Mechanistic Approaches to the Application of Nano-Zinc in the Poultry and Biomedical Industries: A Comprehensive Review of Future Perspectives and Challenges.

Bio-fortification is a new, viable, cost-effective, and long-term method of administering crucial minerals to a populace with limited exposure to diversified foods and other nutritional regimens. Nanotechnology entities aid in the improvement of traditional nutraceutical absorption, digestibility, and bio-availability. Nano-applications are employed in poultry systems utilizing readily accessible instruments and processes that have no negative impact on animal health and welfare. Nanotechnology is a sophisticated innovation in the realm of biomedical engineering that is used to diagnose and cure various poultry ailments. In the 21st century, zinc nanoparticles had received a lot of considerable interest due to their unusual features. ZnO NPs exhibit antibacterial properties; however, the qualities of nanoparticles (NPs) vary with their size and structure, rendering them adaptable to diverse uses. ZnO NPs have shown remarkable promise in bio-imaging and drug delivery due to their high bio-compatibility. The green synthesized nanoparticles have robust biological activities and are used in a variety of biological applications across industries. The current review also discusses the formulation and recent advancements of zinc oxide nanoparticles from plant sources (such as leaves, stems, bark, roots, rhizomes, fruits, flowers, and seeds) and their anti-cancerous activities, activities in wound healing, and drug delivery, followed by a detailed discussion of their mechanisms of action.

Comprehensive Approaches of Nanoparticles for Growth Performance and Health Benefits in Poultry: An Update on the Current Scenario.

Currently, providing nutritious food to all people is one of the greatest challenges due to rapid human population growth. The global poultry industry is a part of the agrifood sector playing an essential role in food insecurity by providing nutritious meat and egg sources. However, limited meat production with less nutritional value is not fulfilling the higher market demands worldwide. Researchers are focusing on nanobiotechnology by employing phytosynthesized mineral nanomaterials to improve the growth performance and nutritional status of broilers as these mineral nanoparticles are usually absorbed in greater amounts from the gastrointestinal tract and exert enhanced biological effects in the target tissues of animals with greater tissue accumulation. These mineral nanoparticles are efficiently absorbed through the gastrointestinal tract and reach essential organs via blood. As a result, it enhances growth performance and nutritional value with less toxicity and tremendous bioavailability properties. In this review, the research work conducted in the recent past, on the different aspects of nanotechnology including supplementation of mineral nanoparticle in diet and their potential role in the poultry industry, has been concisely discussed.

Plant in vitro cultures: A promising and emerging technology for the feasible production of antidiabetic metabolites in Caralluma tuberculata.

Caralluma tuberculata, a medicinal and edible plant of the genus Caralluma, belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae. Traditionally, its succulent stems are used as folk medicine for life-threatening diabetes mellitus (DM) disease. Its antidiabetic potential is ascribed to the presence of various secondary metabolites (e.g., pregnane glycosides, flavone glycosides, megastigmane glycosides, polyphenols, ferulic acid, quercetin, and bitter principles, among others) that act as effective and safe antidiabetic agents. The mechanisms of these bioactive secondary metabolites in C. tuberculata herbal medicine include lowering the blood glucose level, stimulating B cells of the pancreas to release more insulin, enhancing the sensitivity of the insulin receptor, inhibiting the action of glucagon and the hydrolysis of glycogen, and increasing the use of glucose in tissues and organ. However, overexploitation, alterations in natural environmental conditions, lower seed viability, and slow growth rate are responsible for the extinction of species from natural habitats, then becoming critically endangered species according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List categories. Therefore, its limited availability does not meet the higher worldwide market demand of C. tuberculata as an antidiabetic drug. Thus, for its conservation and sustainable utilization, researchers across the globe are working on devising strategies to conserve and improve biomass along with the secondary metabolite profiles of C. tuberculata using in vitro approaches. The current review describes the recent progress on antidiabetic phytoconstituents, their cellular mechanisms, and their subsequent clinical outcomes in the drug discovery management of DM. Moreover, in vitro methods such as callus culture, micropropagation, and nano-elicitation strategies for conserving and producing bioactive secondary metabolites have been concisely reviewed and discussed.

Analysis of bioactive components in Ghost chili (Capsicum chinense) for antioxidant, genotoxic, and apoptotic effects in mice.

Apart from using traditionally in culinary preparations, chili peppers are also important constituents of herbal medicines. Although the bioactive components are studied mostly in the fruits of Capsicum annuum, no such study reports till date is available for Ghost chili (C. chinense) from North East India. Therefore, the aim of this study was to carry out an analysis of the bioactive constituents in the naturally occurring hottest chili Ghost chili (C. chinense), and evaluate its antioxidant, pro/anti-genotoxic, and apoptotic effects in in vitro and in vivo models. Three different antioxidant assays showed that lower doses of Ghost chili extract showed higher DNA protective and antioxidant activities. Furthermore, the administration for 7 alternate days into 6 week old Swiss albino mice showed that the lower doses (50 and 100 mg/kg bw) reduced DMBA induced genotoxicity beside significantly enhancing the activities of hepatic antioxidant enzymes, while higher dose (200 mg/kg bw) induced genotoxic effect in bone marrow cells. The administration of higher dose (200 mg/kg bw) also induced apoptosis and upregulation of Bax (pro) and downregulation of Bcl-2 (anti) apoptotic genes. Dose dependent increase of apoptosis was also observed in Hep G2 and Hep 3B liver cancer cell lines. Our findings in the present study suggest that low doses of C. chinense can exert cancer chemopreventive effects. The induction of apoptosis in both cancer cell lines and mouse bone marrow cells, and up-regulation of proapoptotic genes suggests that the higher dose of C. chinense can be used for targeted cancer therapy.