Eco-friendly nanoparticles: mechanisms and capacities for efficient removal of heavy metals and phosphate from water using definitive screening design approach.

Can nano-zero-valent iron, synthesized using oak leaf extract, be the key solution for water preservation, efficiently removing heavy metal ions and phosphate anions simultaneously? This research unveils how this technology not only promises high efficiency in the remediation of water resources, but also sets new standards for environmentally friendly processes. The high antioxidant capacity and high phenol content indicate suggest the possibility of oak-nZVI synthesis using oak leaf extract as a stable material with minimal agglomeration. The simultaneous removal of Cd and phosphates, as well as and Ni and phosphates was optimized by a statistically designed experiment with a definitive screening design approach. By defining the key factors with the most significant impact, a more efficient and faster method is achieved, improving the economic sustainability of the research by minimizing the number of experiments while maximizing precision. In terms of significance, four input parameters affecting process productivity were monitored: initial metal concentration (1-9 mg L-1), initial ion concentration (1-9 mg L-1), pH value (2-10), and oak-nZVI dosage (2-16 mL). The process optimization resulted in the highest simultaneous removal efficiency of 98.99 and 87.30% for cadmium and phosphate ions, respectively. The highest efficiency for the simultaneous removal of nickel and phosphate ions was 93.44 and 96.75%, respectively. The optimization process fits within the confidence intervals, which confirms the assumption that the selected regression model well describes the process. In the context of e of the challenges and problems of environmental protection, this work has shown considerable potential and successful application for the simultaneous removal of Cd(II) and Ni(II) in the presence of phosphates from water.

A cost effective method for immobilization of Cu and Ni polluted river sediment with nZVI synthesized from leaf extract.

This study investigates the performance of oak (OL) and mulberry (ML) leaves for synthesized of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI), in immobilizing Cu and Ni in contaminated sediment. Characterization of synthesized Fe nanoparticles from oak and mulberry leaf extracts demonstrated that they are nontoxic and stabile nanomaterials for application in the sediment remediation. Effectiveness of stabilization process was performed by microwave-assisted sequential extraction procedure (MWSE) and single-step leaching tests which have been applied to evaluate the metal extraction potential. This research showed that OL-nZVI and ML-nZVI were effective in transforming available Cu and Ni to stable fraction. The maximum residual percentage of Cu increased by 76% and 73%, and for Ni 81% and 80%, respectively, with addition of 5% OL-nZVI and 5% ML-nZVI. Used single-step leaching tests (Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure-TCLP and German standard test- DIN) indicated that all stabilized samples can be considered as non-hazardous waste, as all leached metal concentrations met the appropriate set criteria. Cost analysis showed that the operating cost for contaminated sediment treatment with green synthesized nZVI are 50.37 €/m3/per year. This work provides a new insight into the immobilization mechanism and environmental impact of Cu and Ni in contaminated sediment and potential way of treatment with OL-nZVI and ML-nZVI. Generally, nZVI can be an effective and versatile tool for stabilization of sediment polluted with toxic metals.