, are what define ANDs. Due to the rise in age-dependent prevalence, efforts have been made to combat ANDs. Vitis viniferahas a long history of usageto treat a variety of illness symptoms. Because multiple ligand sites may be targeted, Vitis viniferacomponents can be employed to treat ANDs. This is demonstrated by the link between the structure and action of these compounds. This review demonstrates that Vitis viniferaand its constituents, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, stilbenoidsandaromatic acids, are effective at reducing the neurological symptoms and pathological conditions of ANDs. This is done by acting as an antioxidant and anti-inflammatory. The active Vitis vinifera ingredients have therapeutic effects on ANDs, as this review explains.

Las enfermedades neurológicas asociadas a la edad (AND, por su sigla en inglés) incluyendo las enfermedades neurodegenerativas, son enfermedades complejas con un riesgo creciente con la edad. Las condiciones neuropatológicas del sistema nervioso central, que incluyen el estrés oxidativo, la neuro inflamación, y el plegado erróneo de proteínas, son lo que define las AND. Debido al aumento en la prevalencia dependiente de la edad, se han hecho esfuerzos para combatir las AND. Vitis vinifera tiene una larga historia de uso para el tratamiento de síntomas. Puesto que puede hacer objetivo a muchos sitios ligando, los componentes de Vitis viniferase pueden utilizar para tratar AND. Esto se demuestra por el vínculo entre la estructura y la acción de estos compuestos. Esta revisión demuestra que la Vitis viniferay sus constituyentes, incluídos los flavonoides, componentes fenólicos, estilbenoides, y ácidos aromáticos, son efectivos para reducir los síntomas neurológicos y las condiciones patológicas de AND. Esto se produce por su acción como antioxidante y antiinflamatorio. Los ingredientes activos de Vitis vinifera tienen efectos terapéuticos en AND, y esta revisión lo explica.

Ultrasonic-assisted extraction of grape seed procyanidins, preparation of liposomes, and evaluation of their antioxidant capacity.

The residue remaining after oil extraction from grape seed contain abundant procyanidins. An ultrasonic-assisted enzyme method was performed to achieve a high extraction efficiency of procyanidins when the optimal extraction conditions were 8 U/g of cellulase, ultrasound power of 200 W, ultrasonic temperature of 50 ℃, and ultrasonic reaction time of 40 min. The effects of free procyanidins on both radical scavenging activity and thermal stability at 40, 60, and 80 ℃ of the procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were discussed. The presence of procyanidins at concentrations ranging from 0.02 to 0.10 mg/mL was observed to be effective at inhibiting lipid oxidation by 15.15 % to 69.70 % in a linoleic acid model system during reaction for 168 h, as measured using the ferric thiocyanate method. The procyanidins-loaded liposomal systems prepared by the ultrasonic-assisted method were characterized by measuring the mean particle size and encapsulation efficiency. Moreover, the holographic plots showed that the effect-response points of procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol in liposomes were lower than the addition line and 95 % confidence interval limits. At the same time, there were significant differences between the theoretical IC50add value and the experimental IC50mix value. The interaction index (γ) of all combinations was observed to be less than 1. These results indicated that there was a synergistic antioxidant effect between procyanidins combined with α-tocopherol, which will show promising prospects in practical applications. In addition, particle size differentiation and morphology agglomeration were observed at different time points of antioxidant activity determination (0, 48, 96 h).

Biological activity of silver nanoparticles synthesized using viticultural waste.

This research paper presents a novel approach to the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using viticultural waste, allowing to obtain NP dispersions with distinct properties and morphologies (monodisperse and polydisperse AgNPs, referred to as mAgNPs and pAgNPs) and to compare their biological activities. Our synthesis method utilized the ethanolic extract of Vitis vinifera pruning residues, resulting in the production of mAgNPs and pAgNPs with average sizes of 12 ± 5 nm and 19 ± 14 nm, respectively. Both these AgNPs preparations demonstrated an exceptional stability in terms of size distribution, which was maintained for one year. Antimicrobial testing revealed that both types of AgNPs inhibited either the growth of planktonic cells or the metabolic activity of biofilm sessile cells in Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. No comparable activity was found towards Gram-positives. Overall, pAgNPs exhibited a higher antimicrobial efficacy compared to their monodisperse counterparts, suggesting that their size and shape may provide a broader spectrum of interactions with target cells. Both AgNP preparations showed no cytotoxicity towards a human keratinocyte cell line. Furthermore, in vivo tests using a silkworm animal model indicated the biocompatibility of the phytosynthesized AgNPs, as they had no adverse effects on insect larvae viability. These findings emphasize the potential of targeted AgNPs synthesized from viticultural waste as environmentally friendly antimicrobial agents with minimal impact on higher organisms.

Multipurpose arrowroot starch films with anthocyanin-rich grape pomace extract: Color migration for food simulants and monitoring the freshness of fish meat.

Extraction of anthocyanins from grape pomace, is a way of valuing these abundant by-products with low added value. Its integration into films may allow it to be used in bioactive packaging, which creates new color and solubility properties for food and smart food packaging which tracks the freshness of fish. Films of arrowroot starch added with different concentrations of grape pomace extract (GPE) were flexible to handle, reddish and presented a high content of anthocyanins. The water vapor permeability increased by 17 %, while the tensile strength of arrowroot starch film decreased by 79 % with the addition of 40 % GPE. The addition of GPE increased the solubility of the starch film in aqueous and lipid food simulants by 121 and 119 %. The GPE pigment preferentially migrated to the aqueous simulant due to the hydrophilic nature of anthocyanins and starch. The GPE film showed distinguishable color changes in different pH buffer solutions from pink at pH 2 to light blue at pH 7 and slightly yellowish green at pH 10. When the composite films were monitored for fish meat freshness, the change in color of the film from reddish pink to slightly green after 96 h of storage at 25 °C was evident.

Foliar application of nettle and Japanese knotweed extracts on Vitis vinifera: impact on phenylpropanoid biosynthesis and antioxidant activity during veraison and harvest of cv. Touriga Franca.

BACKGROUND: Plant-based extracts have been recently used as sustainable tools to improve biotic and abiotic stress tolerance and increase grape (Vitis vinifera L.) quality. However, knowledge about the effect of these extracts on secondary metabolism compounds, that are fundamental for grape and wine quality, is still scarce. In this study, a trial was installed in an experimental vineyard with the variety Touriga Franca located at University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Baixo Corgo sub-region of the Douro Demarcated Region, Portugal in two growing seasons: 2019 and 2020. The aim was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of nettle (Urtica spp.) extract (NE) and Japanese knotweed (Reynoutria japonica) extract (JKE) on grapevines leaves and berries bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant activity, at veraison and harvest. RESULTS: The application of NE increased the total carotenoids in leaves and the total phenolics content and the antioxidant activity (ferric reducing antioxidant power, FRAP) in berries while JKE increased flavonoids content in leaves and the antioxidant activity (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, DPPH) in berries. CONCLUSION: These extracts seem to have a stimulatory effect on grapevine, enhancing bioactive compounds contents and antioxidant capacity and, consequently, the physiological performance of the plant and the quality of the berries. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Organosolv Treatment of Red Grape Pomace for Effective Recovery of Antioxidant Polyphenols and Pigments Using a Ternary Glycerol/Ethanol/Water System under Mild Acidic Conditions.

The purpose of this investigation was (i) the development of a novel, green tertiary solvent system, composed of water, ethanol and glycerol, and (ii) the implementation of an organosolv treatment of red grape pomace (RGP) for the efficient production of polyphenol-containing extracts with enhanced antioxidant properties. The treatment developed was performed under mild acidic conditions, imparted by the addition of citric acid, and it was first evaluated on the basis of severity, establishing linear models that described the correlation between treatment performance and combined severity factors. To solicit treatment optimization, response surface methodology was implemented, considering solvent acidity and residence time as the treatment variables. The optimized treatment afforded maximum total polyphenol (166 ± 6 mg GAE g-1 DM), total pigment (4.4 ± 0.2 mg MvE g-1 DM) and total flavanol (31.5 mg CtE g-1 DM) yields and extracts with particularly enhanced antioxidant activity. This might be attributed to specific constituents with high antioxidant potency, such as catechin, determined in the extract using high-performance liquid chromatography. Thus, the treatment developed is proposed as a highly efficient process to generate RGP extracts enriched in polyphenolic compounds, with enhanced antioxidant activity. Such extracts might then be valorized as food additives, to provide antioxidant protection and/or pigmentation.

Optimization of ultrasound-aided extraction of bioactive ingredients from Vitis vinifera seeds using RSM and ANFIS modeling with machine learning algorithm.

Plant materials are a rich source of polyphenolic compounds with interesting health-beneficial effects. The present study aimed to determine the optimized condition for maximum extraction of polyphenols from grape seeds through RSM (response surface methodology), ANFIS (adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system), and machine learning (ML) algorithm models. Effect of five independent variables and their ranges, particle size (X1: 0.5-1 mm), methanol concentration (X2: 60-70% in distilled water), ultrasound exposure time (X3: 18-28 min), temperature (X4: 35-45 °C), and ultrasound intensity (X5: 65-75 W cm-2) at five levels (- 2, - 1, 0, + 1, and + 2) concerning dependent variables, total phenolic content (y1; TPC), total flavonoid content (y2; TFC), 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl free radicals scavenging (y3; %DPPH*sc), 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) free radicals scavenging (y4; %ABTS*sc) and Ferric ion reducing antioxidant potential (y5; FRAP) were selected. The optimized condition was observed at X1 = 0.155 mm, X2 = 65% methanol in water, X3 = 23 min ultrasound exposure time, X4 = 40 °C, and X5 = 70 W cm-2 ultrasound intensity. Under this situation, the optimal yields of TPC, TFC, and antioxidant scavenging potential were achieved to be 670.32 mg GAE/g, 451.45 mg RE/g, 81.23% DPPH*sc, 77.39% ABTS*sc and 71.55 µg mol (Fe(II))/g FRAP. This optimal condition yielded equal experimental and expected values. A well-fitted quadratic model was recommended. Furthermore, the validated extraction parameters were optimized and compared using the ANFIS and random forest regressor-ML algorithm. Gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy (LC-MS) analyses were performed to find the existence of the bioactive compounds in the optimized extract.

Preparation and evaluation of smart food packaging films with anthocyanin Sardasht black grape based on Astragalus gummifer and chitosan nanoparticles.

A new and green development in the field of food packaging is the use of colorimetric films containing anthocyanins, which not only can respond to food spoilage but also have no environmental risk and help the environment full of unacceptable and polluted substances created by humans. In this research, a completely natural film (GCNG) was made using natural materials including tragacanth gummifer (G), chitosan nanoparticles (C), and an extract containing anthocyanins of a type of wild grape called Sardasht black (G) with Alumina nanoparticles (N) for use in food packaging. This biodegradable film (GCNG) presented relatively wide color differences from red to blue in different buffer solutions (pH 2-12), which was clearly observed by the naked eye. Sardasht black grape extract contains large amounts of anthocyanins and antioxidants that can be extracted and used in the preparation of packaging films. The properties of prepared films, including mechanical properties, permeability to water vapor, solubility, swelling, as well as antimicrobial properties were checked by measuring the diameter of the diffusion area by agar disk test. GCNG films showed strong antioxidant activity and good antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus. The results suggested this film has promising potential as an active and smart packaging material for applications in the food industry.

Modeling Mediated Crossover Acute and Subacute Damage to the Pulmonary System During Systemic (Subcutaneous) Administration of Bleomycin in Mice to Test the Potential Therapeutic Effect of Polyphenols / Modelado del Daño Agudo y Subagudo Cruzado Mediado al Sistema Pulmonar Durante la Infección Sistémica (Subcutánea) de Administración de Bleomicina a Ratones para Probar el Posible Efecto Terapéutico de los Polifenoles

SUMMARY: The potential anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic activity of polyphenolic extracts of blueberry and grape was evaluated in a mouse model of lung damage induced by subcutaneous administration of bleomycin. The results of testing the polyphenolic extracts on two different systemic administration variants of bleomycin (intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) were compared. It was found that regardless of the method of bleomycin administration, indirect cross-acute and subacute damage to the pulmonary system was observed. Both patterns exhibited the same prevalence and severity. The administration of polyphenolic extracts of blueberry and grape to mice resulted in a significant decrease in theseverity of acute and subacute patterns of lung damage, suggesting their protective properties for the microcirculatory bed and a pronounced anti-inflammatory effect.

La potencial actividad antiinflamatoria y antifibrótica de los extractos polifenólicos de arándano y uva se evaluó en un modelo de daño pulmonar en ratón inducido por la administración subcutánea de bleomicina. Se compararon los resultados de las pruebas de los extractos polifenólicos en dos variantes diferentes de administración sistémica de bleomicina (intraperitoneal y subcutánea). Se encontró que, independientemente del método de administración de bleomicina, se observaba daño indirecto cruzado, agudo y subagudo al sistema pulmonar. Ambos patrones exhibieron la misma prevalencia y gravedad. La administración de extractos polifenólicos de arándano y uva a ratones dio como resultado una disminución significativa en la gravedad de los patrones agudos y subagudos de daño pulmonar, lo que sugiere sus propiedades protectoras del lecho micro- circulatorio y un efecto antiinflamatorio pronunciado.

Effect of a Composite Alginate/Grape Pomace Extract Packaging Material for Improving Meat Storage.

The development of food packaging materials that reduce the production of plastic, preserving at the same time the quality of food, is a topic of great interest today for the scientific community. Therefore, this article aims to report the effectiveness of an eco-friendly packaging material based on alginic acid and grape pomace extract from Vitis vinifera L. (winemaking by-products) for storing red meat in a domestic refrigerator. Specifically, biogenic amines are considered "sentinels" of the putrefactive processes, and their presence was thus monitored. For this purpose, an experimental analytical protocol based on the use of solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was developed during this work for the determination of six biogenic amines (butylamine, cadaverine, isobutylamine, isopentylamine, putrescine, and tyramine). Moreover, by combining the analytical results with those of pH and weight loss measurements, differential scanning calorimetry, and microbiological analysis, it was proved that the studied materials could be proposed as an alternative packaging material for storing foods of animal origin, thus lowering the environmental impact according to sustainability principles.

Polyphenol Composition by HPLC-DAD-(ESI-)MS/MS and Bioactivities of Extracts from Grape Agri-Food Wastes.

BACKGROUND: Grape agri-food wastes, such as skin, seeds, and other discarded by-products, contain phytochemical compounds that offer potential health benefits. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the polyphenol composition and bioactivities of different extracts obtained from grape marc and seeds, with the goal of exploring their potential for application as natural food additives. RESULTS: Regardless of the extraction method used (dynamic maceration, ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE)), all extracts exhibited relatively high concentrations of phenolic compounds. The chemical characterization of the extracts revealed the presence of specific compounds and chemical groups associated with each extraction methodology. Moreover, the extracts displayed satisfactory antioxidant activities, especially in inhibiting lipoperoxidation as assessed by the TBARS assay. Additionally, the extracts demonstrated effective inhibition against different strains of bacteria and fungi known as food contaminants. Taken together, these findings indicate that those extracts have the potential to be tested as natural antioxidants and preservatives with sustainable origins in food and beverage systems. Among the extraction methods evaluated, traditional maceration and UAE provided extracts with the highest antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the opportunity to explore grape marc and seeds discarded by the winery industry in Portugal as natural sources of bioactive compounds, which could be employed as functional food ingredients or technological additives. The valorization of grape biowastes offers a promising strategy to reduce waste and harness their potential health benefits.

Laccase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Added-Value Polymers from Cork and Grape Extracts.

The development of products from natural plant sources, including agriculture and food wastes, contributes significantly to the circular economy and global sustainability. Cork and grape wastes were employed as the primary sources in this study to obtain compounds of interest under mild extraction conditions. Laccase was applied to oxidize the cork and grape extracts, with the aim of producing value-added molecules with improved properties. Ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy was assessed to monitor the oxidation process, and characterization of the end products was performed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) spectroscopy. The antioxidant and antiaging properties were evaluated by means of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and SPF testing. Overall, as compared to their monomeric counterparts, the polymeric compounds displayed remarkable antioxidant and antiaging characteristics after laccase oxidation, showing tremendous potential for applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and textile industries.

Bioactive compounds recovery by freeze concentration process from winemaking by-product.

Grape pomace is the main solid residue of wine industry, containing high amounts of phenolic compounds. Considering its high potential, an extraction procedure was optimized for maximal recovery of anthocyanins from grape pomace (Vitis vinifera L.) using citric acid as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) acidulant in water. Volume of solvent (3.2-36.8 mL), time (14.4-165.6 min) and pH of solvent (1.12-4.48) were the studied variables. Furthermore, the best condition to obtain extract rich in anthocyanins was submitted to the gravitational block freeze concentration process. The performance of the process was evaluated and cryoconcentrated and ice fractions were analyzed for physicochemical properties, bioactive compounds content, and antioxidant activity. Interaction, linear, and quadratic effects for volume and pH of solvent were significant by analysis of variance (ANOVA). The experimental design allowed the prediction for maximal recovery of anthocyanins (10 mL of solvent at pH 1.8). The bioactive composition of the optimized grape pomace extract was influenced by the cryoconcentration process. After three cycles using gravitational block freeze concentration, the total phenolics and monomeric anthocyanins were approximately 4 and 5 times higher than the initial condition of the extract, respectively. Consequently, an increase in antioxidant activity was observed. The increase in the concentration of bioactive compounds reached a process efficiency of 93% (stage 1) for phenolic compounds and 91% (stage 2) for anthocyanins. Therefore, the final water-based optimized method is safe and has a low cost and the concentrated extract certainly showed higher concentrations of total phenolics and anthocyanins, compared to the initial extract. The proposed clean extraction method and cryoconcentration technique can be considered important strategies for recovering and valuing grape pomace components, improving the approach to the circular economy concept in the wine industry.

Chemical Characterization of Polysaccharide Extracts Obtained from Pomace By-Products of Different White Grape Varieties.

Grape pomace is one of the main by-products in the wine industry and contains some high-added-value compounds, such as polysaccharides. Considering the wide application possibilities of polysaccharides in wine and in the food industry, the revalorization of grape pomace to extract polysaccharides presents itself as an opportunity for by-product management. Therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize polysaccharide extracts obtained from pomace by-products of different white grape varieties. The type and content of polysaccharides, proteins and phenols were analyzed. Statistically significant differences were found between the varietal extracts in the types and concentrations of polysaccharides. The extracts obtained from the Verdejo and Puesta en Cruz varieties showed the highest polysaccharide purity and contents, but the type of polysaccharides was different in each case. The Verdejo provided extracts richer in non-pectic polysaccharides, while the Puesta en Cruz provided extracts richer in pectic polysaccharides. The protein and polyphenol contents were low in all extracts, below 2.5% and 3.7%, respectively. These results open up a new possibility for the revalorization of grape pomace by-products to obtain polysaccharide-rich extracts, although it would be interesting to improve both the yield and the purity of the extracts obtained by studying other extraction techniques or processes.

Whey-pectin microcapsules improve the stability of grape marc phenolics during digestion.

Grape marc (GM) is an agri-food residue from the wine industry valuable for its high content of phenolic compounds. This study aimed to develop an encapsulation system for GM extract (GME) using food-grade biopolymers resistant to gastric conditions for its potential use as a nutraceutical. For this purpose, a hydroalcoholic GME was prepared with a total phenolics content of 219.62 ± 11.50 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g dry extract and 1389.71 ± 97.33 µmol Trolox equivalents/g dry extract antioxidant capacity, assessed through ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) assay. Moreover, the extract effectively neutralized reactive oxygen species in Caco-2 cells, demonstrating an intracellular antioxidant capacity comparable to Trolox. The GME was encapsulated using whey protein isolate and pectin through nano spray drying (73% yield), resulting in spherical microparticles with an average size of 1 ± 0.5 µm and a polydispersity of 0.717. The encapsulation system protected the microcapsules from simulated gastrointestinal digestion (GID), where at the end of the intestinal phase, 82% of the initial phenolics were bioaccessible compared to 54% in the free GME. Besides, the encapsulated GME displayed a higher antioxidant activity by the ferric reducing antioxidant power assay than the free extract after GID. These results show the potential of this encapsulation system for applying GME as a nutraceutical with a high antioxidant capacity and protective effect against cellular oxidation.

Real-time online monitoring technology for sweeping frequency ultrasound (SFU) assisted extraction of amur grape (Vitis amurensis) seed oil.

Sweeping frequency ultrasound (SFU) was used to assist extraction of amur grape (Vitis amurensis) seed (AGS) oil. Extraction conditions and physicochemical properties were optimized and analyzed under different extraction methods. Meanwhile, frequency and time domains were online monitored during SFU assisted extraction of AGS oil. PVDF piezoelectric sensor was used in time domain, and the hydrophone in frequency domain, so as to obtain the time-voltage waveform, signal power, spectrum distribution and other visual models. Physical models of the spatial peak acoustic intensity, charge quantity and work done by electric field force under different ultrasonic conditions were derived. The mathematical model between the work done by electric field force and the spatial peak acoustic intensity under the working state of PVDF piezoelectric sensor was constructed. Results show that the content of AGS oil by SFU assisted extraction was higher than that by organic extraction. Furthermore, the optimal single-frequency was 40 kHz and dual-frequency was 28/33 kHz, and SFU extraction time of 30 min was suitable with higher oil yield of 16.70 % and 16.94 %, respectively. In addition, the selection and combination of SFU also affected the oil oxidation degree. The peak voltage, spatial peak acoustic intensity, signal power and work of electric field force at 28/33 kHz were all higher than those at 40 kHz.

Absorbent bioactive aerogels based on germinated wheat starch and grape skin extract.

This study aimed to produce water-absorbent bioactive aerogels using biodegradable raw materials, wheat starch and poly ethylene oxide (PEO), and derived from agro-industrial residues (grape skin) obtained in the wine industry. The aerogels were produced using germinated wheat starch (GWS), with and without PEO, and incorporating grape skin extract (GSE) at concentrations of 5 and 10 % (w/w). The GSE was evaluated for total and individual phenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and antioxidant activity. The starch aerogels were characterized for morphology, density, porosity, functional groups by FT-IR, relative crystallinity and diffraction pattern, water absorption capacity, antioxidant activity, and in vitro release profile of phenolic compounds in food simulant medium. The total phenolic compounds in GSE was 226.25 ± 0.01 mg equivalent of gallic acid/g GSE. The aerogels showed low density and high porosity. All aerogels demonstrated high water absorption capacity (581.4 to 997.5 %). The antioxidant activity of the aerogels increased with increasing GSE concentration and the addition of PEO. The aerogels could release GSE gradually for up to 120 days in the hydrophilic simulant medium and 240 h for the hydrophobic medium. Starch-based aerogels with GSE showed potential to be applied as exudate absorbers with antioxidant activity to develop active food packaging.

Characterization of Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Activity and Phenolic Compound Profile of Extracts from Seeds of Different Vitis Species.

Seeds of Vitis vinifera L. with a high content of bioactive compounds are valuable by-products from grape processing. However, little is known about the bioactivity of seeds from other Vitis species. The aim of this study has been to compare the phenolic composition, antimicrobial activity, and antioxidant activity of extracts from seeds of four Vitis species (V. riparia Michx., V. californica Benth., V. amurensis Rupr., and V. vinifera L.). Antioxidant activities were assessed as ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH•) scavenging activity, and oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC). The antimicrobial activity was determined using the microdilution method against some Gram-negative (Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica ser. Typhimurium, and Enterobacter aerogenes) and Gram-positive (Enterococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was used to evaluate the phenolic profile of extracts. Flavan-3-ols, procyanidins, phenolic acids, flavonols, anthocyanins, and stilbenoids were detected. (+)-Catechin and (-)-epicatechin turned out to be the most abundant in the phenolic profile of V. amurensis seed extract. Phenolic acids prevailed in the extract from V. vinifera seeds. The V. riparia and V. californica seed extracts had higher contents of most individual phenolics compared to the other Vitis species. They also showed a higher total phenolic content, DPPH• scavenging activity, ORAC, and overall antibacterial activity. Total phenolic content significantly correlated with antioxidant activity and antimicrobial activity against E. coli. The principal component analysis (PCA) showed discrimination between V. vinifera, V. amurensis, and clustered V. riparia and V. californica with respect to variables. To recapitulate, this research demonstrates that seeds of different Vitis species, especially V. riparia and V. californica, are sources of molecules with antioxidant and antimicrobial activities that can be used in different sectors, such as in the food, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries.

In Vitro Bioaccessibility Assessment of Phenolic Compounds from Encapsulated Grape Pomace Extract by Ionic Gelation.

Grape pomace is a by-product of winemaking characterized by a rich chemical composition from which phenolics stand out. Phenolics are health-promoting agents, and their beneficial effects depend on their bioaccessibility, which is influenced by gastrointestinal digestion. The effect of encapsulating phenol-rich grape pomace extract (PRE) with sodium alginate (SA), a mixture of SA with gelatin (SA-GEL), and SA with chitosan (SA-CHIT) on the bioaccessibility index (BI) of phenolics during simulated digestion in vitro was studied. A total of 27 individual phenolic compounds (IPCs) were quantified by UHPLC. The addition of a second coating to SA improved the encapsulation efficiency (EE), and the highest EE was obtained for SA-CHIT microbeads (56.25%). Encapsulation affected the physicochemical properties (size, shape and texture, morphology, crystallinity) of the produced microbeads, which influenced the delivery of phenolics to the intestine and their BI. Thus, SA-GEL microbeads had the largest size parameters, as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the highest BI for total phenolic compounds and IPCs (gallic acid, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid and o-coumaric acid, epicatechin, and gallocatechin gallate) ranged from 96.20 to 1011.3%. The results suggest that encapsulated PRE has great potential to be used as a functional ingredient in products for oral administration.

Background and Perspectives on the Utilization of Canes' and Bunch Stems' Residues from Wine Industry as Sources of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds.

Viticulture activity produces a significant amount of grapevine woody byproducts, such as bunch stems and canes, which constitute potential sources of a wide range of phenolic compounds (PCs) with purported applications. Recently, the study of these byproducts has been increased as a source of health-promoting phytochemicals. Antioxidant, antimicrobial, antifungal, and antiaging properties have been reported, with most of these effects being linked to the high content of PCs with antioxidant properties. This Review summarizes the data related to the qualitative and quantitative composition of PCs recovered from canes and bunch stems side streams of the wine industry, the influence that the different environmental and storage conditions have on the final concentration of PCs, and the current reported applications in specific technological fields. The objective is to give a complete valuation of the key factors to consider, starting from the field to the final extracts, to attain the most suitable and stable characterized product.