Recent Advances in Pharmaceutical Design: Unleashing the Potential of Novel Therapeutics.

Pharmaceutical design has made significant advancements in recent years, leading to the development of novel therapeutics with unprecedented efficacy and safety profiles. This review highlights the potential of these innovations to revolutionize healthcare and improve patient outcomes. The application of cutting-edge technologies like artificial intelligence, machine learning, and data mining in drug discovery and design has made it easier to find potential drug candidates. Combining big data and omics has led to the discovery of new therapeutic targets and personalized medicine strategies. Nanoparticles, liposomes, and microneedles are examples of advanced drug delivery systems that allow precise control over drug release, better bioavailability, and targeted delivery to specific tissues or cells. This improves the effectiveness of the treatment while reducing side effects. Stimuli-responsive materials and smart drug delivery systems enable drugs to be released on demand when specific internal or external signals are sent. Biologics and gene therapies are promising approaches in pharmaceutical design, offering high specificity and potency for treating various diseases like cancer, autoimmune disorders, and infectious diseases. Gene therapies hold tremendous potential for correcting genetic abnormalities, with recent breakthroughs demonstrating successful outcomes in inherited disorders and certain types of cancer. Advancements in nanotechnology and nanomedicine have paved the way for innovative diagnostic tools and therapeutics, such as nanoparticle-based imaging agents, targeted drug delivery systems, gene editing technologies, and regenerative medicine strategies. Finally, the review emphasizes the importance of regulatory considerations, ethical challenges, and future directions in pharmaceutical design. Regulatory agencies are adapting to the rapid advancements in the field, ensuring the safety and efficacy of novel therapeutics while fostering innovation. Ethical considerations regarding the use of emerging technologies, patient privacy, and access to advanced therapies also require careful attention.

The interplay of epilepsy with impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD): A review of therapeutic approaches.

The duration and, age of dementia have been linked to a higher risk of seizures. The exact mechanism that drives epileptogenesis in impaired mitophagy and autophagy linked dementia (MAD) is fully defined after reviewing the Scopus, Publon, and Pubmed databases. The epileptogenesis in patients with Alzheimer's disease dementia (ADD) and Parkinson's disease dementia (PDD) is due to involvement of amyloid plaques (Aß), phosphorylated tau (pTau), Parkin, NF-kB and NLRP3 inflammasome. Microglia, the prime protective and inflammatory cells in the brain exert crosstalk between mitophagy and inflammation. Several researchers believed that the inflammatory brain cells microglia could be a therapeutic target for the treatment of a MAD associated epilepsy. There are conventional antiepileptic drugs such as gabapentin, lamotrigine, phenytoin sodium, carbamazepine, oxcarbazepine, felbamate, lamotrigine, valproate sodium, and topiramate are prescribed by a psychiatrist to suppress seizure frequency. Also, the conventional drugs generate serious adverse effects and synergises dementia characteristics. The adverse effect of carbamazepine is neurotoxic and also, damages haemopoietic system and respiratory tract. The phenytoin treatment causes cerebellar defect and anemia. Dementia and epilepsy have a complicated relationship, thus targeting mitophagy for cure of epileptic dementia makes sense. Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is one of the rising strategies by many patients of the world, not only to suppress seizure frequency but also to mitigate dementia characteristics of patients. Therefore our present review focus on the interplay between epilepsy and MAD and their treatment with CAM approaches.