RESUMEN
PURPOSE: To investigate the sedative and clinical effects of the pharmacopuncture with xylazine, compared to the conventional dose of a intramuscular injection in dogs. METHODS: Twelve dogs were randomly distributed in two groups of six animals and treated as follows: control group (X-IM): 1mg kg(-1) of xylazine given intramuscularly (IM); pharmacopuncture group (X-Yintang): 0.1mg kg(-1) of xylazine diluted to 0.5 mL of saline injected into the Yin Tang acupoint. Heart rate, cardiac rhythm (ECG), systolic arterial blood pressure (SABP), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), blood glucose concentration, degree of sedation and adverse effects were evaluated. RESULTS: Sedative effect was observed in both groups. The degree of sedation was greater in X-IM only at 15 min when compared with X-Yintang group. Cardiovascular established was observed in X-Yintang group, while marked reduction in the HR and increased incidence of ECG abnormalities were detected in X-IM. In both treatment groups, minimal changes were observed in relation to SABP, RR, RT and blood glucose. High incidence (66%) of vomiting was observed in X-IM, while this adverse effect was absent in X-Yintang. CONCLUSION: Pharmacopuncture with xylazine induced clinically relevant sedative effects in dogs, with the advantage of reduction of undesirable side effects associated with α2-agonists, including bradycardia, cardiac arrhythmias, and emesis.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia por Acupuntura/veterinaria , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/farmacología , Xilazina/farmacología , Analgesia por Acupuntura/métodos , Puntos de Acupuntura , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Método Doble Ciego , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/efectos adversos , Inyecciones Intramusculares/veterinaria , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The prophylactic antiemetic effect of 3 dosages of promethazine injected into cats 1 h before administration of xylazine was compared with that of a saline solution. Prior treatment with 2 and 4 mg/kg of promethazine significantly reduced the frequency of emetic episodes. Promethazine may be used as a prophylactic antiemetic in cats treated with xylazine.
Asunto(s)
Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/administración & dosificación , Antieméticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Gatos/prevención & control , Prometazina/uso terapéutico , Vómitos/veterinaria , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Agonistas de Receptores Adrenérgicos alfa 2/efectos adversos , Animales , Gatos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Masculino , Vómitos/prevención & control , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Signs of tachypnea after sedation of febrile horses with alpha2-agonists have been noted previously but have not been further investigated. OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of xylazine and detomidine on respiratory rate and rectal temperature in febrile horses and to investigate if either drug would be less likely than the other to cause changes in these variables. ANIMALS: Nine febrile horses and 9 healthy horses were included in the study. METHODS: Horses were randomly assigned to sedation with xylazine 0.5 mg/kg or detomidine 0.01 mg/kg. Heart rate and respiratory rate were recorded before sedation and at 1, 3, and 5 minutes after injection. Hourly measurements of rectal temperature were performed starting before sedation. RESULTS: All febrile horses experienced an episode of tachypnea and antipyresis after sedation. Rectal temperature in the febrile group was significantly lower at 1, 2, and 3 hours after sedation. In several measurements, the decrease was >1 degrees C. Respiratory rate in the febrile group was significantly increased after sedation. All febrile horses were breathing>40 breaths/min and 3 horses>100 breaths/min 5 minutes after sedation. No differences were noted between the 2 treatments. No significant changes in respiratory rate or temperature were noted in the reference group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Febrile horses can become tachypneic after sedation with detomidine or xylazine. The antipyretic properties of alpha2-agonists need consideration when evaluating patients that have been sedated several hours before examination.
Asunto(s)
Fiebre/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Caballos/tratamiento farmacológico , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/efectos adversos , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/uso terapéutico , Animales , Fiebre/tratamiento farmacológico , Caballos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/efectos adversos , Hipnóticos y Sedantes/uso terapéutico , Imidazoles/efectos adversos , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
The present study was conducted in order to clarify the anti-emetic effect of oculo-acupuncture (OA) on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting, and also to compare the anti-emetic effect of OA and body acupuncture (AP). Twelve dogs induced to vomit by xylazine were selected from total 29 mongrel dogs in preliminary experiment and were used as subjects in this study. This study was comprised of two experiments. In experiment 1, the anti-emetic effects of OA on dogs were examined in the stomach/spleen region (experimental group I), the zhongjiao region (experimental group II), and the stomach/spleen region plus the zhongjiao region (experimental group III) using 12 dogs induced to vomit for one week interval repeatedly. On the other hand, needle acupuncture (AP) (BL20 + BL21, experimental group A) and OA (stomach/spleen and zhong jiao regions) combined with needle AP (BL20 + BL21) (experimental group B) were examined using 6 vomiting dogs, for one week interval repeatedly in experiment 2. As a result, the vomiting rates of experimental group I (50%, p < 0.05), experimental group II (58.3%) and experimental group III (41.6%, p < 0.01) were lower than that of control (100%), respectively in experiment 1. The vomiting rates of both experimental group A (50%, p < 0.05) and experimental group B (50%, p < 0.05) were lower than that of control (100%) in experiment 2. The starting vomiting time in experimental groups was similar to that of the control groups in experiment 1 and 2. This study demonstrated that OA had anti-emetic effects on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting and OA in the stomach/spleen region plus the zhongjiao region was the most effective in anti-emesis among the experimental groups. In addition, body AP and OA combined with body AP had a similar anti-emetic effect on dogs with xylazine-induced vomiting.
Asunto(s)
Puntos de Acupuntura , Terapia por Acupuntura/métodos , Vómitos/prevención & control , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/administración & dosificación , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/efectos adversos , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Vómitos/inducido químicamente , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
After a 4-year-old female laboratory cynomolgus monkey manifested neurological abnormalities, including tetanic spasm, after intramuscular injection of 20 mg/kg ketamine, we administered 2 mg/kg xylazine in an attempt to control the seizure. However, the animal continued to display opisthotonus, nystagmus, and symptomatic epilepsia. Analysis of blood chemistry revealed a dramatically increased creatine phosphokinase level. Abnormal histopathological findings included acute neuronal necrosis or glial reaction or both in the cerebral cortex, nucleus lentiformis, hippocampus, cerebellar cortex and nucleus, and medulla oblongata; severe myocardial hemorrhagic necrosis; and hepatic subcapsular hematoma. Although the mechanism of this neuronal damage has not been clarified, it may be attributable to an ischemic condition in the brain, probably due to temporal cardiac arrest or hemorrhagic change in the liver and heart, with subsequent decreased blood pressure, after ketamine and/or xylazine treatment. Because both drugs often are used as general anesthetics in veterinary medicine, attention should be paid to this rare case with neural damage.
Asunto(s)
Anestesia/veterinaria , Isquemia Encefálica/inducido químicamente , Ketamina/efectos adversos , Macaca fascicularis , Xilazina/efectos adversos , Anestesia/efectos adversos , Animales , Isquemia Encefálica/complicaciones , Isquemia Encefálica/patología , Corteza Cerebelosa/patología , Corteza Cerebral/patología , Cuerpo Estriado/patología , Femenino , Hipocampo/patología , Inyecciones Intramusculares , Ketamina/administración & dosificación , Xilazina/administración & dosificaciónRESUMEN
Estudaram-se as alterações produzidas por doses equipotentes de xilazina e romifidina e os efeitos da administração subseqüente de ioimbina em oito cabras mestiças. Respeitou-se um intervalo de sete dias entre os seguintes tratamentos: A- 250µg/kg/IM de xilazina e 0,1ml/kg/IV de solução fisiológica, B- 250µg/kg/IM de xilazina e 250µg/kg/IV de ioimbina, C- 25µg/kg/IM de romifidina e 0,1ml/kg/IV de solução fisiológica, D- 25µg/kg/IM de romifidina e 250µg/kg/IV de ioimbina. Foram mensurados a freqüência respiratória, o pH, as pressões parciais de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono, a concentração de íon bicarbonato, o excesso de bases e a saturação de oxigênio no sangue arterial. Utilizou-se um delineamento experimental crossover, e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste Duncan (Pmenor ou igual a 0,05). Xilazina e romifidina reduziram a pressão arterial de oxigênio e aumentaram a pressão arterial de dióxido de carbono. A ioimbina reverteu os efeitos da xilazina e da romifidina sobre as pressões parciais de oxigênio e dióxido de carbono no sangue arterial.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Agonistas Adrenérgicos/administración & dosificación , Agonistas Adrenérgicos/efectos adversos , Agonistas Adrenérgicos/uso terapéutico , Cabras , Yohimbina/administración & dosificación , Yohimbina/antagonistas & inhibidores , Yohimbina/efectos adversos , Yohimbina/uso terapéutico , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Xilazina/efectos adversos , Xilazina/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
This study was performed to compare the effect of intratesticular (IT) injection of xylazine/ketamine combination for canine castration with those of intramuscular (IM) or intravenous (IV) injection. Xylazine and ketamine was administered simultaneously via intratesticularly (IT group), intramuscularly (IM group) or intravenously (IV group) at doses of 2 and 10 mg/kg, respectively. Pain response at the time of injection, mean induction time, mean arousal time, mean walking time and cardiopulmonary function during anesthesia were monitored after the xylazine and ketamine administration. In IV and IM groups, heart rates were significantly decreased 30 and 45 min after xylazine and ketamine administration, respectively (p < 0.05). Respiratory rates were significantly decreased in the IV group (p < 0.05). In the IT group, there was no significant changes in heart and respiratory rates. The occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias was less severe in IT group compared with those in IM and IV groups. The route of administration did not affect rectal temperature. Mean induction time was significantly (p < 0.05) longer in IT group than in IM and IV groups. On the contrary, mean arousal time and mean walking time were shortened in IT group. Clinical signs related to pain response at the time of injection and vomiting were less observed in IT group than in IM group, and head shaking was less shown in IT group than in IM and IV groups during recovery period. These results indicated that intratesticular injection of xylazine/ketamine for castration has several advantages such as less inhibition of cardiopulmonary function and fast recovery from anesthesia without severe complications, and would be an effective anesthetic method for castration in small animal practice.
Asunto(s)
Anestésicos Combinados/uso terapéutico , Anestésicos Disociativos/uso terapéutico , Castración/veterinaria , Ketamina/uso terapéutico , Testículo/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Anestesia Intravenosa/veterinaria , Anestésicos Combinados/efectos adversos , Anestésicos Disociativos/efectos adversos , Animales , Temperatura Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Vías de Administración de Medicamentos/veterinaria , Electrocardiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Electrocardiografía/veterinaria , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Inyecciones/veterinaria , Inyecciones Intramusculares/veterinaria , Ketamina/efectos adversos , Masculino , Dolor Postoperatorio/prevención & control , Dolor Postoperatorio/veterinaria , Ventilación Pulmonar/efectos de los fármacos , Vómitos/inducido químicamente , Vómitos/veterinaria , Xilazina/efectos adversosAsunto(s)
Anestesia/efectos adversos , Glucemia/análisis , Animales , Insulina/sangre , Isoflurano/administración & dosificación , Isoflurano/efectos adversos , Ketamina/administración & dosificación , Ketamina/efectos adversos , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Especificidad de la Especie , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Hypoxemia is a commonly observed complication during the chemical immobilization of wild ruminants. If severe and left untreated, it can predispose animals to arrhythmias, organ failure, and capture myopathy. The following prospective study was designed to measure the degree of hypoxemia in wapiti that were immobilized with a combination of xylazine and tiletamine-zolazepam and to assess the response to nasal oxygen therapy. Pulse oximetry and arterial blood gas analysis were used to assess the degree of hypoxemia prior to nasal insufflation of oxygen and to demonstrate any beneficial effects of this intervention. All wapiti exhibited mild to marked hypoxemia (PaO2 = 43 +/- 11.8 mmHg) prior to treatment and showed marked improvement after 5 minutes of nasal insufflation of oxygen at 10 L/min (PaO2 = 207 +/- 60 mmHg). This inexpensive, noninvasive technique has great benefit in treating clinical hypoxemia under field conditions, and we recommend that nasal insufflation of oxygen be implemented during xylazine-tiletamine-zolazepam-induced immobilization of wapiti and other wild ruminants.
Asunto(s)
Ciervos , Hipoxia/veterinaria , Inmovilización , Oxígeno/administración & dosificación , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/efectos adversos , Anestésicos Disociativos/efectos adversos , Animales , Animales Salvajes , Ansiolíticos/efectos adversos , Benzodiazepinas , Análisis de los Gases de la Sangre/veterinaria , Combinación de Medicamentos , Femenino , Frecuencia Cardíaca/efectos de los fármacos , Hipoxia/inducido químicamente , Hipoxia/tratamiento farmacológico , Inmovilización/efectos adversos , Masculino , Oxígeno/sangre , Estudios Prospectivos , Respiración/efectos de los fármacos , Tiletamina/efectos adversos , Xilazina/efectos adversos , Zolazepam/efectos adversosRESUMEN
A xilazina produz um bom efeito sedativo-analgésico quando associado à drogas anestésicas. O tiopental sódico é um barbitúrico de curta duração que produz sonolência, sedação e hipnose. O objetivo deste trabalho é verificar a eficiência da associação da xilazina como pré-medicação e do tiopental sódico na manutenção da anestesia, em cães. Foram usados 32 cães sem raça definida, adultos, machos e com peso entre 8 e 10 kg, que foram submetidos à procedimento operatório no esôfago cervical. A dose média de xilazina administrada foi de 3,8 mg/kg e de tiopental sódico foi de 7,7 mg/kg. Não houve necessidade de intubação endotraqueal e não ocorreu óbito relacionado com as medicações anestésicas. Concluindo, o procedimento anestésico descrito é de fácil execução, é seguro e diminui o estresse do animal.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Masculino , Perros , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/uso terapéutico , Anestésicos Intravenosos/uso terapéutico , Premedicación/métodos , Tiopental/uso terapéutico , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/administración & dosificación , Agonistas alfa-Adrenérgicos/efectos adversos , Anestésicos Intravenosos/administración & dosificación , Anestésicos Intravenosos/efectos adversos , Tiopental/administración & dosificación , Tiopental/efectos adversos , Xilazina/administración & dosificación , Xilazina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
Aspirin (10 mg kg-1) administered intravenously to conscious sheep four hours before intravenous xylazine injection (50 micrograms kg-1), failed to abolish or attenuate the hypoxaemic effect of xylazine in this species. Serum thromboxane levels measured in one animal revealed that aspirin administered in this way reduced serum thromboxane levels by 95 per cent. Xylazine (3 x 10(-5) M--4 x 10(-3) M) failed to induce platelet aggregation in vitro. It appears that the mechanism whereby xylazine causes arterial hypoxaemia in sheep does not involve a cyclo-oxygenase-dependent aggregation of platelets.
Asunto(s)
Aspirina/uso terapéutico , Hipoxia/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Ovejas/inducido químicamente , Tiazinas/efectos adversos , Xilazina/efectos adversos , Animales , Aspirina/administración & dosificación , Femenino , Hipoxia/inducido químicamente , Hipoxia/prevención & control , Inyecciones Intravenosas/veterinaria , Masculino , Oxígeno/sangre , Agregación Plaquetaria , Recuento de Plaquetas/veterinaria , Ovinos , Tromboxanos/sangreRESUMEN
Vomiting was suppressed in cats pretreated with 8-OH-DPAT and then challenged with an emetic stimulus; motion, xylazine or cisplatin. The antiemetic effect is likely due to stimulation of postsynaptic serotonin-1A receptors. The most parsimonious explanation is that it acts at a convergent structure, presumably at or near the vomiting center. If so, 8-OH-DPAT may block emesis elicited by virtually any other stimulus. A supplementary experiment revealed that lorazepam suppressed motion sickness at a dose that produced ataxia, but did not suppress xylazine-induced emesis. These results do not support the possibility that the antiemetic effects of 8-OH-DPAT were the result of anxiolytic activity.
Asunto(s)
Cisplatino/efectos adversos , Mareo por Movimiento/complicaciones , Naftalenos/uso terapéutico , Tetrahidronaftalenos/uso terapéutico , Tiazinas/efectos adversos , Vómitos/prevención & control , Xilazina/efectos adversos , 8-Hidroxi-2-(di-n-propilamino)tetralin , Animales , Gatos , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Lorazepam/farmacología , Lorazepam/uso terapéutico , Masculino , Mareo por Movimiento/prevención & control , Tetrahidronaftalenos/farmacología , Vómitos/etiologíaRESUMEN
Xylazine (0.35 mg/kg) or lidocaine (0.35 mg/kg) was injected into the epidural space of six ponies to compare their effectiveness as epidural analgesics. Each pony received both treatments at 1 week intervals with the order of treatments randomized. Xylazine produced analgesia of significantly longer duration (247 +/- 58 minutes) than that produced by an equal dose of lidocaine (135 +/- 22 minutes). Mild transient ataxia of no clinical significance developed in all ponies with both treatments. Spinal cords were removed from two ponies and examined histologically. No discernible pathologic changes were noted.
Asunto(s)
Analgesia Epidural/veterinaria , Caballos/fisiología , Lidocaína/uso terapéutico , Tiazinas/uso terapéutico , Xilazina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Femenino , Lidocaína/efectos adversos , Masculino , Médula Espinal/efectos de los fármacos , Xilazina/efectos adversosAsunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/inducido químicamente , Bulbo Raquídeo/fisiología , Tiazinas/efectos adversos , Vómitos/veterinaria , Xilazina/efectos adversos , Yohimbina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Células Quimiorreceptoras/fisiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/prevención & control , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Bulbo Raquídeo/cirugía , Vómitos/inducido químicamente , Vómitos/prevención & control , Xilazina/antagonistas & inhibidoresRESUMEN
Based on experiences from anaesthesia of approximately 7000 cats in a four year period the effects of a combination of 20--25 mg/kg Ketamine and 0.5 mg/kg Xylazine given i/m are described. In the present study the Xylazine has been applied in considerably lower doses, compared with previous reports on these drugs, and this change has reduced the unwanted side effects, without at the same time reducing the effect on the muscular tension and the psychical disturbances induced by the Ketamine. Ketamine and Xylazine were given in one injection after being taken in the named sequence and mixed in the syringe. Indication for anaesthetizing the cats were, besides routine surgery in the out-patient clinic, operations of weakened animals for pyometra, foreign bodies, intestinal invaginations with and without resection, removal of abdominal tumors and urolithiasis. Animals with impared liver function were not anaesthetized with these drugs due to the important role of liver metabolism in their excretion. In spite of the fact that the corneal and laryngeal reflexes normally persist, the combination of the two drugs allowed surgery in these organs after application of local anaesthetics as an extra precaution. Premedication with atropine has not been used routinely, and still only very few cases of increased salivation or vomiting have been observed. Aspiration has not been a complication and in the whole material, only 3 deaths have occurred, none of them with a specific post mortem finding besides shock. In these 3 cases the patient died later than 45 minutes after the injection and after ended surgery. Side effects ascribed to phenomena of interaction have not been observed. One cat was anaesthetized a number of times during pregnancy without any effect on the cat or its kittens. It is concluded, that the Ketamine/Xylazine combination, when mixed as prescribed gives a very safe and pleasant narcosis, and that side effects are minimized, if the corneas are moistened with an ophthalmic ointment and the patient is allowed to recover in dark and quiet surroundings.