Effects of antidiabetics and exercise therapy on suppressors of cytokine signaling-1, suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, and insulin receptor substrate-1 molecules in diabetes and obesity.

OBJECTIVE: Pathological destruction of insulin signaling molecules such as insulin receptor substrate, especially due to the increase in suppressors of cytokine signaling molecules, has been demonstrated in experimental diabetes. The contribution of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins to the development of insulin resistance and the effects of antidiabetic drugs and exercise on suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins are not clearly known. METHODS: A total of 48 Wistar albino adult male rats were divided into six groups: control group, obese group with diabetes, obese diabetic rats treated with metformin, obese diabetic rats treated with pioglitazone, obese diabetic rats treated with exenatide, and obese diabetic rats with applied exercise program. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in both the liver and adipose tissue. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in suppressors of cytokine signaling-1, a decrease in suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, an increase in insulin receptor substrate-1, and a decrease in immunohistochemical staining in the obese group treated with metformin and exenatide compared to the obese group without treatment in the liver tissue (p<0.05). A statistically significant decrease in immunohistochemical staining of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 was found in the obese group receiving exercise therapy compared to the obese group without treatment in visceral adipose tissue (p<0.05). Likewise, no significant immunohistochemistry staining was seen in diabetic obese groups. CONCLUSION: Metformin or exenatide treatment could prevent the degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 protein by reducing the effect of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 proteins, especially in the liver tissue. In addition, exercise can play a role as a complementary therapy by reducing suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 proteins in visceral adipose tissue.

Effects of antidiabetics and exercise therapy on suppressors of cytokine signaling-1, suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, and insulin receptor substrate-1 molecules in diabetes and obesity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Pathological destruction of insulin signaling molecules such as insulin receptor substrate, especially due to the increase in suppressors of cytokine signaling molecules, has been demonstrated in experimental diabetes. The contribution of suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins to the development of insulin resistance and the effects of antidiabetic drugs and exercise on suppressors of cytokine signaling proteins are not clearly known. METHODS: A total of 48 Wistar albino adult male rats were divided into six groups: control group, obese group with diabetes, obese diabetic rats treated with metformin, obese diabetic rats treated with pioglitazone, obese diabetic rats treated with exenatide, and obese diabetic rats with applied exercise program. Immunohistochemical staining was performed in both the liver and adipose tissue. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant decrease in suppressors of cytokine signaling-1, a decrease in suppressors of cytokine signaling-3, an increase in insulin receptor substrate-1, and a decrease in immunohistochemical staining in the obese group treated with metformin and exenatide compared to the obese group without treatment in the liver tissue (p<0.05). A statistically significant decrease in immunohistochemical staining of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 was found in the obese group receiving exercise therapy compared to the obese group without treatment in visceral adipose tissue (p<0.05). Likewise, no significant immunohistochemistry staining was seen in diabetic obese groups. CONCLUSION: Metformin or exenatide treatment could prevent the degradation of insulin receptor substrate-1 protein by reducing the effect of suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 proteins, especially in the liver tissue. In addition, exercise can play a role as a complementary therapy by reducing suppressors of cytokine signaling-1 and suppressors of cytokine signaling-3 proteins in visceral adipose tissue.

Histopathological features of bisphosphonates related osteonecrosis of the jaw in rats with and without vitamin d supplementation.

OBJECTIVE: Aim of this study was to investigate the effect of vitamin-D3 on the osteonecrosis of bone that was induced after tooth extraction was conducted on rats that were given zoledronic acid (Z.A). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Animals were divided into four groups. Two of the experimental groups were divided into two subgroups, third study group was not divided into subgroups, and control group was divided into three subgroups. Z.A was administered twice per week over the course of 7 weeks, dexamethasone was administered twice a week during the 5th-6th-7th weeks to all groups. Dental extraction was performed by drilling around the tooth at 7th week. In study-group-1; vitamin-D was administered twice per week during the 5th-6th-7th weeks. In study-group 2; vitamin-D was administered twice per week during the 8th-9th-10th weeks. In study-group-3; vitamin-D was administered twice per week during the 15th-16th-17th weeks. The animals were sacrificed at 10th-15th-17th weeks, and histologic samples were taken. RESULTS: Postoperative-15-group had a lower osteoblast number, which was statistically significant as compared to preoperative-15 and control-15-group. Control-10-group showed significantly lower osteoclast number in comparison to preoperative-10 and postoperative-10-group. Osteoclast number was significantly higher in the osteonecrosis-17-group as compared to control-17-group. Preoperative-10-group showed significantly higher inflammation in comparison to control-10-group. Postoperative-15-group had a lower histologic osteonecrosis, which was statistically significant as compared to the control-15-group. Macroscopic osteonecrosis was significantly higher in the control-17-group in comparison to the osteonecrosis-17-group. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that there are some proofs for the treatment of BRONJ with systemic using of vitamin-D.

Effects of low-level laser therapy on changes in inflammation and in the activity of osteoblasts in the expanded premaxillary suture in an ovariectomized rat model.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Osteoporosis is a progressive systemic skeletal disease characterized by reduced bone mass/density and microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue. Bone formation initially exceeds bone resorption, but by the third decade, such formation is reversed, resulting in a net loss of bone mass. This resorption, in turn, increases bone fragility and susceptibility to fracture. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on bone regeneration in the expanded premaxillary suture in an ovariectomized rat model. METHODS: Thirty-two 12-week-old female Wistar albino rats were used in the experiment. All of the animals underwent ovariectomy 3 months before the experiment. Expansion appliances were affixed to the maxillary incisors for the expansion of premaxillary sutures. The premaxillary sutures of the laser group were exposed to 5 J/cm(2) laser energy, and no treatment was performed for the controls. All the rats in both groups were euthanized on either the 7th day (n=8) [end of expansion period; Laser Group 1(LG1) and Control Group 1 (CG1)] or the 17th day (n=8) [end of retention period; Laser Group 2 (LG2) and Control Group 2 (CG2)], respectively, for histological assessment. RESULTS: Histological findings indicated that the LG1 group showed a significantly higher number of osteoblasts than did the CG1 group (p=0.028). The CG1 and CG2 groups showed a significantly higher number of osteoclasts than did the LG1 and LG2 groups, respectively (p=0.005), (p=0.032). The LG2 group exhibited a capillary increase similar to that of the other groups, without statistically significant differences. CONCLUSIONS: On the basis of our methodology and results, we conclude that low-level laser associated with rapid maxillary expansion influences bone regeneration in sutures, thereby accelerating healing, even in ovariectomized rats. We found that LLLT decreased osteoclastic activity in the ovariectomized rats. Therefore, preventing osteoporosis necessitates further investigations to clarify the effect of LLLT on postmenopausal patients.