Phytochemical Profiling by UHPLC-Q-TOF/MS and Chemopreventive Effect of Aqueous Extract of Moringa oleifera Leaves and Benzyl Isothiocyanate on Murine Mammary Carcinogenesis.

Moringa oleifera Lam, commonly known as moringa, is a plant widely used both as a human food and for medicinal purposes around the world. This research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves (MoAE) and benzyl isothiocyanate (BIT) in rats with induced breast cancer. Cancer was induced with 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) at a dose of 60 mg/kg by orogastric gavage once only. Forty-eight rats were randomly assigned to eight groups, each consisting of six individuals. The control group (healthy) was called Group I. Group II received DMBA plus saline. In addition to DMBA, Groups III, IV, and V received MoAE at 100, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day, respectively, while Groups VI, VII, and VIII received BIT at 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg/day, respectively. Treatment was carried out for 13 weeks. Secondary metabolite analysis results identified predominantly quercetin, caffeoylquinic acid, neochlorogenic acid, vitexin, and kaempferol, as well as tropone, betaine, loliolide, and vitexin. The administration of MoAE at a dose of 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg exhibited a notable decrease in both the total tumor count and the cumulative tumor weight, along with a delay in their onset. Furthermore, they improved the histological grade. A significant decrease in serum levels of VEGF and IL-1ß levels was observed (p < 0.001) with a better effect demonstrated with MoAE at 500 mg/kg and BIT at 20 mg/kg. In conclusion, this study suggests that both the aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera leaves and the benzyl isothiocyanate possess antitumor properties against mammary carcinogenesis, and this effect could be due, at least in part, to the flavonoids and isothiocyanates present in the extract.

Antiulcer Effect of Senna multiglandulosa via Increased Secretion of Mucus and Nonprotein Sulfhydryl Groups in an Experimental Murine Model.

Peptic ulcer is a universal condition that is a public health problem due to its prevalence, risk of complications and socioeconomic impact. This study aimed to determine the antiulcer effect of the hydroalcoholic extract from Senna multiglandulosa leaves against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer in rats. Thirty-six male albino Holtzman rats were assigned to six groups. Group I received physiological saline (PS) at doses of 10 mL/kg; group II: ethanol (PS + ethanol 5 mL/kg); group III; omeprazole 100 mg/kg/day (gold standard); groups IV, V and VI received doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day of S. multiglandulosa extract, respectively. The stomach was removed to determine the ulcerative lesions and two sections of the glandular zone to carry out the analysis of the gastric mucus and sulfhydryl groups content. As result, S. multiglandulosa at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg produced a significant decrease of the injured area, with values of 46.28 ± 7.95 mm2 and 6.91 ± 2.48 mm2, respectively (P < 0.001). The protective effect was showed at dose of 500 mg/kg (92.27%) and a significant increase in the production of mucus with a value of 83.13 ± 13.09 mg/mL/g of tissue (61.14%). The production of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups (NP-SG) also increased significantly at the three evaluated doses, being 250.34 ± 21.16 µg/g tissue at dose of 500 mg/kg (119.94%). It is concluded that S. multiglandulosa extract protected against ethanol-induced gastric ulcer due to increased gastric mucus secretion and its antioxidant activity due to the generation of nonprotein sulfhydryl groups.

Phytochemical Constituents and Ameliorative Effect of the Essential Oil from Annona muricata L. Leaves in a Murine Model of Breast Cancer.

Annona muricata leaves are traditionally used as an anticancer plant in the world. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ameliorative effect of the essential oil from Annona muricata leaves (EOAm) in an experimental model of breast cancer and to determine the volatile constituents with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty female rats were assigned to five groups: the control group; the DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene) group; and three groups received daily EOAm doses of 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg/day, plus DMBA, respectively. After 13 weeks of treatment, tumors were analyzed pathologically and biochemical markers in serum were noted. As a result, in GC-MS analysis, 40 compounds were identified and 4 of them were abundant: Z-caryophyllene (40.22%), followed by α-selinene (9.94%), ß-pinene (8.92%), and ß-elemene (7.48%). Furthermore, EOAm in a dose-dependent form produced a reduction in tumor frequency and the accumulated tumor volume was reduced by 50% and 71% with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. Serum levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) increased and malondialdehyde (MDA) decreased significantly compared to the DMBA group. Serum levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) decreased significantly from 70.75 ± 7.15 pg/mL in the DMBA group to 46.50 ± 9.00 and 34.13 ± 11.50 pg/mL in groups treated with doses of 100 and 200 mg/kg, respectively. This study concludes that the EOAm leaves showed an ameliorative effect in a murine model of breast cancer.

Histopathological evaluation of Senecio rhizomatus Rusby in 7,12-dimethylbenz(α) anthracene-induced breast cancer in female rats.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Senecio rhizomatus Rusby (SrR) is a medicinal plant of the Asteraceae family and traditionally consumed as infusion in the Andean region from Peru for inflammatory disorders. This study aimed to determine the histopathological changes afforded by SrR in 7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer (BC) in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An ethanolic extract of SrR aerial parts was prepared by maceration with 96% ethanol, and the chemical components were identified by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry; the antioxidant activity was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picril-hidrazil (DPPH) assay; and the acute toxicity was assessed according to the OCED 423 guidelines. In a pharmacological study, 30 female Holztman rats were distributed randomly into five groups, as follows. Group I: Negative control (physiological serum, 2 mL/kg); Group II. DMBA (80 mg/Kg body weight); and Groups III, IV, and V: DMBA + ethanol extract of SrR at doses of 10, 100, and 200 mg/kg, respectively. RESULTS: The antioxidant activity of the SrR extract against DPPH was 92.50% at 200 mg/mL. The oral administration of SrR at doses of 50, 300, 2000, and 5000 mg/kg did not show any clinical evidence of toxicity or occurrence of death. The groups that received SrR presented a lower frequency of tumors and acumulative tumor volume compared with the DMBA group (p<0.05); the DMBA group exhibited a higher incidence of necrosis and moderate mitosis, up to 66.67% and 100.00%, respectively. Finally, infiltrating carcinoma with extensive tumor necrosis was evidenced. CONCLUSION: In experimental conditions, the ethanolic extract of SrR had a protective effect in DMBA-induced BC in female rats. Furthermore, the antioxidant activity of its main phytochemicals could be responsible for the effect observed, and SrR seems to be a safe extract in the preclinical phase.

Phytochemical Screening by LC-ESI-MS/MS and Effect of the Ethyl Acetate Fraction from Leaves and Stems of Jatropha macrantha Müll Arg. on Ketamine-Induced Erectile Dysfunction in Rats.

Jatropha macrantha Müll Arg. L is also known as "huanarpo macho" and used in the Peruvian traditional medicine as an aphrodisiac and erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this study was to determine the phytochemical constituents in leaves and stems ethyl acetate fraction (LEAF and SEAF) of J. macrantha and to compare the antioxidant activity and the ameliorative effect on ketamine-induced erectile dysfunction in rats. The phytochemical constituents were determined by LC-ESI-MS/MS, the total phenolic compounds and total flavonoids (TPC and TF) by Folin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride, respectively. The antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays. Experimental groups were divided as follows: I: negative control; II: positive control (ketamine at 50 mg/ kg/d); III: sildenafil 5 mg/kg; IV, V, VI: LEAF at 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, respectively, and VII, VIII, IX: SEAF at 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg, respectively. The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence mainly of coumarins, flavonoids, phenolic acids, and terpenes. TPC of LEAF and SEAF were 359 ± 5.21 mg GAE/g and 306 ± 1.93 mg GAE/g, respectively; TF in LEAF and SEAF were 23.7 ± 0.80 mg EQ/g, and 101 ± 1.42 mg EQ/g, respectively. The DPPH, ABTS, FRAP in SEAF were 647 ± 3.27; 668 ± 2.30; and 575 ± 2.86 µmol TE/g, respectively, whilst LEAF showed 796 ± 3.15; 679 ± 0.85; and 806 ± 3.42 µmol TE/g, respectively. Regarding sexual behavior, LEAF showed a better effect in mount frequency, intromission frequency, ejaculation frequency, mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculatory latency, and post ejaculatory latency than SEAF. As conclusion, LEAF of J. macrantha at 50 mg/kg showed a better effect on sexual behavior in male rats with erectile dysfunction than SEAF but not higher than sildenafil.

Corrigendum to "Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis: A Medicinal Plant Commonly Used in the Traditional Andean Medicine in Peru".

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1155/2019/1987935.].

Carvacrol: An In Silico Approach of a Candidate Drug on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hER-α, PR, and EGFR Receptors in the Breast Cancer.

Carvacrol is a phenol monoterpene found in aromatic plants specially in Lamiaceae family, which has been evaluated in an experimental model of breast cancer. However, any proposed mechanism based on its antitumor effect has not been reported. In our previous study, carvacrol showed a protective effect on 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene- (DMBA-) induced breast cancer in female rats. The main objective in this research was to evaluate by using in silico study the carvacrol on HER2, PI3Kα, mTOR, hER-α, PR, and EGFR receptors involved in breast cancer progression by docking analysis, molecular dynamic, and drug-likeness evaluation. A multilevel computational study to evaluate the antitumor potential of carvacrol focusing on the main targets involved in the breast cancer was carried out. The in silico study starts with protein-ligand docking of carvacrol followed by ligand pathway calculations, molecular dynamic simulations, and molecular mechanics energies combined with the Poisson-Boltzmann (MM/PBSA) calculation of the free energy of binding for carvacrol. As result, the in silico study led to the identification of carvacrol with strong binding affinity on mTOR receptor. Additionally, in silico drug-likeness index for carvacrol showed a good predicted therapeutic profile of druggability. Our findings suggest that mTOR signaling pathway could be responsible for its preventive effect in the breast cancer.

Histopathological evaluation of latex of Bellaco-Caspi, Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson on wound healing effect in BALB/C mice.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Himatanthus sucuuba (Spruce) Woodson (Apocynaceae) is a medicinal plant known as "Bellaco-Caspi" widely distributed in Loreto, Peru. In the Peruvian traditional medicine, the latex of the plant is used for the treatment of wounds, inflammation, ulcers, and other ailments. This study aims to evaluate the wound healing effect of the latex of H. sucuuba in BALB/C albino mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty BALB/C male mice were used for wound healing study. In the experimental procedures, wound skin incision was performed at 2.0 cm in length until subcutaneous on the paravertebral of each animal. Under locally anesthetized with procaine cream, the treatment was conducted. All the mice were divided into three groups, the control group (A), zinc oxide cream (B), and H. sucuuba latex (C). The entire surface of the wound was treated for all the groups, and the treatments were performed daily for 15 days. The experiments were stopped on days 1, 7, and 15, respectively. RESULTS: The histopathological study of tissues revealed significant changes in wound healing effect in H. sucuuba latex compared to the control and B groups. Consequently, the mice treated with latex showed a significant reduction in epithelialization time and collagen formation. Furthermore, the latex showed a dose-dependent significant reduction of inflammation in the first 24 h of treatment. CONCLUSION: BALB/C mice treated with the latex of H. sucuuba possess a wound healing effect that can scientifically prove the traditional use of the plant as a wound healing agent.

The Essential Oil of Cymbopogon citratus Stapt and Carvacrol: An Approach of the Antitumor Effect on 7,12-Dimethylbenz-[α]-anthracene (DMBA)-Induced Breast Cancer in Female Rats.

C. citratus essential oil and carvacrol have shown an antitumor effect on breast tumor cell lines; the main objective of this research was to evaluate the antitumor effect of the essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (EOCc) and carvacrol on 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA)-induced breast cancer in female rats. Cancer was induced by a single administration of DMBA at dose of 80 mg/kg body weight (BW). A total of 54 female Holtzman rats were randomly assigned into 9 groups (n = 6). Group I: PS (Physiological saline); Group II: DMBA; Groups III, IV, and V: DMBA + EOCc at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; Groups VI, VII, and VIII: DMBA + carvacrol at doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg/day BW, respectively; and group IX: DMBA + EOCc + carvacrol at doses of 100 mg/kg/day BW. The treatment lasted 14 weeks. As results, EOCc showed a reduction in tumors as well as necrosis and mitosis. Animals treated with carvacrol did not show necrosis, mitosis, or infiltration. Carvacrol at dose of 100 mg/kg/day BW revealed a significant decrease in the cumulative tumor volume down to 0.11 ± 0.05 cm3 compared to 0.38 ± 0.04 cm3 of the DMBA group (p < 0.01). It is concluded that EOCc and carvacrol had an antitumor effect on DMBA-induced breast cancer in female rats.

Cordia lutea L. Flowers: A Promising Medicinal Plant as Chemopreventive in Induced Prostate Carcinogenesis in Rats.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemopreventive effect of the ethanolic extract of Cordia lutea flowers (EECL) on N-methyl-N-nitrosourea- (MNU), cyproterone-, and testosterone-induced prostate cancer in rats. 40 Holtzman male rats were used and assigned to 5 groups (n = 8). In Group I, rats received normal saline (10 mL/Kg); Group II: rats were induced for prostate cancer with cyproterone, testosterone, and NMU; Groups III, IV, and V: rats received EECL daily, at doses of 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg body weight, respectively. After the period of treatment, animals were sacrificed by an overdose of pentobarbital and blood samples were collected for determination of prostate-specific antigen (PSA). The prostate was dissected and weighed accurately. The ventral lobe of the prostate was processed for histopathology analysis. The somatic prostate index decreased with EECL at dependent dose, from 0.34 ± 0.04 to 0.23 ± 0.05 (P < 0.05). The PSA levels also decreased significantly at doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg. Histopathological analysis showed a decrease in the number of prostatic layers with high-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (HG-PIN) and low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (LG-PIN) at the dose of 500 mg/kg. The ethanolic extract of Cordia lutea flowers had a chemopreventive effect on induced prostate cancer in rats.

Potential Toxicity of the Essential Oil from Minthostachys mollis: A Medicinal Plant Commonly Used in the Traditional Andean Medicine in Peru.

Medicinal plants are used throughout the world and the World Health Organization supports its use by recommending quality, safety and efficacy. Minthostachys mollis is distributed in the Andes of South America and is used by the population for various diseases. While studies have shown their pharmacological properties, the information about their safety is very limited. Then, the goal of this research was to determine the acute oral toxicity and in repeated doses during 28 days of Minthostachys mollis essential oil (Mm-EO) in rats. For the acute toxicity test two groups of rats, of three animals each, were used. Each group received Mm-EO in a single dose of 2000 or 300 mg/kg of body weight. For the repeated dose toxicity test, four groups of 10 rats each were used. Doses of 100, 250 and 500 mg/kg/day were used, one group was control. With the single dose of Mm-EO of 2000 mg/kg of body weight, the three rats in the group showed immediate signs of toxicity and died between 36 and 72 hours. In the lung, inflammatory infiltrate was observed, predominantly lymphocytic with severe hemorrhage and presence of macrophages with hemosiderin. In the repeated dose study, male rats (5/5) and female rats (2/5) died at the dose of 500 mg/kg/day. The body weight of both male and female rats decreased significantly with doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg/day. The serum levels of AST and ALT increased significantly and the histopathological study revealed chronic and acute inflammatory infiltrate in the lung; while in the liver was observed in 80% of the cases (24/30) mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate and in some of those cases there was vascular congestion and in one case cytoplasmic vacuolization. The Mm-EO presented moderate acute oral toxicity, while with repeated doses for 28 days; there was evidence of toxicity, in a dose-dependent manner, mainly at the hepatic level.

Variación del perfil lipídico en ratas Holtzman con dislipidemia inducida por el aceite de sacha inchi (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo) / Variation of the lipid profile in Holtzman rats with dyslipidemia induced by sacha inchi oil (Plukenetia volubilis Linneo)

Objetivo: Verificar modificaciones del perfil lipídico (PL) en ratas Holtzman por aceite de Sacha Inchi Plukenetía volubilis Linneo (ASI), peso corporal (PC) y bioquímicas, en dislipidemia inducida por colesterol. Evaluar modificaciones del perfil lipídico (PL) induciendo colesterol a ratas Holtzman, por aceite de Sacha Inchi Plukenetía volubilis Linneo. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, experimental y correlacional ; utilizándose el método de Ruiz-Roso et al (2003) y Arroyo y col (2007); 40 ratas fueron distribuidas al azar en 5 grupos: control negativo SSF 4 mL/kg; control positivo goma tragacanto (GT) 2% 4 mL/kg ; colesterol (C) 120 mg/kg en GT (CGT); CGT + atorvastatina 40 mg/kg; CGT + ASI 300 mg/kg; administrados oralmente una vez diariamente durante dos meses; se determinó PL, PC, Glucosa, TGO, TGP. Aplicándose análisis descriptivo mediante frecuencias absolutas y relativas; analítico correlación de Pearson y análisis de varianza con medidas repetidas. Resultados: El perfil lipídico con aceite de Sacha Inchi no mostró cambios en el colesterol total, aumentando el VLDL en 36,80 %, triglicéridos 35,29%, PC 30,86%, TGP en 22,10%; disminuyendo la LDL 26,72 %, HDl 7,83%, la glicemia 10,64%, TGO 18,68%. Con Atorvastatina se incrementó el colesterol 7,34%, VLDL 24,12%, triglicéridos 21%, PC 40,85%, TGP 15,44%; reduciendo el LDL 14.63%, HDL 6%, glicemia 11,44% y TGO. Conclusión: En las condiciones experimentales se ha demostrado aceite de Sacha inchi y atorvastatina inducen reducción de la LDL, aumento de la VLDL y sin modificación del colesterol total e incremento del peso corporal.

Objective: To verify modifications of the lipid profile (PL) in Holtzman rats by Sacha Inchi Plukenetía Volubilis Linneo (ASI) oil, body weight (PC) and biochemical, in cholesterol-induced dyslipidemia. To evaluate modifications of the lipid profile (PL) by inducing cholesterol in Holtzman rats, by Sacha Inchi oil Plukenetía volubilis Linneo. Materials and methods: Quantitative, experimental and correlational study. Using the method of Ruiz-Roso (2003) and Arroyo (2007), 40 rats were randomly distributed in 5 groups: negative control SSF 4 mL / kg; positive control tragacanth gum (GT) 2% 4 mL / kg; cholesterol (C) 120 mg / kg in GT (CGT); CGT + atorvastatin 40 mg / kg; CGT + ASI 300 mg / kg, administered orally once daily for two months; PL, PC, Glucose, TGO, TGP were determined. Descriptive analysis using absolute and relative frequencies; Analytical Pearson correlation and analysis of variance with repeated measures were applied. Results: The lipid profile with Sacha Inchi oil showed no changes in total cholesterol, increasing VLDL by 36.80%, triglycerides 35. 29%, PC 30.86%, TGP in 22.10%; lowering LDL by 26.72%, HDL 7.83%, glycemia 10.64%, TGO 18.68%. With Atorvastatin, it increased cholesterol by 7.34%, VLDL 24.12%, triglycerides 21%, PC 40.85%, TGP 15.44%; and lowered LDL 14.63%, HDL 6%, glycemia 11.44% and TGO. Conclusion: Under experimental conditions, Sacha Inchi oil and atorvastatin were found to lower LDL, and increase VLDL without modifying total cholesterol or body weight increase.

Toxicidad a 90 días del extracto atomizado de rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), Flores de cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) en modelo murino / 90-day toxicity of the extract of rhizome of Curcuma longa (A4R), Flowers of Cordia lutea (A4F) and leaves of Annona muricata (A4L) in murine mode

Objetivos: Determinar la seguridad de la asociación del extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) a una dosis repetida durante 90 días por vía oral en ratas. Material y métodos: Diseño experimental, se utilizaron 108 ratas Holtzman (54 machos ­ 54 hembras) y se administró el extracto atomizado durante 90 días por vía oral, se realizaron las observaciones, registro de signos y evolución cada 30 días del peso corporal de los animales; al final, se extrajo muestra de sangre para estudio hematológico, hepático, lipídico y antioxidante, se aplicó la prueba ANOVA, considerando el valor p<0,05 para la significancia. Resultados: La asociación de extracto atomizado (ALC) evidenció un incremento significativo del peso para el grupo ALC 200 mg/kg; en las ratas macho a partir de los 30 días (p<0,01) y en ratas hembra a partir de los 60 días (p<0,01) manteniendo dicho patrón a los 90 días. Todos los valores hematológicos y bioquímicos durante los 90 días se mantuvieron dentro de parámetros permitidos. Se observó un incremento en la actividad de la superoxido dismutasa (SOD) desde los primeros 30 días y manteniendo el mismo hasta el final, independientemente del género (p<0,05). Conclusión: Los hallazgos demuestran que el extracto atomizado del rizoma de Curcuma longa (A4R), flores de Cordia lutea (A4F) y hojas de Annona muricata (A4L) no produce toxicidad al ser administrado por un periodo de 90 días en ratas.

Efecto protector del extracto etanólico de Cenchrus echinatus L. "cadillo" sobre la cirrosis hepática inducida en ratas / Protective effect of ethanol extract of Cenchrus echinatus L. (cadillo) on induced liver cirrhosis in rats

El presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto protector de Cenchrus echinatus L. (cadillo) sobre la cirrosis hepática inducidas en ratas. El diseño es un estudio pre-clinico, el cual se desarrolló en la Escuela de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicna Humana. Universidad San Pedro, Chimbote, Perú. Para lo cual se utilizaron 36 ratas machos de 190=10g y extracto etanólico de cadillo. La muestra vegetal se recolecto en San José, distrito de Santiago de Cao, Provincia de Ascope, Departamento de la Libertad. La determinación del efecto sobre la cirrosis se evaluó utilizando el método de Regimbeau 2008, que consistió en la distribución de 6 grupos de 6 ratas c/u, donde el primer grupo recibió (SSF), el segundo: fenobarbital (F)+ tetracloruro de carbono (CC14), el tercero: (F+CC14)+ Silimarina, el cuarto, quinto y sexto grupo: (F+CC14)+ extracto en tres niveles de dosificación. El fenobarbital 0,5 mg/ml, diluida en el agua de beber por 15 días, y luego, tetracloruro de carbono 0,2 ml/kg en aceite de oliva 1:1, oralmente por 7 días. Se colectó una muestra de sangre para determinar perfil hepático; los animales fueron sacrificados extrayéndose el hígado para estudio histopatológico. Los datos obtenidos mostraron daño hepático con tetracloruro y fenobarbital, evidenciándose un aumento del colágeno, la fibrosis y los nódulos de regeneración; mientras que la silimarina y el extracto de cadillo demostró protección disminuyendo los parámetros mencionados por lo tanto se concluyó que el extracto etanólico de Cenchrus echinatus L. (cadillo) ejerce protector de la cirrosis inducida en ratas por tetracloruro de carbono y fenobarbital.

This study aimed to determine the protective effect Cenchrus L. echinatus (cocklebur) on-induced liver cirrhosis in rats. The design is a pre-clinical study, which was developed at the School of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, College of Human Medicine. Universidad San Pedro, Chimbote, Perú. To which used 36 male rats and 190=10g ethanol extract of cocklebur. The plant sample was collected in San José district of Santiago de Cao, Ascope Province, Department of La Liberty. Determining the effect on cirrhosis was evaluated using the method Regimbeau 2008, which involved the distribution of 6 groups of 6 rats c/u, where the first group received (SSF), the second: phenobarbital (F)+ tetrachloride carbon (CC14), third (f+CC14)+Silymarin, the fourth, fifth and sixth group: (F+CC14)+ extract three dose levels. Phenobarbital 0.5 mg/ml, diluted in the drinking water for 15 days, and then, carbon tetrachloride 0.2 ml/kg of olive oil 1:1, orally for 7 days. We collected a blood sample to determine lived profile, the animal were sacrificed for extracting liver histopathology. Data were obtained showed tetrachloride and liver damage with phenobarbial, showed and increase of collagen, fibrosis and regeneration nodules whereas silymarin extract and protection showed decreasing cocklebur above parameters are therefore concluded that the xtract echinatus Cenchrus L. ethanolic (cadillo) exerts protective effects of cirrhosis induced by carbon tetrachloride rats and phenobarbital.

Efecto del extracto etanólico del fruto de Passiflora edulis Sims "maracuya" en el nivel de glicemia de ratas normales / Effect the ethanol extract of the fruit of Passiflora edulis Sims (maracuya) on blood glucose level of normal rats

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia del extracto etanólico del fruto de Passiflora edulis Sims "maracuya" sobre el nivel de glicemia en ratas normales. El fruto de P edulis S. fue recolectado en el valle de Chanchamayo (La Merced, Junín, Perú); 48 ratas fueron adquiridas del Instituto Nacional de Salud. La experimentación tuvo dos fases: a) en la primera se evaluó el efecto del extracto en ratas normales, formándose dos grupos de 6 ratas, el 1° grupo recibió solución fisiológica 4 mL/kg y el 2° extracto a 250 mg/kg; b) en la segunda fase, se evaluó el efecto del extracto en ratas normales por el método del test de Tolerancia a la glucosa, según Du Vigneaud y Karr, 1925; Arroyo y Cisneros, 2012. Los seis grupos de ratas, donde recibieron: 1° glucosa 500 mg/kg vía oral (G), el 2° (G)+ insulina 4 UI/kg, el 3° clorpropamida 25 mg/Kg, y el 4°, 5° y 6° grupo recibieron extracto vegetal en dosis de 50,250 y 500 mg/kg respectivamente; se extrajo sangre para medir la glicemia (mg/dL) a tiempos de 0, 0.5, 1.0 y 2.0 horas depués de las administraciones. Los datos se evaluaron mediante técnicas multivariadas (p<0,05). El extracto de P. edulis S. mantiene la glicemia dentro de los parámetro aceptables en ratas normales; al aplicar el test de tolerancia oral a al glucosa, el extracto disminuyo la glicemia en mayor porcentaje (19,2%; p<0.0001) a dosis de 50mg/kg. Se concluye que el extracto del futuro de P. edulis Sims disminuye los niveles de glicemia en ratas normales.

The present study aimed to evaluated the efficacy of the ethanol extract of the fruit of Passiflora edulis Sims "maracuya" on blood glucose level in normal rats. The passion fruit was harvested in the Chanchamayo Valley (La Merced, Junin, Perú), 48 rats were purchased from the National Institute of Health. The experimentation had two phase: a) the first, was evaluated the effect of the extract in normal rats, forming two groups of 6 rats, 1° groups received saline 4 ml/kg and 2° extract 250 mg/kg; b) the second phase was to assess the effect of the extract in normal rats by the method of test glucose tolerance, as Du Vigneaud and Karr, 1925; Arroyo and Cisneros, 2012., formed six groups of rats, which were: 1° glucose 500 mg/kg orally (G), 2° (G)+ insulin 4 IU/kg, 3° chlorpropamide 25 mg/kg, and the 4th, 5th and 6th groups received doses of plant extract 50, 250 and 500 mg/kg respectively, blood was drawn to measure blood glucose (mg/dL) at 0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 hours after administration. Data were evaluated by multivariate techniques (P<0.05). The passion fruit extract glycemia maintained within acceptable parameters in normal rats; applying the test of tolerance oral to glucose, the glucose decreased extract of the fruit of P. edulis Sims lowers blood glucose levels in normal rats.

Efecto protecto del supositorio de aceite de Copaifera officinalis L. "copaiba" en pacientes con hemorroides / Protective effect of Copaifera officinalis L. (copaiba) oil suppository in patients with hemorrhoids

La investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de supositorios de aceite de Copaifera officinalis L. "copaiba" en pacientes con diágnóstico definitivo de crisis hemorroidal aguda. El ensayo fue clínico prospectivo, controlado, comparativo, aleatorio y se realizó en el Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas de la Facultad de Medicina de UNMSM. y Servicio de Gastroenterología del Hospital Nacional Dos de Mayo. Los pacientes evaluados presentaban diagnóstico definitivo de crisis hemorroidal aguda. El diagnóstico se realizó mediante estudio clínico y proctoscópico antes y después del tratamiento, además de exámenes auxiliares serológicos; 60 pacientes fueron enrolados voluntariamente al protocolo cumpliendo con los criterios éticos de investigación: los cuales fueron distribuidos en 3 grupos de 20 casos cada uno, administrándoseles supositorios de copaiba 120 mg bid, copaiba 120 mg/lidocaína 30 mg bid, y Prednisolona caproato 1,3 mg/Cincocaína clorhídrato 1 mg respectivamente durante 7 días. Los datos obtenidos como el alivio de la sintomatología, disminución del tamaño de las hemorroides y presencia de eventos adversos fueron evaluados mediante técnicas multivariadas (p<0,05). Se logró mejoría clínica y desaparición de síntomas de la enfermedad, sin efectos adversos significativos; dos presentaron dolor y ardor anal de manera transitoria, y no requirió suspensión de la medicación. Se concluyó que los supositorios de aceita de Copaifera officinalis es una alternativa eficaz y segura en el tratamiento de la crisis hemorroidal aguda.

The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of oil suppositories Copaifera officinalis L. "copaiba" in patients with a final diagnosis of acute hemorrhoidal crisis. The trial was prospective, controlled, comparative, randomized and performed in the Clinical Research Institute of the Faculty of Medicine UNMSM Gastroenterology and National Hospital Dos de Mayo. Patients evaluated had definite diagnosis of acute hemorrhoidal crisis. The diagnosis was made by clinical and proctoscópico before and after treatment, plus auxiliary serologic tests, 60 patients were enrolled voluntarily complying with the protocol ethical research, which were divided into 3 groups of 20 cases each, was administered suppositories 120 mg bid copaiba 120 mg/lidocaine 30mg bid, and prednisole caproate 13 mg/Cinchocaine hydrochloride 1 mg respectively for 7 days. Data obtained as relief of symptoms, decrease the size of hemorrhoids and presence of adverse events were assessed by multivariate techniques (p<0.05). was achieved clinical improvement and disappearance of symptoms of the symptoms of the disease, without significant adverse effects, two had anal burning pain temporaly, and did not require drug discontinuation. It was concluded that oil suppositories Copaifera officinalis is an effective and safe alternative in the treatment of acute hemorrhoidal crisis.

Efecto sobre el músculo liso intestinal y toxicidad aguda oral de un extracto de chilca (Baccharis latifolia) / Effect on intestinal smooth muscle and oral acute toxicity of an extract of chilca (Baccharis latifolia)

El objetivo fue evaluar el efecto de un extracto hidroalcohólico del Baccharis latifolia sobre el músculo liso intestinal y toxicidad aguda oral. Meterial y métodos: se evaluó el efecto del extracto en el modelo in Vitro del íleon aislado de cuy estimulado con acetilcolina e histamina 10 elevado (-3) M, usando atropina y hioscina como fármacos de referencia. La toxicidad aguda oral se determinó mediante la dosis letal media (DL50) en ratones. Resultados: el extracto presenta relajación del músculo liso intestinal a una CE 50 de 46,41 mg/mL y una estimulación del músculo a una CE de 182,2 mg/mL. La DL 50 fue de 2000 mg/kg. Conclusión: El extracto presenta una actividad bifásica de tipo hormesis, que se manifiesta por una relajación prolongada del músculo liso a bajas concentraciones, seguida de un efecto espasmogénico a altas concentraciones. No se econtraron alteraciones toxicológicas.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a hydroalcoholic extract of Baccharis latifolia on intestinal smooth muscle and acute oral toxicity. Material and Methods: The effect of the extract on the in vitro model of isolated guinea pig ileum stimulated with acetylcholine and histamine 10 elevated (-3) M was evaluated, using atropine and hyoscine as reference drugs. The acute oral toxicity was determined by the median lethal dose (LD 50) in mice. Results: the extract has relaxation of intestinal smooth muscle to an EC 50 of 46,41 mg/mL and muscle stimulation at a EC of 182,2 mg/mL. The LD 50 was 2000 mg/kg. Conclusion: The extract has an activity hormesis biphasic type, manifested by a prolonged relaxation of smooth mulscle at low concentrations followed by a apasmogenic effect at high concentrations. The were no toxicological alterations.

Efecto antisecretor gástrico del extracto acuoso de Solanum americanum Mill. "hierba mora" administrado a ratas con ligazón de píloro / Gastric antisecretory effect of aqueous extract of Solanum americanum Mill. (hierba mora) administered to rats with pylorus ligation

La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar el efecto antisecretor gástrico del extracto acuoso del fruto de solanum americanum Mill. "hierba mora" admnistrado a ratas con ligazón de píloro y compararlo con omeprazol. La experimentación se realizó en el bioterio de la Facultad de Medicina, UNMSM, Lima, Perú; se utilizó extracto acuoso de solanum americanum Mill. y ratas albinas Sprague-Dawley machos adultas. Para la evaluación del efecto antisecretor gástrico se utilizaron 24 ratas, a los cuales se les ligó el píloro, y fueron distribuidas aleatoriamente en 4 grupos de 6 ratas cada uno, donde: el grupo 1° recibió solución salina fisiológica 4 mL/Kg; los grupos 2° y 3° recibieron extracto a dosis de 200 y 400 mg/kg respectivamente y el 4° grupo recibio omeprazol a dosis de 10 mg/kg, pasada las 4 horas se liga el cardis y se retiran los estómagos para obtener el contenido gástrico y medir el volumen, pH y los miliequivalentes de iones de hidrógeno del contenido gástrico. Se encontró que el extracto a dosís de 400 mg/kg, evidencia una disminución del volumen (66%) y de los miliequivalentes de hidrogeniones (8.5%) a la vez que aumentó el PH (163%) de la secreción gástrica; comparando con el omeprazol que disminuyó la secreción gástrica (83.6%) y de los miliequivalentes de hidrogeniones en (56.5%), además del aumento del pH (201.5%). Concluyendo que en condiciones experimentales, el extracto acuoso de S. americanum Mill., demostró tener efecto antisecretor gástrico en ratas con ligazón de píloro.

The present study aimed to determine the gastric antisecretory effect off aqueous extract of the fruit of Solanum americanum Mill (nigthshade) administred to rats with pylorus ligation and compared with omeprazole. Experiments were carried out in the animal facility of the Faculty of Medicine, San MArcos University, Lima, Peru, was used aqueous extract of Solanum americanum Mill and albino Sprague-Dawley adult male. For evaluation of the gastric antisecretory effect 24 rats were used, to which the pylorus was ligated, and were randomized into 4 groups of 6 rats each, where: 1° group received physiological saline 4ml/kg, the groups 2 and 3rd received extract at doses of 200 and 400 mg/kg respectively and the 4th group received omeprazole at doses 10 mg/kg, 4 hurs past the cardias ligated and removed stomachs for gastric contents and measuring the volume, pH and the milliequivalents of hydrogen ions of gastric contents. it was found that a dose of 400 mg/kg extract, shows a decrease of volume (66%) and of the milliequivalents of hydrogen ions (8.5%), while the pH increased (163%) of gastric secretion, compared with the omeprazole gastric secretion decreased (83.6%) and of the milliequivalents of hydrogen ions in (56.5%), besides the increased pH (201.5%). Concluding that under experimental condition, the aqueous extract of S. americanum Mill, demonstrated gastric antisecretory effect in rats with pylorus ligation.

El extracto etanólico de las flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) aumenta la fertilidad en ratas / Ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increases fertility in rats

Objetivos: Determinar si la administración por vía oral del extracto etanólico de flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (Pacra-pacra) en ratas normales aumenta la fertilidad. Diseño: Estudio experimental. Lugar: Facultad de Medicina y Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Material biológico: Ratas. Intervenciones: Cuarentiocho animales fueron divididos aleatoriamente en 2 grandes grupos, de 24 cada uno. El primero fue control, con solución salina fisiológica (SSF) 5mL/kg y el segundo con extracto vía oral, 300 mg/kg, durante 15 días. Cada grupo consideró 6 hembras y 6 machos juntos, y 6 hembras y 6 machos separados. Los animales que estuvieron juntos fueron sacrificados, para observar la presencia de fetos en el útero; y a los animales que estuvieron separados, se les extrajo muestra de sangre, para conocer el nivel de testosterona en machos y LH, FSH, estrógenos y progesterona en hembras, expresándose en ug/dL; el dosaje hormonal se realizó por el método de electroquimioluminiscencia. Asimismo, se determinó GOT, GPT, urea y creatinina, según las técnicas utilizadas en el laboratorio clínico. Principales medidas de resultados: Gravidez, FSH, LH, estrógenos y progesterona en ratas hembras; testosterona en ratas machos. Resultados: Los flavonoides, compuestos fenólicos y taninos estuvieron en mayor cantidad en el extracto etanólico. El 100 por ciento de ratas que recibió el extracto etanólico de la planta y estuvo junto a los machos resultó grávida; y, las separadas que recibieron el mismo extracto, presentaron incremento de FSH en las hembras y testosterona en los machos, comparativamente a los controles respectivos. Los niveles de GOT, GPT, urea y creatinina se encontraron dentro de los límites aceptados. Conclusiones: En condiciones experimentales, el extracto etanólico de las flores de Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra pacra) incrementó la fertilidad en ratas normales.

Objective: To determine whether oral administration of the ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increases fertility in normal rats. Design: Experimental study. Setting: Faculty of Medicine and Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos. Biologic material: Rats. Interventions: Forty-eight rats were randomly distributed into 2 groups of 24 rats each. The first control group received solución salina fisiológica (SSF) 5 mL/kg and the second group 300 mg/kg of the extract, orally, for 15 days. Each group had 6 female rats and 6 male rats living together and 6 female rats and 6 male rats lived separate. The animals living together were sacrificed in order to observe the fetuses in the uterus. The animals that lived separate had blood samples taken in order to determine testosterone levels in male rats and LH, FSH, estrogen and progesterone levels in female rats using electro chemiluminescence. At the same time, liver function tests, urea and creatinine tests were done. Main outcome measures: Pregnancy, FSH, LH, estrogens and progesterone in female rats; testosterone in male rats. Results: Flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds were found in higher quantities in the ethanolic extract. All female rats receiving the plant extract and living together with the male rats got pregnant and the ones that lived separate had increased levels of FSH. Male rats had increased levels of testosterone as compared to the control group. Liver function tests, urea and creatinine were within acceptable limits. Conclusions: The ethanolic flower extract from Laccopetalum giganteum (pacra-pacra) increased fertility in normal rats.

Compuestos fenólicos de la fracción metanólica de Bidens pilosa, sobre la neoplasia gástrica, inducida en ratas / Phenolic compounds from Bidens pilosa methanolic fraction on induced gastric neoplasia in rats

Objetivo: Determinar la influencia del extracto etanólico y la fracción metanólica conteniendo compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides de la planta entera de Bidens pilosa L sobre la neoplasia gástrica inducida en ratas con N-nitroso-N-metilurea (NMU). Diseño: Experimental. Lugar: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas-Bioterio Facultad de Medicina UNMSM. Material biológico: Ratas albinas cepa Holtzmann machos. Intervenciones: Según Ferraz de Souza y col., 2002, se dispuso de un grupo control normal, un grupo con NMU y grupos de NMU más tratamientos de extracto etanólico y fracción metanólica, a dosis de 300 mg/kg. Para la significancia estadística se consideró la p menor que 0,05. Principales medidas de resultados: Progresión de la neoplasia gástrica inducida en ratas. Resultados: Indican displasia y estadios iniciales de carcinoma en los estómagos de las ratas, lo que fue menos evidente en los animales con tratamiento, siendo mejor el grupo que recibió fracción metanólica. El marcador de estrés oxidativo disminuyó en los grupos que recibieron tratamiento con la planta, resultando mejor la fracción metabólica. Se observó menor cantidad de micronúcleos (genotoxicidad) en los animales que recibieron tratamiento. Conclusiones: El extracto etanólico y la fracción metanólica de Bidens pilosa L en las condiciones experimentales han detenido la progresión de la neoplasia gástrica inducida en ratas.

Objective: To determine the influence of both the ethanolic extract and the methanolic fraction containing phenolic and flavonoids compounds of Bidens pilosa L whole plant on gastric cancer induced in rats with N-nitroso-N-methylurea (NMU). Design: Experimental. Setting: Instituto de Investigaciones Clínicas- Bioterio, Facultad de Medicina UNMSM. Biologic material: Holtzmann male albino rats. Interventions: Following Ferraz de Souza et al., 2002, we had a normal control group, a group with NMU and NMU groups plus treatments with ethanolic extract and methanolic fraction at 300 mg/kg doses. For statistical significance we considered p minor 0,05. Main outcome measures: Progresion of gastric neoplasia induced in rats. Results: Indicate dysplasia and initial stages of carcinoma in the rats stomachs, which was less evident in the animals with treatment, being better the group that received the methanolic fraction. The marker of oxidative stress decreased in the groups that received treatment with the plant, being better the methanolic fraction. We observed less amount of micronuclei (genotoxicity) in the animals that received treatment. Conclusions: In experimental conditions the ethanolic extract and methanolic fraction delayed the advance of gastric cancer induced in rats.