Secondary metabolites isolated from Trichoderma hamatum b-3 and their fungicidal activity.

An undescribed trichodenone derivative (1), two new diketopiperazines (3 and 4) along with a bisabolane analog (2) were isolated from Trichoderma hamatum b-3. The structures of the new findings were established through comprehensive analyses of spectral evidences in HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR, Marfey's analysis as well as comparisons of ECD. The absolute configuration of 2 was unambiguously confirmed by NMR, ECD calculation and Mo2(AcO)4 induced circular dichroism. Compounds 1-4 were tested for their fungicidal effects against eight crop pathogenic fungi, among which 1 showed 51% inhibition against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum at a concentration of 50 µg/mL.

First Record of Leaf Spot Disease on Costus speciosus Caused by Nigrospora oryzae in Hainan, China.

Costus speciosus (Koen.) Smith has been an important medicinal agent in the various traditional and folk systems of medicine in southern China. In September 2018, leaf spot disease was detected on C. speciosus plants in Chengmai County, Hainan Province. A survey of C. speciosus plants revealed that the disease caused serious damage during the typhoon season of September to November in Hainan Province, with 80 to85% incidence in plants. Early symptoms were yellow-to-brown, irregular-shaped lesions on the leaf margin or tip. After several days, lesions expanded along the mid-vein until the entire leaf was destroyed. Then, the infected leaves turned gray brown, leading to defoliation. Heavily infected leaves became dry and died. The pathogen was consistently isolated from the lesions and pure single-spore cultures were obtained. Twenty pieces of diseased leaf samples were plated and seven pieces yielded fungal colonies after 5 to 6 days of incubation at 25 °C. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were white and later became gray to black. Conidia were unicellular, terminal, black, elliptical that measured 10 to 13 (length) × 12 to 16 (width) µm (n=30), growing aerial mycelium covering the entire petri dish (9 cm in diameter). The morphological characteristics and measurements of this fungal pathogen matched the previous descriptions of Nigrospora oryzae (Wang et al. 2017). To confirm identity the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal DNA was amplified using primers ITS1/ITS4 (Mills, P. R., et al. 1992), and the 530-bp product (GenBank Accession No. MK280694) of the ITS showed 99% sequence identity to N. oryzae isolates TLFa21 (GenBank Accession No. MH790146) and xsd08022 (GenBank Accession No. EU918714). Pathogenicity tests were conducted. Three leaves of three C. speciosus plants were wounded and inoculated with mycelial plugs (5×5mm) , and an additional five plants were inoculated with PDA plugs as a control. All plants were placed in the field and temperature ranged from 23 to 29°C. Ten days after inoculation, all the inoculated plants showed typical leaf spot symptoms, a yellow-to-brown mildew appeared at the points of inoculation. No symptoms were observed on the controls. The fungus was re-isolated from the infected tissues, fulfilling Koch's postulates. N. oryzae was previously reported as the causal agent of leaf spot on cotton (Zhang. et al. 2012), dendrobium candidum (Wu. et al. 2014) and Aloe vera (Zhai. et al. 2013) in china. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spot of C. speciosus caused by N. oryzae in China. The project was partially founded by Hainan Provincial Research Institute of technology development projects (Screening and application of endophytic bacteria with high resistance to Fusarium Wilt of Sauropus androgynus), Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory for Vegetables and Biology，Hainan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Melon and Vegetable Breeding, Major scientific and technological projects in Hainan Province(ZDKJ2017001)，Third Survey and Collection of Crop Germplasm Resources in China, Collection, identification and preservation of pathogenic bacteria of inverted season vegetable in Hainan. References: L. F. Zhai., et al.2013. Plant Dis.97:1256 L. X. Zhang., et al.2012. Plant Dis.102:2029 J. B. Wu., et al.2014. Plant Dis.98:996 Mills, P. R., et al. 1992. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 98:137-144 Wang et al. 2017. Persoonia 39: 118-142.