The effect of intake of sausages fortified with ß-CD-I2 complex on iodine status and thyroid function: A preliminary study.

The present study evaluated influence of boiled sausages consumption fortified with ß-CD-I2 on the urinary iodine excretion (UIE) level of volunteers. Median urinary UIE level was increased from 58.02 (24.0-175.4) µg/L to 110.6 (20.5-231.6) µg/L during 10 days. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (FT4) levels were determined by radio immunoassay analysis. As it was expected, intake of sausages fortified with ß-CD-I2 resulted in rise of FT4 level from 1.1 (0.95-1.25) to 1.23 (1.07-1.63) ng/dL, whereas TSH level decreased from 1.53 (0.47-3.37) mIU/L to 1.1 (0.51-3.17) mIU/L. A dynamic gastrointestinal model in vitro was used in order to determine possibility of 3,5-diiodotyrosine (DIT) formation during consumption of the fortified sausages. The DIT concentration was determined by HPLC-MS method and was found to be 0.38 ng/mL in sausage dialyzate. These findings indicate that ß-CD-I2 introduction as an iodine carrier in boiled sausages may help to improve iodine status and to control organic iodine species concentration.

Preparation and characterization of molecularly-imprinted polymers for extraction of sanshool acid amide compounds followed by their separation from pepper oil resin derived from Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum).

Molecularly imprinted polymers were prepared using the molecular structure analogs of sanshool as template molecule, 2-vinylpyridine and ß-cyclodextrin as double functional monomers, ethylene dimethacrylate as cross linker, and azobisisobutyronitrile as initiator. The structural characteristics of the polymers were determined by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Dynamic adsorption and isothermal adsorption were also investigated. The molecularly imprinted polymers were used to prepare a molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction column in order to separate acid amide components from pepper oil resin derived from Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum). After eluting, the percentage of acid amide components was enhanced to 92.40 ± 1.41% compared with 23.34 ± 1.21% in the initial pepper oil resin, indicating good properties of purification of molecularly imprinted polymers and potential industrial application.

Black bean coats: New source of anthocyanins stabilized by ß-cyclodextrin copigmentation in a sport beverage.

Anthocyanin-rich powders and aqueous extracts, with high antioxidant activities, were obtained from black bean seed coats and applied to colour a sport beverage. Idaho and Otomi bean coats were extracted in water-citric acid 2% (1/50, w/v), stirring for 4h at 40°C. Anthocyanins from Idaho and Otomi extracts (1.83mg and 1.02mg C3G/g, respectively) were applied to a commercially available sport beverage, with and without 2% ß-cyclodextrin (ßCD) under light and darkness conditions for 10days, and stored at 4°C and 25°C for 6weeks. At different light and storage conditions, anthocyanin degradation fitted a first-order reaction model. All bean coat anthocyanins combined with ßCD showed extended half-life (up to 13months), higher D-values (up to 43months) and fewer differences in colourimetric properties (lightness, chroma and hue angle) under darkness and 4°C conditions. These black bean coat aqueous extracts and powders might represent natural alternatives to synthetic colorants, ecologically extracted, and with a high antioxidant potential.

Characterization of omega-3 tablets.

Omega-3 nutraceuticals are extensively used as health supplements worldwide. Various administration forms for delivery of omega-3 are available. However, the niche omega-3 tablets have so far remained unexplored. In this work tablets containing 25-40% (w/w) omega-3 oil as triglycerides or ethyl esters were prepared utilizing a direct compaction grade powder with ß-cyclodextrin as encapsulating agent. It was found that powders with up to 35% (w/w) triglyceride oil and 30% (w/w) ethyl ester oil, respectively, can be directly compressed into tablets of excellent quality. Physical properties of omega-3 containing powders and tablets are described. The powder X-ray diffractograms of the powders and crushed tablets show evidence of the formation of new crystalline phases not present in ß-cyclodextrin. In addition, (1)H NMR data suggest that the ethyl esters form inclusion complexes with ß-cyclodextrin. Compaction of other, commercially available, omega-3 powders was performed as a comparison and deemed unsuccessful.

Performance evaluation of a versatile multidimensional chromatographic preparative system based on three-dimensional gas chromatography and liquid chromatography-two-dimensional gas chromatography for the collection of volatile constituents.

The present research deals with the multi-collection of the most important sesquiterpene alcohols belonging to sandalwood essential oil, as reported by the international regulations: (Z)-α-santalol, (Z)-α-trans bergamotol, (Z)-ß-santalol, epi-(Z)-ß-santalol, α-bisabolol, (Z)-lanceol, and (Z)-nuciferol. A versatile multidimensional preparative system, based on the hyphenation of liquid and gas chromatography techniques, was operated in the LC-GC-GC-prep or GC-GC-GC-prep configuration, depending on the concentration to be collected from the sample, without any hardware or software modification. The system was equipped with a silica LC column in combination with polyethylene glycol-poly(5% diphenyl/95% dimethylsiloxane)-medium polarity ionic liquid or ß-cyclodextrin based GC stationary phases. The GC-GC-GC-prep configuration was exploited for the collection of four components, by using a conventional split/splitless injector, while the LC-GC-GC-prep approach was applied for three low abundant components (<5%), in order to increase the quantity collected within a single run, by the LC injection of a high sample amount. All target compounds, whose determination is hampered by the unavailability of commercial standards, were collected at milligram levels and with a high degree of purity (>87%).

Inclusion complexes of bendamustine with ß-CD, HP-ß-CD and Epi-ß-CD: in-vitro and in-vivo evaluation.

The objective of the present work was to investigate the inclusion behavior of bendamustine (BM) with ß-cyclodextrin and its hydrophilic derivatives (HP-ß-CD and Epi-ß-CD) for the enhancement of aqueous solubility, dissolution and bioavailability. The supramolecular binary complexes were prepared by three different methods, viz. physical mixture (PM), kneading (KND) and co-evaporation (COE). Phase-solubility study revealed the higher solubilizing and complexing ability of polymerized cyclodextrin (Ks = 645 M(-1)) than parent cyclodextrin (Ks = 43 M(-1)) and chemically derived cyclodextrin (Ks = 100 M(-1)). Meanwhile, the solubility of BM was significantly enhanced in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8, which was 24.5 folds greater compared with the phosphate buffer pH 4.5 and four times greater than aqueous medium. The dissolution efficiency was found to be highest for BM: Epi-ß-CD complex (87%) compared to BM: HP-ß-CD complex (84%), BM: ß-CD (79%) and pure drug (20%). In-vivo pharmacokinetic study revealed that the bioavailability of BM was enhanced 2.55 times on complexation with Epi-ß-CD using KND method. The t1/2 of BM was increased from 34.2 min to approximately 75.7 min, allowing the absorption for longer time. The order of increase in solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of BM was KND > COE > PM > pure drug. Thus, the strategy of host-guest inclusion was very effective and could be successfully used in the development of suitable pharmaceutical dosage form with enhanced therapeutic activity.

Beta-cyclodextrin/surface plasmon resonance detection system for sensing bitter-astringent taste intensity of green tea catechins.

To develop a methodology for creating a sensor with a receptor for specific taste substances, we focused on constructing a sensing system for the bitter-astringent taste intensity of green tea catechins: (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCg), (-)-epicatechin-3-O-gallate (ECg), (-)-epigallocatechin (EGC), and (-)-epicatechin (EC). (1)H NMR titration experiments revealed that beta-cyclodextrin was an adequate receptor for sensing the bitter-astringent taste intensity of catechins. A surface plasmon resonance (SPR) system immobilized beta-cyclodextrin indicated larger responses for the gallate-type catechins in comparison to the non-gallate-type catechins. These responses corresponded to the tendency of the bitter-astringent taste intensity of the catechins felt by humans. Furthermore, the SPR system detected the larger stability of the complex between the gallate-type catechins and beta-cyclodextrin, which was interpreted as the aftertaste produced in humans by the gallate-type catechins. These results demonstrate that the beta-cyclodextrin/SPR system can sense the bitter-astringent taste intensity of the green tea catechins similar to human gustation. The methodology presented in this study can be used as a basic strategy for developing taste sensors with specific receptor functions.

Cyclodextrins as carriers for kavalactones in aqueous media: spectroscopic characterization of (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain and beta-cyclodextrin inclusion complex.

Kavalactones represent the active constituents of kava-kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster), endowed with sedative and anaesthetic properties. Kavalactones are polar constituents, but poorly soluble in water with a low bioavailability. In this study, the formation of inclusion complexes of one of the most representative kavalactone isolated from kava-kava extract, (S)-7,8-dihydrokavain (DHK), with beta-cyclodextrin (beta-CyD) was investigated mainly by spectroscopic methods. NMR experiments were extensively used for the complete characterization of the complex and included (1)H NMR complexation shifts analysis, (1)H NMR diffusion measurements (DOSY), and ROESY experiments. In particular DOSY experiments demonstrated that in the presence of beta-CyD the translational diffusion of kavalactone is sizably slowed down (2.5x10(-10)m(2)/s) with respect to the free drug (4.4x10(-10)m(2)/s) according to the inclusion of DHK in the cavity of (beta-CyD). ROESY experiments confirmed the inclusion of DHK in the hydrophobic pocket of beta-CyD through the primary hydroxyl rim, being the most relevant interactions between the H3' of beta-CyD and the ortho protons on the phenyl ring of the DHK, and between H5' of beta-CyD and the meta/para protons of DHK phenyl ring. The inclusion of the phenyl ring of DHK, leaving the lactone moiety outside of CyD was also confirmed by the induced CD effects. The binary solution DHK/beta-CyD shows a 50% intensity increase of the negative band of the pi-pi* transitions of the phenyl ring with respect to the absorption observed with DHK alone. Molecular dynamics simulations results corroborated and further clarify observed spectroscopic data. It was found that the phenylethyl substituent at C6 has a preferential equatorial position in the free state, and an axial one in the complex, justifying the large downfield shift experienced by H6 of DHK upon binding. Finally the influence of beta-CyD on water solubility of DHK was investigated by phase-solubility studies. In the range 2-4mM of host, solubility of DHK was increased only two-fold, but being beta-CyD also a penetration enhancer, in vivo studies will be performed to clarify a possible role of the complex on the bioavailability of DHK.

Rapid separation and determination of resibufogenin and cinobufagin in toad venom and Liushen tablet by beta-cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography.

A rapid cyclodextrin modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-MEKC) method was proposed for the determination of resibufogenin and cinobufagin in the Chinese herbal extracts from toad venom and its medicinal preparation (Liushen tablet). The two components have the close structural similarity and similar hydrophobicity, which result in poor resolution in normal MEKC. The addition of neutral beta-CD to the MEKC system was found to improve the separation of the studied compounds. The effects of several CD-MEKC parameters on the resolutions were evaluated systematically. Based on the investigation, a background electrolyte solution consisting of 10 mM borate buffer adjusted to pH 8.5, 40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), 12 mM beta-CD and 10% (v/v) of methanol was found to be optimal conditions for the fast separation. The contents of resibufogenin and cinobufagin were successfully determined within 5 min, with satisfactory repeatability and recovery.

Biodegradation of cyclodextrins in soil.

Cyclodextrins, especially random methylated betaCD (RAMEB) and hydroxypropyl betaCD (HPbetaCD), are becoming common enhancing additives in the bioremediation of soils formerly contaminated by hydrocarbons and/or other poorly bioavailable organic pollutants. Therefore, their degradation in the soil, particularly the most persistent RAMEB, has been of great concern. Like oil contaminants, these additives should be biodegradable via an environmentally safe technology. Hence, in this paper, the biodegradability of eight different cyclodextrins (CDs) in four different soils was examined under various treatment conditions in laboratory and pilot scale field experiments. This paper is the first report on the potential biological fate of CDs studied under a large variety of environmental conditions and in different soil ecosystems. Data on the potential relationship between CD biodegradation and the biological removal of hydrocarbons in the CD-amended contaminated soils are also given. All CDs were found to be more or less biodegradable; even the most persistent RAMEB was depleted from soils under favourable conditions. In the field experiments, the depletion of RAMEB to about 40% of its initial level was observed for a period of 2 years in hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of high organic matter and cell concentration.

[Determination of constant for the inclusion complex of Yinqiao volatile oil with beta-cyclodextrin].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the constant for the inclusion complex of Yinqiao volatile oil with beta-cyclodextrin. METHOD: The stability constant for the inclusion complex of Yinqiao the volatile oil with beta-cyclodextrin was detemined under multiwavelength by ultraviolet spectroscopy, and spectroscopy feature for inclusion complex was studied. The phase solubility-curve showed the inclusion proportion. The inclusion complex of Yinqiao the volatile oil with beta-cyclodextrin was prepared by saturated aqueous solution. The DTA spectroscopy of inclusion complex was different from not only oil with beta-cyclodextrin but also the mixture of them. RESULT: The inclusion complex of Yinqiao the volatile oil with beta-cyclodextrin was formed. The experimental data of inclusion complex fitted well to the molar ratio of 1:1. There was good liner feature under multiwavelength of ultraviolet spectroscopy. CONCLUSION: Adopting multiwavelength method may determine the appearant stability constant of multicomponential traditional drug. The determination of the stability constant of the inclusion complex can be used in traditional drug.