Second-line Drug Resistance Characterization in Mycobacterium tuberculosis by Genotype MTBDRsl Assay.

Tuberculosis (TB) remains a main hurdle for national programs due to increase in drug resistance to antitubercular drugs. World Health Organization (WHO)-endorsed Line Probe Assay, Genotype MTBDRsl Ver 2.0, gives opportunity for rapid diagnosis and molecular characterization of different mutations in drug targets of fluoroquinolone (FQ) and second-line injectable drugs (SLID). We, retrospectively, analyzed the data of Genotype MTBDRsl Ver 2.0 from January 2018 to June 2018. A total of 863 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 687 rifampicin resistant and 176 isoniazid resistant only, were screened for drug resistance in FQ and SLID. All the isolates were tested for Genotype MTBDRsl Ver 2.0 according to the manufacturer's instructions. The FQ and SLID resistance were detected in 295 (34.2%) and 70 (8.1%) isolates, respectively. Among newly diagnosed and follow-up rifampicin-resistant TB (RR TB) patients, the FQ resistance was 25.8% and 44.5%, respectively. The most common mutation (42.7%) in FQ-resistant isolates was MUT3C in gyrA gene. Both SLID and FQ resistance were detected in 59 (6.8%) RR TB isolates. The mono SLID resistance was detected in 12 (1.7%) isolates of RR TB. Genotype MTBDRsl Ver 2.0 assay is a rapid and important tool for the diagnosis and molecular characterization of second-line drug resistance under programmatic conditions.

Evaluation of effect of alcoholic extract of heartwood of Pterocarpus marsupium on in vitro antioxidant, anti-glycation, sorbitol accumulation and inhibition of aldose reductase activity.

Rising popularity of phytomedicines in various diseased conditions have strengthened the significance of plant-research and evaluation of phytoextracts in clinical manifestations. Pterocarpus marsupium Roxb., a medicinal plant, known for its anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic activity is a rich source of phytochemicals with antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic activities. However, its possible role in diabetic complications is not evaluated yet. The present study explores the possible role of alcoholic extract of heartwood of P. marsupium in the treatment of long-term diabetic complications. The alcoholic extract of P. marsupium was evaluated for advanced glycation-end-products formation, erythrocyte sorbitol accumulation and rat kidney aldose reductase enzyme inhibition at the concentration of 25-400 µg/ml using in-vitro bioassays. Also the phytoextract at the concentration of 10-320 µg/ml was evaluated for its antioxidant potential by in-vitro antioxidant assays which includes, determination of total phenol content; reducing power assay; nitric oxide scavenging activity; superoxide radical scavenging activity; total antioxidant capacity; total flavonoid content; DPPH scavenging activity; and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. The alcoholic extract of P. marsupium across varying concentrations showed inhibitory effect as evident by IC50 on advanced glycation-end-products formation (55.39 µg/ml), sorbitol accumulation (151.00 µg/ml) and rat kidney aldose reductase (195.88 µg/ml). The phytoextract also exhibited high phenolic and flavonoid contents with promising antioxidant potential against the antioxidant assays evaluated. The present investigation suggests that the phytoextract showed prominent antioxidant, antiglycation property and, inhibited accumulation of sorbitol and ALR enzyme, thus promising a beneficial role in reducing/delaying diabetic complications.