ACOEM practice guidelines: opioids for treatment of acute, subacute, chronic, and postoperative pain.

DESCRIPTION: The American College of Occupational and Environmental Medicine's guidelines have been updated to develop more detailed guidance for treatment of acute, subacute, chronic, and postoperative pain with opioids. METHODS: Literature searches were performed using PubMed, EBSCO, Cochrane Review, and Google Scholar without publication date limits. Of 264,617 articles' titles screened and abstracts reviewed, 263 articles met inclusion criteria. Of these, a total of 157 were of high and moderate quality addressing pain treatment. Comprehensive literature reviews were accomplished with article abstraction, critiquing, grading, evidence table compilation, and guideline finalization by a multidisciplinary expert panel to develop evidence-based guidance. RECOMMENDATIONS: No quality evidence directly supports histories, physical examinations, and opioid treatment agreements, although they are thought to be important. No quality trials were identified showing superiority of opioids, compared with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory and other medications for treatment of chronic, noncancer pain. The use of opioid-sparing treatments associated with lower doses of postoperative opioids is also associated with better long-term functional outcomes. Selective use of opioids is recommended for patients with acute and postoperative pain. Consensus recommendations also include consideration of carefully conducted trials of chronic opioid treatment for highly select patients with subacute and chronic pain and to maintenance opioid prescriptions only if documented objective functional gain(s) results. A strong and reproducible dose-response relationship identifies a recommended morphine equivalent dose limit of no more than 50 mg/day. Higher doses should be prescribed only with documented commensurately greater functional benefit(s), comprehensive monitoring for adverse effects, informed consent, and careful consideration of risk versus benefit of such treatment. Chronic opioid use should be accompanied by informed consent, a treatment agreement, tracking of functional benefits, drug screening, and attempts at tapering.

ACOEM practice guidelines: opioids and safety-sensitive work.

OBJECTIVE: ACOEM has updated the treatment guidelines concerning opioids. This report highlights the safety-sensitive work recommendation that has been developed. METHODS: Comprehensive literature reviews were accomplished with article abstraction, critiquing, grading, evidence table compilation, and guideline finalization by a multidisciplinary expert panel to develop evidence-based guidance. A total of 12 moderate-quality studies were identified to address motor vehicle crash risk, and none regarding other work among opioid-using patients. RESULTS: Acute or chronic opioid use is not recommended for patients who perform safety-sensitive jobs. These jobs include operating motor vehicles, other modes of transportation, forklift driving, overhead crane operation, heavy equipment operation and tasks involving high levels of cognitive function and judgment. CONCLUSION: Quality evidence consistently demonstrates increased risk of vehicle crashes and is recommended as the surrogate for other safety-sensitive work tasks.

Peripheral nerve stimulation for trigeminal neuropathic pain.

Facial pain is a complex disease with a number of possible etiologies. Trigeminal neuropathic pain (TNP) is defined as pain caused by a lesion or disease of the trigeminal branch of the peripheral nervous system resulting in chronic facial pain over the distribution of the injured nerve. First line treatment of TNP includes management with anticonvulsant medication (carbamazepine, phenytoin, gabapentin, etc.), baclofen, and analgesics. TNP, however, can be a condition difficult to adequately treat with medical management alone. Patients with TNP can suffer from significant morbidity as a result of inadequate treatment or the side effects of pharmacologic therapy. TNP refractory to medical management can be considered for treatment with a growing number of invasive procedures. Peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) is a minimally invasive option that has been shown to effectively treat medically intractable TNP. We present a case series of common causes of TNP successfully treated with PNS with up to a 2 year follow-up. Only one patient required implantation of new electrode leads secondary to electrode migration. The patients in this case series continue to have significant symptomatic relief, demonstrating PNS as an effective treatment option for intractable TNP. Though there are no randomized trials, peripheral neuromodulation has been shown to be an effective means of treating TNP refractory to medical management in a growing number of case series. PNS is a safe procedure that can be performed even on patients that are not optimal surgical candidates and should be considered for patients suffering from TNP that have failed medical management.

Effects of acute and 2-day genistein treatment on cardiac function and ischemic tolerance in ovariectomized rats.

BACKGROUND: Genistein, a naturally occurring isoflavonic phytoestrogen associated with reduced incidence of heart disease, may be a possible alternative treatment for postmenopausal women with heart disease. OBJECTIVE: This study examined the effects of genistein on in vitro heart function and ischemic tolerance in ovariectomized (OVX) Sprague-Dawley rats. METHODS: To examine the acute effects of genistein on cardiac function, isolated working hearts were perfused under aerobic conditions with increasing concentrations of genistein (10-150 microM). A separate group of OVX rats was used to assess ischemic tolerance: treated rats received genistein (250 mg/kg, dissolved in 200 microL dimethyl sulfoxide [DMSO]) injected once daily for 2 days, and control rats received DMSO only. After treatment, hearts were perfused for 30 minutes under aerobic conditions and then subjected to 20 minutes of global no-flow ischemia by clamping the preload and afterload lines, followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion. RESULTS: Genistein was associated with improvements in mechanical function in OVX rat hearts (n = 5) with maximum increases in contractility (259 mm Hg/sec above baseline) and cardiac output (7 mL/min above baseline) observed with 30 microM of genistein (both, P < 0.05). Relative to baseline, genistein-treated hearts (n = 5) also had greater ischemic tolerance than did control hearts (n = 6) and significant improvements in mean (SEM) recovery of contractility (to 75.0% [9.7%] of preischemic function; P < 0.05) and cardiac output (to 48.8% [12.3%] of preischemic function; P < 0.05) after reperfusion. These effects occurred without significant changes in myocardial levels of nonprotein thiols or thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, although a reduction in mean glucose transporter protein 4 content (13.2% [2.7%]; P < 0.05) was observed in genistein-treated hearts. No significant changes in blood pressure were observed with genistein. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the lack of significant changes in physical characteristics, 2-day treatment with genistein was associated with significant cardioprotective effects in OVX rats, suggesting a potential therapeutic role in postmenopausal women.