Curcumin reduces inflammation in rat apical periodontitis.

AIM: The aim of the study was to evaluate the effect of systemic curcumin administration on the severity of apical periodontitis (AP). METHODOLOGY: Forty male Wistar rats weighing 250-280 g each, age 2.5 months, were distributed into four groups (n = 10): control untreated rats (C), control rats treated with curcumin (CUR), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP) and rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis treated with curcumin (AP-CUR). Curcumin treatment was administered orally once daily for 15 days before pulp exposure and continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed at 30 days, and the jaws were collected and reconstructed in a programme specific for micro-CT. The jaws were processed for analysis of the inflammatory process using haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical assays for interleukin tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (Il)-6 and Il-1ß. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and osteocalcin (OCN) staining were used to analyse the resorptive process on the bone surface of periapical area. Kruskal-Wallis with Dunn's test was performed for nonparametric data and anova with Tukey's test for parametric data, p < .05. RESULTS: Micro-CT revealed no statistically significant differences in bone resorption between the AP and AP-CUR groups (p > .05). The levels of inflammatory cell infiltration and immunoreactivity for the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, Il-6 and Il-1ß were significantly higher in the periapical lesions of the AP group than in the AP-CUR group (p < .05). The number of TRAP-positive multinucleated cells was higher in the AP group than in the AP-CUR group (p < .05). In OCN-positive cells, no differences were observed between the AP and AP-CUR groups (p > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Oral supplementation with curcumin had a significant effect on the AP severity in rats, suggesting an anti-inflammatory effect of curcumin on AP development.

The use of omega-3 fatty acids in the treatment of oral diseases.

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) have been reported to exert important roles in the inflammatory response. There are many inflammatory diseases in dentistry which support the administration of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjunct therapy during the treatment of these diseases. The aim of this review was to evaluate the use of ω-3 PUFAs as an adjuvant therapy during the treatment of buccal diseases. The review showed that supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs was used for treatment of gingivitis, periodontal diseases, apical periodontitis, stomatitis, and orthodontic tooth movement. The results indicate that ω-3 PUFAs decreased the number of pro-inflammatory mediators in the gingival tissues of individuals with gingivitis and periodontitis. In apical periodontitis, the supplementation suppressed bone resorption and promoted bone formation in the periapical area of rats. During orthodontic movement, the supplementation showed a decrease of bone resorption in rats. It also showed that painful symptoms of recurrent aphthous stomatitis were alleviated in supplemented patients. In conclusion, the ω-3 PUFAs may be used as an adjuvant therapy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases that affect the oral cavity. However, more studies are required to elucidate the role of ω-3 PUFAs in decreasing oral cavity inflammatory processes.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Alter Systemic Inflammatory Mediators Caused by Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on serum inflammatory mediators of rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: control, untreated rats (C); control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs (C-O); rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP); and rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis treated with ω-3 PUFAs (AP-O). ω-3 PUFAs were administered orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed, and then blood and jaw samples were collected. Blood analysis was conducted to determine the total number of leukocytes including neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha, interleukin (IL) 6, and IL-17 were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Histologic analysis was performed to confirm the development of apical periodontitis. The data were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance and the Tukey posttest. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: The development of apical periodontitis was confirmed in all infected groups. Bone destruction was larger in the AP group compared with the AP-O group (P < .05). Blood analysis showed that the AP and AP-O groups showed higher numbers of lymphocytes, leukocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and expressions of tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-6 compared with the C and C-O groups (P < .05). In contrast, the presence of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and the expression of IL-6 decreased in the AP-O group compared with the AP group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: ω-3 PUFA supplementation influences the systemic effects caused by apical periodontitis, decreasing the number of leukocytes, lymphocytes, and IL-6 in rat blood.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Reduce the Triglyceride Levels in Rats with Apical Periodontitis.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the prophylactic and therapeutic supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFAs) on the lipid profile and periapical bone resorption in rats with apical periodontitis. Forty male rats were divided into groups: control rats (C), rats treated with w-3 PUFAs (C+O), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP), and rats with AP treated with w-3 PUFAs (AP+O). The administration of w-3 PUFAs was carried out orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, for an additional 30 days after pulp exposure. AP was induced by exposing pulpal tissues to the oral environment. The samples were collected after 30 days. Triglycerides and cholesterol levels were enzymatically measured using the Trinder method. The jaws were collected and submitted for histological analysis. Two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, and the significance was set at p<0.05. The triglyceride levels of the AP group were significantly higher than those of the C, C+O and AP+O groups (p<0.05). However, the difference in the cholesterol levels among the groups was not significant (p>0.05). Rats with AP showed larger areas of bone resorption as well as higher inflammatory intensity compared with rats with AP supplemented with w-3 PUFAs. It may be concluded that the presence of multiple AP foci increased the triglyceride levels. In addition, omega 3 supplementation might reduce these levels in rats with AP, as well as the bone resorption areas of periapical tissues.

Omega 3 fatty acids reduce the triglyceride levels in rats with apical periodontitis

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of the prophylactic and therapeutic supplementation with omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (w-3 PUFAs) on the lipid profile and periapical bone resorption in rats with apical periodontitis. Forty male rats were divided into groups: control rats (C), rats treated with w-3 PUFAs (C+O), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP), and rats with AP treated with w-3 PUFAs (AP+O). The administration of w-3 PUFAs was carried out orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, for an additional 30 days after pulp exposure. AP was induced by exposing pulpal tissues to the oral environment. The samples were collected after 30 days. Triglycerides and cholesterol levels were enzymatically measured using the Trinder method. The jaws were collected and submitted for histological analysis. Two-way analysis of variance and Kruskal-Wallis tests were used for statistical analysis, and the significance was set at p<0.05. The triglyceride levels of the AP group were significantly higher than those of the C, C+O and AP+O groups (p<0.05). However, the difference in the cholesterol levels among the groups was not significant (p>0.05). Rats with AP showed larger areas of bone resorption as well as higher inflammatory intensity compared with rats with AP supplemented with w-3 PUFAs. It may be concluded that the presence of multiple AP foci increased the triglyceride levels. In addition, omega 3 supplementation might reduce these levels in rats with AP, as well as the bone resorption areas of periapical tissues.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da suplementação profilática e terapêutica com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 no perfil lipídico e na reabsorção óssea, em ratos com periodontite apical. Quarenta ratos machos foram divididos em grupos: ratos controle (C), ratos tratados com ácidos graxos ômega-3 (C+O), ratos com periodontite apical induzida por meio de exposição pulpar (PA), ratos com PA tratados com ácidos graxos ômega-3 (PA+O). A administração do ômega-3 foi realizada oralmente, uma vez ao dia durante 15 antes da exposição pulpar e, subsequentemente, por mais 30 dias depois da exposição pulpar. A PA foi induzida por meio da exposição do tecido pulpar ao ambiente oral. Após 30 dias, os ratos foram mortos e os níveis de triglicérides e colesterol foram mensurados pelo método enzimático de Trinder. As mandíbulas foram coletadas e submetidas à análise histológica. Análise de variância de dois fatores e teste de Kruskal-Wallis foram utilizados para análise estatística, e o nível de significância foi de p < 0,05. Os níveis de triglicérides do grupo PA foram significativamente maiores que dos grupos C, C+O e PA+O (p<0,05). Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa nos níveis de colesterol entre os grupos (p>0,05). Ratos com PA apresentaram maior área de reabsorção óssea bem como maior intensidade no infiltrado inflamatório comparados aos ratos com PA suplementados com ômega-3. Pode-se concluir que a presença de múltiplos focos de PA aumentou os níveis de triglicérides. Além disso, a suplementação com ômega-3 pode reduzir estes níveis em ratos com PA, bem como a área de reabsorção óssea dos tecidos periapicais.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Inflammation in Rat Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators were evaluated in a rat model of pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP). METHODS: Twenty-eight male Wistar rats were divided into 4 groups: control, untreated rats (group C); control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs (group C-O); rats with pulp exposure-induced AP (group AP); and rats with pulp exposure-induced AP treated with ω-3 PUFAs (group AP-O). Omega-3 PUFAs were administered orally once a day for 15 days before pulp exposure; this treatment was continued for 30 days after pulp exposure. The rats were sacrificed 30 days after pulp exposure, and their dissected jaws were subjected to immunohistochemical analysis to detect immunoreactivity for tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ß, IL-17, and IL-10 on the periapical bone surface. The results were statistically evaluated using analysis of variance and the Tukey post-test. The significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: Immunoreactivity for the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IL-17 was higher in the AP group than in the AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). Immunoreactivity for the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 was lower in the AP group than in the AP-O group (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs can modulate the inflammatory response in rat AP, decreasing levels of TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1ß, and IL-17 but increasing levels of IL-10.

Omega 3 Fatty Acids Reduce Bone Resorption While Promoting Bone Generation in Rat Apical Periodontitis.

INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated the effects of the dietary supplement omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω-3 PUFAs) on pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP) in rats. METHODS: Twenty-eight male rats were divided into groups: control untreated rats (C), control rats treated with ω-3 PUFAs alone (C-O), rats with pulp exposure-induced AP, and rats with pulp exposure-induced AP treated with ω-3 PUFAs (AP-O). The ω-3 PUFAs were administered orally, once a day, for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, 30 days after pulp exposure. Rats were killed 30 days after pulp exposure, and jaws were subjected to histologic and immunohistochemical analyses. Immunohistochemical analyses were performed to detect tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts and osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts on the bone surface of periapical area. Results were statistically evaluated by using analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference, and P < .05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The bone resorption lesion was significantly larger in the AP group compared with AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). The level of inflammatory cell infiltration was significantly elevated, and the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclasts was significantly higher in the periapical lesions of the AP group compared with AP-O, C, and C-O groups (P < .05). The number of osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts was significantly increased in the AP-O group compared with the AP group (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Supplementation with ω-3 PUFAs not only suppresses bone resorption but also promotes new bone formation in the periapical area of rats with AP in conjunction with downregulation of inflammatory cell infiltration into the lesion.

Influência local e sistêmica da suplementação alimentar com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 em ratos com infecção endodôntica / Local and systemic influence of the dietary supplement with omega 3 fatty acids in rats with endodontic infection

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a influência da suplementação alimentar com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 no processo inflamatório local e sistêmico de ratos com periodontite apical (PA). Foram utilizados 40 ratos da linhagem Wistar distribuídos em quatro grupos (n= 10): ratos controle (C); ratos suplementados com ômega-3 (C-O); ratos com PA induzida (PA); ratos com PA induzida suplementados com ômega-3 (PA-O). Para a indução da PA, as polpas dentárias foram expostas ao meio bucal durante 30 dias. O ômega-3 foi administrado pelo método gavage, uma vez ao dia, 15 dias antes da exposição pulpar e 30 dias depois da exposição pulpar. Após este período, o sangue foi coletado, por meio de punção cardíaca, para a realização do hemograma e quantificação sérica das citocinas pró-inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-a), Interleucina 6 (IL-6) e Interleucina 17 (IL-17), pelo método ELISA. Após a coleta sanguínea, os ratos foram eutanasiados e as maxilas e mandíbulas foram coletadas e submetidas a processamento para análise histológica, em hematoxilina e eosina, bem como análise imunoistoquímica para os marcadores fosfatase ácida resistente ao tartrato (TRAP), osteocalcina (OCN), TNF-a, IL-6, IL-17, Interleucina 1b (IL-1b) e Interleucina 10 (IL-10). Os resultados foram analisados por testes estatísticos específicos para cada caso (p<0,05). O grupo PA apresentou infiltrado inflamatório mais intenso, bem como maior área de reabsorção óssea na região periapical quando comparado ao grupo PA-O (p<0,05). Além disso, observou-se maior número de osteoclastos e citocinas pró-inflamatórias, representadas por TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6 e IL-17, bem como menor número de osteoblastos e da citocina anti-inflamatória IL-10 no grupo PA quando comparado ao grupo PA-O (p<0,05). Em relação às alterações sistêmicas, a presença de quatro focos de PA aumentou os níveis séricos de leucócitos, linfócitos, monócitos, TNF-a e IL-6 (p<0,05) e a suplementação alimentar com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 diminuiu os níveis séricos de leucócitos e linfócitos de ratos com PA (p<0,05). Conclui-se que a suplementação alimentar com os ácidos graxos ômega-3 reduz o processo inflamatório e a reabsorção óssea da região periapical, bem como as células inflamatórias do sangue, de ratos com infecção endodôntica(AU)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplement omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on the local and systemic inflammatory response of rats with apical periodontitis (AP). Forty male rats were divided into groups: control untreated rats (C), control rats treated with omega 3 alone (CO), rats with pulp exposure-induced apical periodontitis (AP), and rats with pulp exposure-induced AP treated with omega 3 (AP-O). The pulps were exposed to the oral environment during 30 days for the development of AP. Omega 3 was administered by gavage method, once a day, for 15 days before pulp exposure and, subsequently, 30 days after pulp exposure. After 30 days, blood samples were collected by cardiac puncture and subjected to blood count and the serum levels of the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-a), Interleukin 6 (IL-6), and Interleukin 17 (IL-17) were measured using ELISA method. Subsequently, rats were killed and maxillae and jaws were collected and subjected to histologic analysis, using hematoxylin and eosin staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed in order to detect TRAP-positive osteoclast cells (TRAP), Osteocalcin-positive osteoblasts cells (OCN), TNF-a, IL-6, IL-17, Interleukin 1b (IL-1b) and Interleukin 10 (IL-10). Results from the different analysis were subjected to statistical analysis, using specific statistical methods according to each analysis (p<0.05). AP group showed more severe inflammatory infiltrate as well as higher area of bone resorption in the periapical region compared to AP-O group (p<0.05). Moreover, the number of TRAPpositive cells as well as proinflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-a, IL-1b, IL-6, and IL-17 were higher in AP group compared to AP-O group (p <0.05). In addition, the number of OCN-positive cells and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 decreased in AP group compared to AP-O group (p<0.05). Regarding systemic alterations, the presence of four AP focus increased the serum levels of leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, TNF-a, and IL-6 (p<0.05). The dietary supplement with omega 3 decreased the serum levels of leukocytes and lymphocytes of rats with AP (p<0.05). It may be concluded that the dietary supplement with omega 3 fatty acids decrease the inflammatory process and the pathological bone resorption in the periapical region, as well as serum inflammatory cells of rats with apical periodontitis(AU)