Effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on intestinal flora in the rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome based on 16S rDNA technique. / 基于16S rDNAæŠ€æœ¯æŽ¢è®¨é’ˆç¸å¯¹è ¹æ³»åž‹è‚ æ˜“æ¿€ç»¼åˆå¾æ¨¡åž‹å¤§é¼ è‚ é“èŒç¾¤çš„å½±å“.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the effect of acupuncture and moxibustion on intestinal flora in the rats with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D) based on 16S rDNA technique. METHODS: Ten rats were randomized from 58 SPF-grade male SD rats to be the blank group. The remained 48 rats were prepared to be IBS-D models by the modified method of acetic acid enema combined with binding tail-clip stress. Forty successfully-modeled rats were randomly divided into a model group, an acupuncture group, a moxibustion group and a western medication group, with 10 rats in each one. In the acupuncture group, the needle was inserted at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) and remained for 15 min in each rat. In the moxibustion group, the suspending moxibustion was delivered at bilateral "Zusanli" (ST 36) for 15 min. The rats in the western medication group were given pinaverium bromide suspension (10 mL/kg) by intragastric administration. The above interventions were performed once daily for consecutive 14 days. The body mass and the score of fecal trait were compared before and after modeling, as well as after intervention in each group. Fecal water content, diarrhea index and colon transit time (CTT) were measured after modeling and intervention in the rats of each group separately. After intervention, the colonic morphology of rats in each group was observed, and using 16S rDNA technique, the intestinal flora was detected. RESULTS: After modeling, compared with the blank group, the body mass and CTT were reduced (P<0.01); fecal trait scores, fecal water contents and diarrhea index increased (P<0.01) in the other 4 groups. After intervention, the body mass and CTT of the rats decreased (P<0.01), and fecal trait score, fecal water content and diarrhea index increased (P<0.01) in the model group compared with those in the blank group. In the acupuncture group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group, when compared with the model group, the body mass and CTT were elevated (P<0.01), while fecal trait scores, fecal water contents and diarrhea index declined (P<0.01). Compared with the western medication group, fecal water content decreased in the acupuncture group and the moxibustion group (P<0.05), while CTT increased in the acupuncture group (P<0.01), the body mass increased and fecal trait score was dropped in the moxibustion group (P<0.05). The colonic mucosa structure was clear and complete, and there was no obvious inflammatory cell infiltration in the blank group. The mild interstitial edema of intestinal mucosa was presented with the infiltration of few inflammatory cells in the model group. There was the infiltration of few inflammatory cells in the mucosa of the acupuncture group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group. Compared with the blank group, the indexes of Richness, Chao1, ACE and Shannon decreased in the model group (P<0.05). Indexes of Richness, Chao1 and ACE increased in the acupuncture group and the moxibustion group (P<0.05), and the Richness index in the western medication group increased (P<0.05) when compared with those in the model group. The relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Prevotella increased (P<0.05), and that of Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae decreased (P<0.05) in the model group compared with those in the blank group. When compared with the model group, the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria and Prevotella was reduced (P<0.05), while that of Firmicutes and Muribaculaceae increased (P<0.05) in the acupuncture group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group; and that of Actinobacteria and Bifidobacterium increased in the acupuncture group and the moxibustion group (P<0.05). Compared with the blank group, the relative abundance of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis was elevated (P<0.05), and that of folate biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis decreased (P<0.05) in the model group. The relative abundance of LPS biosynthesis was dropped (P<0.05), and that of folate biosynthesis, lipoic acid metabolism, zeatin biosynthesis, ubiquinone and other terpenoid quinone biosynthesis increased (P<0.05) in the acupuncture group, the moxibustion group and the western medication group compared with those of the model group. CONCLUSIONS: Either acupuncture or moxibustion can relieve the symptoms of IBS-D and protect intestinal mucosa, which may be associated with regulating the structure of intestinal flora and promoting nutrient metabolism and biosynthesis.

Zeatin: The 60th anniversary of its identification.

While various labs had shown cell division-inducing activity in a variety of plant extracts for over a decade, the identification of zeatin (Z) in 1964, the first known naturally occurring cytokinin, belongs to Letham and co-workers. Using extracts from maize (Zea mays), they were the first to obtain crystals of pure Z and in sufficient quantity for structural determination by MS, NMR, chromatography, and mixed melting-point analysis. This group also crystallized Z-9-riboside (ZR) from coconut (Cocos nucifera) milk. However, their chemical contributions go well beyond the identification of Z and ZR and include two unambiguous syntheses of trans-Z (to establish stereochemistry), the synthesis of 3H-cytokinins that facilitated metabolic studies, and the synthesis of deuterated internal standards for accurate mass spectral quantification. Letham and associates also unequivocally identified Z nucleotide, the 7-and 9-glucoside conjugates of Z, and the O-glucosides of Z, ZR, dihydro Z (DHZ) and DHZR as endogenous compounds and as metabolites of exogenous Z. Their contributions to the role of cytokinins in plant physiology and development were also substantial, especially the role of cytokinins moving in the xylem. These biological advances are described and briefly related to the genetic/molecular biological contributions of others that established that plants have an absolute requirement for cytokinin.

Dynamics of endogenous levels and subcellular localization of ABA and cytokinins during pollen germination in spruce and tobacco.

We used the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess the level of endogenous hormones in spruce pollen, and immunolocalization and confocal microscopy to study hormone localization in spruce and tobacco pollen. During pollen activation, the levels of ABA, zeatin, and its riboside significantly decreased. After the initiation of polar growth, the levels of all cytokinins increased sharply; ABA level also increased. In dormant spruce pollen grains, zeatin and ABA were localized uniformly throughout the cytoplasm. Zeatin was not detected in the nuclei, and the antheridial cell showed higher levels than the vegetative cell; ABA signal was detected in the cytoplasm and the nuclei. In germinating pollen, both hormones were detected mainly in plastids. The similar pattern was found in growing pollen tubes; signal from ABA also had a noticeable level in the cytosol of the tube cell, and was weaker in the antheridial cell. Zeatin fluorescence, on the other hand, was more pronounced in the antheridial cell. In non-germinated grains of tobacco, zeatin was localized mainly in organelles. ABA in dormant pollen grains demonstrated uniform localization, including the nuclei and cytoplasm of both cells. After germination, zeatin was accumulated in the plasmalemma or cell wall. ABA signal in the cytoplasm decreased; in the nuclei, it remained high. In growing tubes, the strongest zeatin and ABA signals were observed at the plasma membrane. The differences in ABA and cytokinin localization between species and dynamic changes in their level in spruce pollen highlight the key spatial and temporal parameters of hormonal regulation of gymnosperm pollen germination.

[Winter pruning boosts growth and yield of Lonicera japonica by regulating plant hormone content].

Lonicera japonica is a ubiquitous medicinal species in China.Winter pruning has long been used to improve its quality and yield, but the mechanism is rarely studied.Therefore, in this study, the growth phenotypes of L.japonica processed with different pruning methods were observed and the yield-and quality-boosting mechanism of pruning was analyzed.Specifically, the young shoots of the three-year old L.japonica were cut to different degrees(heavy pruning, mild pruning, and no pruning, respectively) in winter in 2020 and 2021, respectively, and the growth phenotypes, hormone content, and gene expression of the lateral buds at the sprouting stage and young shoots at the anthesis stage in the next year were analyzed.The result showed that the length, flower bud number, internode length, and node number of young shoots in the next year were in the order of heavy pruning>mild pruning>no pruning.The content of auxin and zeatin in apical buds of young shoots at the anthesis stage was the highest in the heavy pruning group, followed by the mild pruning group, and coming in the third was the no pruning group.The content of auxin and zeatin in lateral buds at the sprouting stage was in the order of no pruning>mild pruning>heavy pruning.Transcriptome analysis of the lateral buds at sprouting stage yielded the differentially expressed genes related to auxin and cytokinin, such as Lj1A1163T36, Lj3A719T115, Lj7C657T7, Lj9C505T15, and Lj9A505T70.In conclusion, the growth phenotypes of young shoots of L.japonica processed with different pruning methods in winter were related to the difference in hormone content in the apical buds.Therefore, winter pruning influenced the content of auxin and cytokinin in new shoots of L.japonica and further regulated the expression of hormone-related genes, thereby promoting shoot growth and increasing the yield of L.japonica.

Metabolic changes in cucumber leaves are enhanced by blue light but differentially affected by UV interactions with light signalling pathways in the visible spectrum.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV, 280-400 nm) as an environmental signal triggers metabolic acclimatory responses. However, how different light qualities affect UV acclimation during growth is poorly understood. Here, cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) were grown under blue, green, red, or white light in combination with UV. Their effects on leaf metabolites were determined using untargeted metabolomics. Blue and white growth light triggered increased levels of compounds related to primary and secondary metabolism, including amino acids, phenolics, hormones, and compounds related to sugar metabolism and the TCA cycle. In contrast, supplementary UV in a blue or white light background decreased leaf content of amino acids, phenolics, sugars, and TCA-related compounds, without affecting abscisic acid, auxin, zeatin, or jasmonic acid levels. However, in plants grown under green light, UV induced increased levels of phenolics, hormones (auxin, zeatin, dihydrozeatin-7-N-dihydrozeatin, jasmonic acid), amino acids, sugars, and TCA cycle-related compounds. Plants grown under red light with UV mainly showed decreased sugar content. These findings highlight the importance of the blue light component for metabolite accumulation. Also, data on interactions of UV with green light on the one hand, and blue or white light on the other, further contributes to our understanding of light quality regulation of plant metabolism.

Micropropagation and Secondary Metabolites Content of White-Purple Varieties of Orthosiphon aristatus Blume Miq.

<b>Background and Objective:</b> The cat whiskers plant (<i>Orthosiphon aristatus</i> Blume Miq) is a plant that has been widely used as raw material for traditional medicine. The population of white-purple varieties of <i>O. aristatus</i> is decreasing efforts to maintain the white-purple <i>O. aristatus</i> need to be done keeping in mind its potential as raw material for traditional medicine. This study aims to determine the composition of a suitable medium in growing plantlet <i>O. aristatus</i> white-purple varieties and the content of its secondary metabolites. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> The internode explants were induced on MS medium added by various combinations of zeatin and 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Root induction was carried out on shoots formed on MS medium with Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA). The acclimatization process was carried out using soil media. Determination of secondary metabolite levels was carried out on <i>O. aristatus</i> (<i>in vitro</i> culture) and wild-type plants aged ten months using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). <b>Results:</b> MS+BAP 2ppm+NAA3 ppm media was the optimal medium for growing shoots in leaf explants. Media MS+zeatin 3 ppm+2,4-D 2 ppm produced good shoot growth on internode explants. The best root induction occurred in MS+IBA media of 0.75 ppm. The acclimatization process was successful on shoots originating from the internode, while those from leaf explants had not succeeded in growing and developing. <b>Conclusion:</b> The levels of rosmarinic acid and sinensetin in the white-purple variety <i>O. aristatus</i> (<i>in vitro</i> culture) were 1.08 and 1.62% w/w and higher than those of wild varieties.

Shoot Multiplication and Callus Induction of Labisia pumila var. alata as Influenced by Different Plant Growth Regulators Treatments and Its Polyphenolic Activities Compared with the Wild Plant.

This study aims to investigate whether the in vitro-cultured L. pumila var. alata has higher antioxidant activity than its wild plant. An 8-week-old L. pumila var. alata nodal segment and leaf explants were cultured onto Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various cytokinins (zeatin, kinetin, and 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP)) for shoot multiplication and auxins (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and picloram) for callus induction, respectively. The results showed that 2 mg/L zeatin produced the optimal results for shoot and leaf development, and 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D produced the highest callus induction results (60%). After this, 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D was combined with 0.25 mg/L cytokinins and supplemented to the MS medium. The optimal results for callus induction (100%) with yellowish to greenish and compact texture were obtained using 0.5 mg/L 2,4-D combined with 0.25 mg/L zeatin. Leaves obtained from in vitro plantlets and wild plants as well as callus were extracted and analyzed for their antioxidant activities (DPPH and FRAP methods) and polyphenolic properties (total flavonoid and total phenolic content). When compared with leaf extracts of in vitro plantlets and wild plants of L. pumila var. alata, the callus extract displayed significantly higher antioxidant activities and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Hence, callus culture potentially can be adapted for antioxidant and polyphenolic production to satisfy pharmaceutical and nutraceutical needs while conserving wild L. pumila var. alata.

Transcriptome profiling of the flowering transition in saffron (Crocus sativus L.).

Saffron, derived from the stigma of Crocus sativus, is not only a valuable traditional Chinese medicine but also the expensive spice and dye. Its yield and quality are seriously influenced by its flowering transition. However, the molecular regulatory mechanism of the flowering transition in C. sativus is still unknown. In this study, we performed morphological, physiological and transcriptomic analyses using apical bud samples from C. sativus during the floral transition process. Morphological results indicated that the flowering transition process could be divided into three stages: an undifferentiated period, the early flower bud differentiation period, and the late flower bud differentiation period. Sugar, gibberellin (GA3), auxin (IAA) and zeatin (ZT) levels were steadily upregulated, while starch and abscisic acid (ABA) levels were gradually downregulated. Transcriptomic analysis showed that a total of 60 203 unigenes were identified, among which 19 490 were significantly differentially expressed. Of these, 165 unigenes were involved in flowering and were significantly enriched in the sugar metabolism, hormone signal transduction, cell cycle regulatory, photoperiod and autonomous pathways. Based on the above analysis, a hypothetical model for the regulatory networks of the saffron flowering transition was proposed. This study lays a theoretical basis for the genetic regulation of flowering in C. sativus.

Response of hormone in rice seedlings to irrigation contaminated with cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins.

Microcystins released by cyanobacteria affect crop growth and productivity, and even food safety. Plant hormones play a vital role in regulating growth, development and stress response in plants. Therefore, we studied the response of hormones including abscisic acid (ABA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), Zeatin (ZT) and gibberellin (GA3) as well as hormone balances (IAA/ABA, ZT/ABA and GA/ABA) to cyanobacterial extract containing microcystins (1, 10, 100 and 1000 µg/L) during stress and recovery periods. Low concentration microcystins (1 µg/L) promoted growth of rice seedlings by increasing levels of IAA, ZT and GA3 and maintaining hormone balances. In addition, the up-regulation of OsYUCCA1 increased IAA level in rice roots by promoting IAA biosynthesis. High concentrations microcystins (10, 100 or1000 µg/L) inhibited growth of rice seedlings by reducing levels of IAA, ZT and GA3 and ratios of IAA/ABA, ZT/ABA and GA/ABA due to increased ABA level. The increase in ABA in rice seedlings induced by high concentrations MCs was resulted from up-regulation of OsNCED1, OsNCED3, OsNCED4 and OsZEP to enhance ABA biosynthesis, and was controlled by up-regulating expression levels of OsABAox1-3 for enhancing ABA catabolism as negative feedback. The highest concentration of MCs (1000 µg/L) caused irreversible damage to metabolisms of IAA and ABA, partly resulting in unrecoverable inhibition on rice growth. All results demonstrate that "low-concentration promotion and high-concentration inhibition" of microcystins was associated with changes in hormone levels and balances by affecting their metabolisms, and could be helpful for guiding agricultural irrigation with microcystin contaminated water.

Enhancement of phenolic and flavonoids compounds, antioxidant and cytotoxic effects in regenerated red cabbage by application of Zeatin.

This study evaluated the roles of zeatin (2 mg/L) on direct organogenesis, phytochemical compounds, antioxidant activity, and cytotoxic activity in regenerated shoots of red cabbage. The results revealed that the extract of explant treated by 2 mg/L zeatin gives the highest content of total phenolics (5.18 mg gallic acid equivalent/g dry weight) and flavonoids (1.52 mg rutin equivalent/g dry weight). Moreover, HPLC and GC-MS analyses indicated that various bioactive compounds in red cabbage are significantly enhanced with increasing zeatin concentration. Besides that, antioxidant activity test showed that in vitro shooting culture using 2 mg/L zeatin displayed higher antioxidant activity in all assays (DPPH, FRAP and ABTS) compared to control with respective values of 68.12%, 73.28%, and 54.1%, respectively. Finally, the cytotoxic properties illustrated that the extracts of red cabbage explant treated by 2 mg/L zeatin exhibited the strongest cytotoxic effect towards cancer cells compared to control.

Impact of Zeatin and Thidiazuron on Phenols and Flavonoids Accumulation in Callus Cultures of Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides) has many pharmacological actions such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and fibrolytic activities and cytotoxic effects, etc. This study was conducted to recognize the effect of zeatin and thidiazuron (TDZ) on callus proliferation, total phenolic content, total flavonoids and DPPH scavenging activity of gardenia callus cultures. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Calli were cultured on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplement with different concentrations (2, 4 or 6 mg L-1) of zeatin or TDZ individually as well as combination of 2 mg L-1 zeatin+4 mg L-1 TDZ. Cultures contained 4 mg L-1 TDZ gave the highest callus fresh weight followed by those contained 2 mg L-1 zeatin then that cultured on 4 mg L-1 zeatin. Data reported as Mean±Standard Deviation (SD). Data were subjected to one-way analysis of variance (p< 0.05). Results were processed by Excel (2010) and SPSS Version 17.0. RESULTS: It was found that callus growing on medium supplemented with 4 mg L-1 zeatin gave the maximum value (14.93%) of yield extract. Callus cultured on 4 mg L-1 zeatin recorded the maximum total phenol (268.33 mg GAE/100 g FW of callus) and total flavonoids (2703.33 µg QE/100 g FW of callus) accumulation. The antioxidant activity of each extract was determined through DPPH radical scavenging activity. Callus cultured on 4 mg L-1 TDZ showed the highest antioxidant activity then those cultured on 4 mg L-1 zeatin. The HPLC analysis for phenolic acids showed that chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid and cinnamic reached their highest contents with callus cultured on 4 mg L-1 TDZ (123.24, 322.14 and 278.22 µg g-1, respectively). Regarding flavonoids and using HPLC analysis, rutin, apigenin-7-glucoside and kaempferol were detected. Callus cultured with 4 mg L-1 TDZ gave the highest rutin and kaempferol contents (287.76 and 10.38 µg g-1, respectively). However, apigenin-7-glucoside was detected with high content (129.86 µg g-1) in callus culture with 4 mg L-1 Zeatin. CONCLUSION: The HPLC analysis recommended that TDZ is more effective in accumulation of individual phenolic and flavonoid than Zeatin. The present study provided a useful system for further study on in vitro culture of G. jasminoides as alternative and new source for important secondary products.

An improve method for somatic embryogenesis of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon.

A somatic embryogenesis protocol for plant regeneration of Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baillon was established. Increased callus induction was obtained from mature zygotic embryos on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L(-1) N-phenyl-1,2,3-thidiazol-5-yl-urea (TDZ) or 2.0 mg L(-1) 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Addition of Zeatin (Zt) promoted the formation of embryogenic calli. To induce somatic embryogenesis, 2,4-D, TDZ and Zt were incorporated in the medium alone or in combination. Development of the maximum number of somatic embryos (81 globular, 37 heart, 52 torpedo and 37 cotyledon-stage) and germination of the highest number of embryos (50%) was observed on 1/2 MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L(-1) TDZ and 0.2 mg L(-1) Zt. Further development of somatic embryos into plantlets was completed in 1/2 MS medium free of plant growth regulators.

Comparative effects of plant growth regulators on leaf and stem explants of Labisia pumila var. alata.

OBJECTIVE: Labisia pumila var. alata, commonly known as 'Kacip Fatimah' or 'Selusuh Fatimah' in Southeast Asia, is traditionally used by members of the Malay community because of its post-partum medicinal properties. Its various pharmaceutical applications cause an excessive harvesting and lead to serious shortage in natural habitat. Thus, this in vitro propagation study investigated the effects of different plant growth regulators (PGRs) on in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila. METHODS: The capabilities of callus, shoot, and root formation were evaluated by culturing both explants on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with various PGRs at the concentrations of 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 mg/L. RESULTS: Medium supplemented with 3 mg/L indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) showed the optimal callogenesis from both leaf and stem explants with (72.34 ± 19.55)% and (70.40 ± 14.14)% efficacy, respectively. IBA was also found to be the most efficient PGR for root induction. A total of (50.00 ± 7.07)% and (77.78 ± 16.47)% of root formation were obtained from the in vitro stem and leaf explants after being cultured for (26.5 ± 5.0) and (30.0 ± 8.5) d in the medium supplemented with 1 and 3 mg/L of IBA, respectively. Shoot formation was only observed in stem explant, with the maximum percentage of formation ((100.00 ± 0.00)%) that was obtained in 1 mg/L zeatin after (11.0 ± 2.8) d of culture. CONCLUSIONS: Callus, roots, and shoots can be induced from in vitro leaf and stem explants of L. pumila through the manipulation of types and concentrations of PGRs.

Opening of Iris flowers is regulated by endogenous auxins.

Flower opening in Iris (Iris×hollandica) requires elongation of the pedicel and ovary. This moves the floral bud upwards, thereby allowing the tepals to move laterally. Flower opening is requires with elongation of the pedicel and ovary. In cv. Blue Magic, we investigated the possible role of hormones other than ethylene in pedicel and ovary elongation and flower opening. Exogenous salicylic acid (SA) and the cytokinins benzyladenine (N6-benzyladenine, BA) and zeatin did not affect opening. Jasmonic acid (JA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were slightly inhibitory, but an inhibitor of ABA synthesis (norflurazon) was without effect. Flower opening was promoted by gibberellic acid (GA(3)), but two inhibitors of gibberellin synthesis (4-hydroxy-5-isopropyl-2-methylphenyltrimethyl ammonium chloride-1-piperidine carboxylate, AMO-1618; ancymidol) did not change opening. The auxins indoleacetic acid (IAA) and naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) strongly promoted elongation and opening. An inhibitor of auxin transport (2,3,5-triodobenzoic acid, TIBA) and an inhibitor of auxin effects [α-(p-chlorophenoxy)-isobutyric acid; PCIB] inhibited elongation and opening. The data suggest that endogenous auxins are among the regulators of the pedicel and ovary elongation and thus of flower opening in Iris.

Zeatin prevents amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity and scopolamine-induced cognitive deficits.

The antioxidative and protective effects of zeatin against amyloid beta-protein (Abeta)-induced neurotoxicity were investigated using PC12 cells. Zeatin showed antioxidative and cell protective effects against Abeta-induced neurotoxicity. In this study, we also evaluated the effect of zeatin on learning and memory capacity in vivo using ICR mice with amnesia induced by scopolamine (1 mg/kg of body weight). Zeatin, when administered to mice at 4.5 mg/kg of body weight, significantly ameliorated scopolamine-induced amnesia as measured in both the passive avoidance test and Y-maze test. Injecting mice with scopolamine impaired performance on the passive avoidance test (48 +/- 4.5% decrease) and on the Y-maze test (12 +/- 1.3% decrease). In contrast, mice treated with zeatin before scopolamine injections were protected from these changes (5-34% decrease in step-through latency; 1-4% decrease in alternation behavior). The present results suggest a possible chemopreventive role of zeatin in Alzheimer's disease.

Optimizing regeneration condition in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

In this study, multiple shoot induction and whole plant regeneration from decapitated embryo axes of three chick peal genotypes including MCC252, MCC283 and MCC505 were evaluated on modified Murashige and Skoog's medium (MMS) which, its vitamins were replaced by vitamins of B5 medium, supplemented with varied concentration of thidiazuron (0.1, 0.2 mg L(-1)) or 6-benzylaminopurin (1,2 mg L(-1)) or zeatin (1, 2 mg L(-1)) treatments. BAP was found to be the most effective cytokinin in normal multiple shoot induction. Shoots were elongated on growth regulator-free medium and then rooted on two media containing 1/4 MMS salts and B5 vitamins + 3% sucrose + 0.8% agar with indol-3-butyric acid (0.4 or 1 mg L(-1)). The highest rooting frequency resulted in a medium including 0.4 mg L(-1) IBA. It was found that different shoot induction media also positively affected rooting, where a medium with 2 mg L(-1) BAP in MCC252/MCC505 and a medium with 2 mg L(-1) zeatin in MCC283 were the best media in shoot induction that produced high frequency, thick spread roots. Plantlets were preliminary acclimatized in liquid medium (1/4 MMS salts and B5 vitamins + 3% sucrose + 0.4 mg L(-1) IBA) for 7 to 14 days, then transferred to pots filled by cocopit: perlite (1:1) and kept in a growth chamber until their shoots and roots were well developed. This resulted in more than 70% survival rate.

Callogenic studies of Achyranthes aspera leaf explant at different hormonal combinations.

With the objective to promote in vitro callus induction, leaf segments of Achyranthes aspera were inoculated on basal MS medium supplemented with 3.0% sucrose and 0.8% agar with different concentrations of 2,4-D alone and in combination with NAA, BAP, IAA, IBA and Zeatin. The explants were maintained in growth room at 25 +/- 1 degrees C and 16 h light cycle. The best callus induction was obtained with 2,4-D (1.0 and 2.0 mg L(-l)) in combination with NAA (0.5 mg L(-1)). Callus induction and good texture from leaf explant was also observed at 2,4-D with BAP. On these combinations morphologically, light green, soft, compact and non-embryogenic callus (Type III callus) was observed. While morphology of callus and callogenic response was poor at 2,4-D alone or in combination with other hormones at different concentrations.

[The changes of three endogenous hormones during flower bud differentiation of Schisandga chinensis].

OBJECTIVE: To reveal the relation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation in Schisandga chinensis. METHOD: Top buds of extremely short branch and axillary buds of long branch in the same plant of S. chinensis were used as material and the contents of endogenous hormones were measured during different periods of the flower bud differentiation with HPLC. RESULT: The result showed that flower bud differentiation and the formation of female flower were inhibited by high concentration of GA3 and were promoted by high concentration of ABA or ZT. Low ratio of GA3/ABA has the same result. CONCLUSION: There was a correlation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation of S. chinensis.

The changes of three endogenous hormones during flower bud differentiation of Schisandga chinensis / 中国中药杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To reveal the relation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation in Schisandga chinensis.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Top buds of extremely short branch and axillary buds of long branch in the same plant of S. chinensis were used as material and the contents of endogenous hormones were measured during different periods of the flower bud differentiation with HPLC.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The result showed that flower bud differentiation and the formation of female flower were inhibited by high concentration of GA3 and were promoted by high concentration of ABA or ZT. Low ratio of GA3/ABA has the same result.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>There was a correlation between endogenous hormones and the flower bud differentiation of S. chinensis.</p>

Plant regrowth from potato shoot tips cryopreserved by a combined vitrification-droplet method.

Shoot tips obtained from in vitro potato plants (three cultivars) were successfully cryopreserved by the combined vitrification-droplet method and subsequently regenerated shoots. The effect of apex size, sucrose concentration, preculture duration and cold hardening treatments on viability of cryopreserved shoot tips was studied. The excised shoot tips were incubated, precultured and dehydrated with concentrated PVS2 cryoprotective solution at room temperature, prior to a direct plunge in liquid nitrogen. After rapid rewarming in Murashige-Skoog (MS) liquid medium, shoot tips were plated on semisolid MS medium (3.5 g/l agar) supplemented with 0.4 mg l(-1) gibberellic acid, 0.5 mg l(-1) zeatin, 0.2 mg l(-1) indole-3-acetic acid and 30 g l(-1) sucrose for regrowth. Cryopreserved shoot tips resumed growth within 20 days and regenerated shoots within 30 days. The highest regrowth levels of apices after cryopreservation were 55% recovery for cv. Désirée, 51% for cv. Ostara and 46% for cv. Santé.