Gummies candy enriched with Konjac glucomannan reduces hunger intensity and waist circumference of overweight individuals.

Konjac glucomannan (KGM) is a herbal medicine with benefits in appetite control, body weight and biochemical parameters in overweight individuals. The objective of our work was to evaluate the effect of the consumption of gummy candy enriched with KGM on appetite, to evaluate anthropometric data, biochemical and oxidative stress markers in overweight individuals. Forty-two participants aged 18 to 45 years completed our randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Participants were randomly assigned to consume for fourteen days, 2 candies per day, containing 250 mg of KGM or identical-looking placebo candy with 250 mg of flaxseed meal, shortly after breakfast and dinner. As a result, we observed that there was a reduction in waist circumference and in the intensity of hunger/satisfaction of the participants who consumed KGM for fourteen days, and we believe that a longer consumption time as well as an increase dose of KGM contribute to even more satisfactory body results.

Effects of Intuitive Eating on the Quality of Life and Wellbeing of Yoga Practitioners, Physical Activity Practitioners and Sedentary Individuals.

This study is a comparative analysis of the effects of intuitive eating and correlations with quality of life and wellbeing in Yoga practitioners, physical activity practitioners and sedentary individuals. The study involved 204 participants, comprising 66 Yoga practitioners, 74 physical activity practitioners and 64 sedentary individuals, between the ages of 20 and 59, who were resident in Brazil at the time of the study. Quantitative research was conducted through Facebook and the application questionnaires via Google Forms to measure intuitive eating, food consumption, quality of life, stress level, satisfaction with body image and level of mindfulness. The study found that while intuitive eating did not differ between Yoga practitioners and physical activity practitioners, both showed greater adoption of intuitive eating as compared to inactive individuals. Still, Yoga practitioners had better confidence in their physiological signs of hunger and satiety, as well as better eating behavior, quality of life, satisfaction with body image, healthy body weight, and stress-related emotional regulation, as compared to the other groups. In addition, there was a positive correlation between intuitive eating and quality of life, body esteem, mindfulness and eating behaviors that discouraged eating in response to external or psychological influences, and a negative correlation to stress and weight gain. This study finds that physical exercise, in particular the practice of Yoga, is linked to the promotion of better intuitive eating behavior as well as better quality of life and wellbeing.

In vitro antioxidant extracts evaluation from the residue of the Hevea brasiliensis seed.

The antioxidants used in the food industry are essential to inhibit the formation of free radicals, preserving the existing properties in the different matrices. However, the insecurity of the synthetic antioxidants regarding human health propels search for natural substrates with potential antioxidant activity as an alternative to synthetic compounds. In this way, the work had as objective obtaining extracts from the seed pomace of the Hevea brasiliensis (rubber tree), relating the contents of flavonoids and total phenols in the application as an antioxidant. The methodology consisted of the extraction using four solvents, varying extractive methods, time, and seed concentrations. The antioxidant activity in vitro was evaluated by capturing the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil) radical. The optimized results demonstrate that the aqueous extracts produced in the Soxhlet in the concentrations of 85 g L-1 and retention time of 4 h reached 37.73 ± 1.69% in the antioxidant tests of the free radical DPPH capture, 1405.15 mg EAC 100 g-1 in the quantification of phenolic compounds and 223.34 mg 100 g-1 of total flavonoids. Thus, this work may contribute to the realization of studies and future research for characterization and identification concerning which phenolic compounds and flavonoids attribute the antioxidant characteristic to the extracts produced, enabling the discovery of products with high added value in the production chain. In addition, because the water used as a solvent showed greater antioxidant potential between the extracts, the non-toxic and environmentally friendly character is highlighted, allowing a wide variety of applications in the food industry.

Características físico-químicas dos tubérculos da Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam / Physico-chemical characteristics of tubers of Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam

A Tropaeolum pentaphyllum Lam é uma Planta Alimentícia Não Convencional (PANC) nativa do Brasil, que está em crescente estudo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a composição físico-química, o pH e cor da polpa da batata. Observou-se que a umidade (79,32 %), proteína (2,33%) e cinzas (0,93%), apresentaram-se semelhantes à T. pentaphyllum Lam avaliadas em outros estudos. Já os teores de carboidratos (13,02%), valor energético (82,19%) e lipídeos (3,82%) apresentaram-se superiores e de fibras (1,78%) inferiores a vegetais da mesma espécie. Além disso, a planta mostrou-se ácida, luminosa e com coloração tendendo ao vermelho e ao amarelo. Assim, percebe-se que a batata pode ser considerada um complemento alimentar pela sua composição nutricional e que é necessário a realização de mais estudos, a fim de aprimorar o conhecimento sobre a mesma.

Effects of Fish and Grape Seed Oils as Core of Haloperidol-Loaded Nanocapsules on Oral Dyskinesia in Rats.

Haloperidol is a widely used antipsychotic, despite the severe motor side effects associated with its chronic use. This study was carried out to compare oral dyskinesia induced by different formulations of haloperidol-loaded nanocapsules containing caprylic/capric triglycerides, fish oil or grape seed oil (GSO) as core, as well as free haloperidol. Haloperidol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules formulations were prepared, physicochemical characterized and administered (0.5 mg kg-1-ip) to rats for 28 days. Oral dyskinesia was evaluated acutely and subchronically and after that cell viability and free radical generation in cortex and substantia nigra. All formulations presented satisfactory physicochemical parameters. Acutely, all formulations were able to prevent oral dyskinesia development in comparison to free haloperidol, except haloperidol-loaded nanocapsules containing GSO, whose effect was only partial. After subchronic treatment, all haloperidol-loaded nanocapsules formulations prevented oral dyskinesia in relation to free drug. Also, haloperidol-loaded nanocapsules containing fish oil and GSO were more effective than caprylic/capric triglycerides nanocapsules and free haloperidol in cell viability preservation and control of free radical generation. Our findings showed that fish oil formulation may be considered as the best formulation of haloperidol-loaded lipid-core nanocapsules, being able to prevent motor side effects associated with chronic use of antipsychotic drugs, as haloperidol.

Hydrogels Containing Nanocapsules and Nanoemulsions of Tea Tree Oil Provide Antiedematogenic Effect and Improved Skin Wound Healing.

In previous works, we developed nanocapsules and nanoemulsions containing the tea tree oil. The aim of this work was to prepare and characterize hydrogels containing these nanocarriers, and to evaluate their in vivo efficacy in protecting skin damage induced by UVB and cutaneous wound healing. Hydrogels were prepared using Carbopol Ultrez and their physicochemical characteristics were evaluated: macroscopic analysis, pH, spreadability and rheological properties. The in vivo antiedematogenic effect was evaluated by ear thickness measurement after UVB-irradiation. In order to evaluate healing action of hydrogels, we investigated the regression of the cutaneous lesion in rats. Hydrogels showed homogeneous aspect and pH values between 5.6-5.8 and a non-Newtonian behavior. The presence of nanocapsules and nanoemulsions in hydrogels did not change their spreadability profile. The inclusion of tea tree oil in the nanocapsules and nanoemulsions allowed reducing the edema induced by UVB exposure. Hydrogel containing nanocapsules presented a higher reduction of the wound area compared to the hydrogel containing nanoemulsions and hydrogel containing allantoin. This study shows the feasibility of obtained dermatological formulations containing the tea tree oil associated in nanostructured systems. These formulations represent a promising approach to topical treatment of inflammatory disorders and wound healing.

Influence of trans fat on skin damage in first-generation rats exposed to UV radiation.

The influence of trans fatty acids (TFA) on lipid profile, oxidative damage and mitochondrial function in the skin of rats exposed to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) was assessed. The first-generation offspring of female Wistar rats supplemented from pregnancy with either soybean oil (C-SO, rich in n-6 FA; control group) or hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in TFA) were continued with the same supplements until adulthood, when half of each group was exposed to UVR for 12 weeks. The HVF group showed higher TFA cutaneous incorporation, increased protein carbonyl (PC) levels, decreased functionality of mitochondrial enzymes and antioxidant defenses of the skin. After UVR, the HVF group showed increased skin thickness and reactive species (RS) generation, with decreased skin antioxidant defenses. RS generation was positively correlated with skin thickness, wrinkles and PC levels. Once incorporated to skin, TFA make it more susceptible to developing UVR-induced disorders.

Toxicological aspects of trans fat consumption over two sequential generations of rats: Oxidative damage and preference for amphetamine.

Chronic consumption of processed food causes structural changes in membrane phospholipids, affecting brain neurotransmission. Here we evaluated noxious influences of dietary fats over two generations of rats on amphetamine (AMPH)-conditioned place preference (CPP). Female rats received soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 fatty acids (FA)), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in trans fatty acids (TFA)) for two successive generations. Male pups from the 2nd generation were maintained on the same supplementation until 41 days of age, when they were conditioned with AMPH in CPP. While the FO group showed higher incorporation of n-3 polyunsaturated-FA (PUFA) in cortex/hippocampus, the HVF group showed TFA incorporation in these same brain areas. The SO and HVF groups showed AMPH-preference and anxiety-like symptoms during abstinence. Higher levels of protein carbonyl (PC) and lower levels of non-protein thiols (NPSH) were observed in cortex/hippocampus of the HVF group, indicating antioxidant defense system impairment. In contrast, the FO group showed no drug-preference and lower PC levels in cortex. Cortical PC was positively correlated with n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio, locomotion and anxiety-like behavior, and hippocampal PC was positively correlated with AMPH-preference, reinforcing connections between oxidative damage and AMPH-induced preference/abstinence behaviors. As brain incorporation of trans and n-6 PUFA modifies its physiological functions, it may facilitate drug addiction.

Influence of trans fat and omega-3 on the preference of psychostimulant drugs in the first generation of young rats.

The current Western diet often provides considerable amounts of saturated and trans fatty acids (TFA), whose incorporation into neuronal membranes has been implicated in changes of brain neurochemical functions. Such influence has caused concerns due to precipitation of neuropsychiatric disorders, whose data are still unclear. Here we evaluated the influence of different fats on preference parameters for amphetamine (AMPH): adolescent rats were orally supplemented with soybean oil (SO, rich in n-6 FA, which was considered an isocaloric control group), fish oil (FO, rich in n-3 FA) and hydrogenated vegetable fat (HVF, rich in saturated and trans FA) from weaning, which were born of dams supplemented with the same fat from pregnancy and lactation. AMPH preference, anxiety-like symptoms and locomotor index were evaluated in conditioned place preference (CPP), elevated plus maze (EPM) and open-field (OF), respectively, while brain oxidative status was determined in cortex, striatum and hippocampus. HVF increased AMPH-CPP and was associated with withdrawal signs, as observed by increased anxiety-like symptoms. Moreover, SO and FO were not associated with AMPH preference, but only FO-supplemented rats did not show any anxiety-like symptoms or increased locomotion. FO supplementation was related to lower oxidative damages to proteins and increased CAT activity in striatum and hippocampus, as well as increased GSH levels in blood, while HVF was related to increased oxidative status. In conclusion, our study showed the harmful influence of TFA on AMPH-CPP and drug craving symptoms, which can be related to dopaminergic neurotransmission.

Aqueous extract of pecan nut shell (Carya illinoensis [Wangenh.] K. Koch) exerts protection against oxidative damage induced by cyclophosphamide in rat testis.

This study investigated the protective effect of pecan nut (Carya illinoensis) shell aqueous extract (AE) on the oxidative and morphological status of rat testis treated with cyclophosphamide (CP). Wistar rats received water or AE (5%) ad libitum for 37 days. On day 30, half of each group received a single intraperitoneal administration of vehicle or CP 200 mg/kg. After 7 days, the animals were killed and their testis removed. Rats treated with CP presented reduced levels of lactate dehydrogenase, vitamin C, and gluthatione, as well as decreased catalase activity, increased lipid peroxidation levels and superoxide dismutase activity, no alteration in carbonyl protein levels, and a loss of morphological testicular integrity. In contrast, cotreatment with pecan shell AE totally prevented the decrease of lactate dehydrogenase and vitamin C levels and catalase activity and partially prevented the depletion of gluthatione levels. Moreover, it totally prevented the increase in superoxide dismutase activity and lipid peroxidation levels and maintained testicular integrity. These findings show the protective role of pecan shell AE in CP-induced testicular toxicity. The use of this phytotherapy may be considered to minimize deleterious effects related to this chemotherapy.

Comparative study between two animal models of extrapyramidal movement disorders: prevention and reversion by pecan nut shell aqueous extract.

Acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol are animal models of extrapyramidal disorders often used to study parkinsonism, akinesia and tardive dyskinesia. In humans, these usually irreversible and disabling extrapyramidal disorders are developed by typical antipsychotic treatment, whose pathophysiology has been related to oxidative damages development. So far, there is no treatment to prevent these problems of the psychiatric clinic, and therefore further studies are needed. Here we used the animal models of extrapyramidal disorders cited above, which were performed in two distinct experiments: orofacial dyskinesia (OD)/catalepsy induced by acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol after (experiment 1) and before (experiment 2) oral treatment with pecan shell aqueous extract (AE), a natural and promissory antioxidant. When administered previously (exp.1), the AE prevented OD and catalepsy induced by both reserpine and haloperidol. When reserpine and haloperidol were administered before the extract (exp.2), the animals developed OD and catalepsy all the same. However, the orofacial parameter (but not catalepsy) in both animal models was reversed after 7 and 14 days of AE treatment. These results indicate that, acute reserpine and subchronic haloperidol administrations induced similar motor disorders, although through different mechanisms, and therefore are important animal models to study the physiopathology of extrapyramidal disorders. Comparatively, the pecan shell AE was able to both prevent and reverse OD but only to prevent catalepsy. These results reinforce the role of oxidative stress and validate the two animal models used here. Our findings also favor the idea of prevention of extrapyramidal disorders, rather than their reversal.

Locomotor damage and brain oxidative stress induced by lead exposure are attenuated by gallic acid treatment.

We investigated the antioxidant potential of gallic acid (GA), a natural compound found in vegetal sources, on the motor and oxidative damages induced by lead. Rats exposed to lead (50 mg/kg, i.p., once a day, 5 days) were treated with GA (13.5mg/kg, p.o.) or EDTA (110 mg/kg, i.p.) daily, for 3 days. Lead exposure decreased the locomotor and exploratory activities, reduced blood ALA-D activity, and increased brain catalase (CAT) activity without altering other antioxidant defenses. Brain oxidative stress (OS) estimated by lipid peroxidation (TBARS) and protein carbonyl were increased by lead. GA reversed the motor behavior parameters, the ALA-D activity, as well as the markers of OS changed by lead exposure. CAT activity remained high, possibly as a compensatory mechanism to eliminate hydroperoxides during lead poisoning. EDTA, a conventional chelating agent, was not beneficial on the lead-induced motor behavior and oxidative damages. Both GA (less) and EDTA (more) reduced the lead accumulation in brain tissue. Negative correlations were observed between the behavioral parameters and lipid peroxidation and the lead levels in brain tissue. In conclusion, GA may be an adjuvant in lead exposure, mainly by its antioxidant properties against the motor and oxidative damages resulting from such poisoning.

Comparative study between n-6, trans and n-3 fatty acids on repeated amphetamine exposure: a possible factor for the development of mania.

In the last decades, foods rich in omega-3 (ω-3) fatty acids (FA) have been replaced by omega-6 (ω-6) and trans FA, which are found in processed foods. The influence of ω-6 (soybean oil--SO), trans (hydrogenated vegetable fat--HVF) and ω-3 (fish oil--FO) fatty acids on locomotor and oxidative stress (OS) parameters were studied in an animal model of mania. Rats orally fed with SO, HVF and FO for 8 weeks received daily injections of amphetamine (AMPH--4 mg/kg/mL-ip) for the last week of oral supplementation. HVF induced hyperactivity, increased the protein carbonyl levels in the cortex and decreased the mitochondrial viability in cortex and striatum. AMPH-treatment increased the locomotion and decreased the mitochondrial viability in all groups, but its neurotoxicity was higher in the HVF group. Similarly, AMPH administration increased the protein carbonyl levels in striatum and cortex of HVF-supplemented rats. AMPH reduced the vitamin-C plasmatic levels of SO and HVF-fed rats, whereas no change was observed in the FO group. Our findings suggest that trans fatty acids increased the oxidative damage per se and exacerbated the AMPH-induced effects. The impact of trans fatty acids consumption on neuronal diseases and its consequences in brain functions must be further evaluated.

Short term dietary fish oil supplementation improves motor deficiencies related to reserpine-induced parkinsonism in rats.

Fish oil (FO) supplementation could cause an increase in the concentration of plasmatic free fatty acids and, consequently, could compete with pro-inflammatory arachidonic acid (ARA) derived from brain biomembranes metabolism in the cerebrospinal fluid. Essential fatty acids (EFA) (n-3) have been reported by their antioxidant and neuroprotective properties, and therefore the influence of the FO supplementation on the reserpine-induced motor disorders was studied. Wistar rats were orally treated with FO solution for 5 days, and co-treated with reserpine (R; 1 mg/kg/mL) or its vehicle for 3 days (every other day). Reserpine-induced orofacial dyskinesia and catalepsy (P < 0.05) were prevented by FO (P < 0.05). Biochemical evaluations showed that reserpine treatment increased the lipid peroxidation in the cortex and striatum (P < 0.05), while the FO supplementation prevented this oxidative effect in both brain regions (P < 0.05). Our results showed the protective role of FO in the brain lipid membranes, reinforcing the beneficial effect of n-3 fatty acids in the prevention of degenerative and motor disorders.

Effects of omega-3 essential fatty acids (omega-3 EFAs) on motor disorders and memory dysfunction typical neuroleptic-induced: behavioral and biochemical parameter.

The effects of fish oil supplementation on motor disorders, memory dysfunction, and lipid peroxidation (LP) induced by typical neuroleptics were studied. Wistar rats received a suspension prepared with fish oil containing omega-3 fatty acids, water, and Tween 80 (1%) in the place of drinking water (FO group) or vehicle (C group) for 8 weeks. After 4 weeks of treatment, half of the animals of both groups were treated with haloperidol (H and FO + H groups; experiment 1), fluphenazine (F and FO + F groups; experiment 2), or vehicle (C group), administered once a week (12 mg/kg/im) for 4 weeks, maintaining the treatment with FO. Extrapyramidal motor disorders by haloperidol and fluphenazine were observed by an increase in vacuous chewing movements and catalepsy (P < 0.05). These effects were reduced by FO treatment (P < 0.05). Both neuroleptics displayed impairment in memory retention observed by latency time to find the original location of platform in water-maze task, after 4 days of training performed in the last treatment week. This effect was reduced by FO (P < 0.05) to both haloperidol and fluphenazine treatments. Haloperidol increased the LP in plasma and hippocampus, and these effects were decreased by FO treatment (P < 0.05). Fluphenazine increased the LP in plasma and substantia nigra, which were completely decreased by FO treatment (P < 0.05). The FO decreased the motor disorders, memory dysfunction, and oxidative damage typical neuroleptic-induced. Our results indicate that FO exhibits a neuroprotector role useful on diseases related to oxidative damages, and may be considered in the prevention of motor and memory side effects induced by the antipsychotic treatment.