"Prevalence and secular trend of neural tube defects in fetal deaths in Argentina, 1994-2019".

BACKGROUND: Fetal deaths are a major source of information on the epidemiology of neural tube defects (NTDs; anencephaly and myelomeningocele). We analyzed NTDs prevalence and secular trend using fetal death records between 1994 and 2019 in Argentina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from the Department of Statistics and Information of the Ministry of Health (DEIS). Using the number of fetal deaths due to anencephaly and myelomeningocele, we estimated the proportion of all fetal deaths due to anencephaly, myelomeningocele, and NTDs (anencephaly + myelomeningocele) during pre- and post-fortification period in Argentina. We also estimated the ratio of fetal deaths due to anencephaly, myelomeningocele, and NTDs (anencephaly + myelomeningocele) to 10,000 live births. Secular trend in the outcomes was analyzed using a Poisson model and Joinpoint regression analysis. RESULTS: In the entire period analyzed, the NTD proportion on fetal deaths was 1.32. In 1994, NTDs accounted for 34.7% of congenital malformations fetal deaths (CM) and 1.7% of all fetal deaths, whereas in 2019, these percentages were 9.4% and 0.5%, respectively. NTDs present a negative secular trend (p < .05). The risk of fetal death due to anencephaly and myelomeningocele decreases between 2005 and 2019 by 67% and 51% respectively (p < .05) in comparison to the period between 1994 and 2004 before the effective fortification of wheat flour used in the food industry destined for the domestic market. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: We found a significant decrease in the risk of all fetal deaths due to NTDs, particularly anencephaly, in Argentina over the study period, with most reduction observed during the mandatory flour fortification era (introduced in Argentina in 2002). The inclusion of fetal deaths in NTD surveillance, coupled or uncoupled with other pregnancy outcomes, is essential for monitoring preventive supplementation measures.

[Anencephaly related infant mortality in Argentina: spatial and temporal analysis (1998-2007)]. / Mortalidad infantil por anencefalia en la Argentina: Análisis espacial y temporal (1998-2007).

OBJECTIVE: Analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of infant mortality by anencephaly in Argentina in relation with folic acid fortification phases. POPULATION AND METHODS: Data came from certificates of live births and deaths in children under 1 year, for the 1998-2007 period (Argentine Ministry of Health). The infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly for Argentina, geographical regions, provinces and departments were estimated according to the different phases of mandatory fortification with folic acid. Secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly and death risk due to anencephaly, spatial distribution by infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly cluster and its correlation to latitude and longitude were also analyzed. RESULTS: Reduced risk of mortality due to anencephaly (53%) was observed at national level. The greatest decline occurred in Cuyo (69%) and lowest in the Northeast (35%) at regional level. Considerable infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly heterogeneity was found at departmental level and less at provincial level. A cluster of 5.15/10 000 infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly was identified in the northeast of Buenos Aires province, consisting of 29 departments, significantly different from the rest of the country. CONCLUSIONS: While there was a statistically significant negative secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly, spatial disparities persist. The geographical distribution of anencephaly would guide the search for environmental/ genetic risk factors and strengthen primary prevention strategies, through mandatory fortification, folate intake and folic acid supplementation.

Mortalidad infantil por anencefalia en la Argentina: análisis espacial y temporal (1998-2007) / Anencephaly related infant mortality in Argentina: spatial and temporal analysis (1998-2007)

Objetivo. Analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad infantil por anencefalia en la Argentina en relación a las fases del procesode fortificación con ácido fólico. Población y métodos. Los datos provinieron de los certificados de recién nacidos vivos y de defunción de menores de 1 año, período 1998-2007 (Ministerio de Salud). Se calculó: a) la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia para la Argentina, regiones geográficas, provincias y departamentos de acuerdo a las distintas fases de fortificación obligatoria con ácido fólico; b) la tendencia secular de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia y el riesgo de mortalidad por anencefalia; c) la distribución espacial por análisis de agrupamiento y de su correlación conla latitud y la longitud geográficas. Resultados. Se observó a nivel nacional una reducción del riesgo de mortalidad por anencefalia del 53 por ciento. A nivel regional el mayor descenso se observó en Cuyo (69 por ciento) y el menor en el Noreste argentino (35 por ciento). Se constató una gran eterogeneidad a nivel departamental y, en menor medida, en el provincial. Se identificó un agrupamiento integrado por 29 partidos del norestede Buenos Aires con una tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia de 5,15/10 000 nacidos vivos, significativamente mayor a la nacional,de 3,10/10 000 nacidos vivos. Conclusiones. Se observó una tendencia secular negativa estadísticamente significativa de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia, pero persisten disparidades espaciales. La distribución geográfica de anencefalia permitiría orientar la búsqueda de factores de riesgo ambientales/genéticos y reforzar estrategias de prevención primaria, por medio de la fortificación obligatoria,el consumo de folatos y la suplementación con ácido fólico.(AU)

Objective. Analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of infant mortality by an encephaly in Argentina in relation with folic acid fortification phases.Population and methods. Data came from certificates of live births and deaths in children under 1 year, for the 1998-2007 period (Argentine Ministry of Health). The infant mortality rate attributable to an encephaly for Argentina, geographical regions, provinces and departments were estimated according to the different phases of mandatory fortification with folic acid. Secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly and death risk due to anencephaly, spatial distribution by infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly cluster and its correlation to latitude and longitude were also analyzed. Results. Reduced risk of mortality due to anencephaly (53%) was observed at national level. The greatest decline occurred in Cuyo (69%) and lowest in the Northeast (35%) at regional level. Considerable infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly heterogeneity was found at departmental level and less at provincial level. A cluster of 5.15/10 000 infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly was identified in the northeast of Buenos Aires province, consisting of 29 departments, significantly different from the rest of the country. Conclusions. While there was a statistically significant negative secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly, spatial disparities persist. The geographical distribution of anencephaly would guide the search for environmental/ genetic risk factors and strengthen primary prevention strategies, through mandatory fortification, folate intake and folic acid supplementation.(AU)

Mortalidad infantil por anencefalia en la Argentina: análisis espacial y temporal (1998-2007) / Anencephaly related infant mortality in Argentina: spatial and temporal analysis (1998-2007)

Objetivo. Analizar la distribución espacial y temporal de la mortalidad infantil por anencefalia en la Argentina en relación a las fases del procesode fortificación con ácido fólico. Población y métodos. Los datos provinieron de los certificados de recién nacidos vivos y de defunción de menores de 1 año, período 1998-2007 (Ministerio de Salud). Se calculó: a) la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia para la Argentina, regiones geográficas, provincias y departamentos de acuerdo a las distintas fases de fortificación obligatoria con ácido fólico; b) la tendencia secular de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia y el riesgo de mortalidad por anencefalia; c) la distribución espacial por análisis de agrupamiento y de su correlación conla latitud y la longitud geográficas. Resultados. Se observó a nivel nacional una reducción del riesgo de mortalidad por anencefalia del 53 por ciento. A nivel regional el mayor descenso se observó en Cuyo (69 por ciento) y el menor en el Noreste argentino (35 por ciento). Se constató una gran eterogeneidad a nivel departamental y, en menor medida, en el provincial. Se identificó un agrupamiento integrado por 29 partidos del norestede Buenos Aires con una tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia de 5,15/10 000 nacidos vivos, significativamente mayor a la nacional,de 3,10/10 000 nacidos vivos. Conclusiones. Se observó una tendencia secular negativa estadísticamente significativa de la tasa de mortalidad infantil por anencefalia, pero persisten disparidades espaciales. La distribución geográfica de anencefalia permitiría orientar la búsqueda de factores de riesgo ambientales/genéticos y reforzar estrategias de prevención primaria, por medio de la fortificación obligatoria,el consumo de folatos y la suplementación con ácido fólico.

Objective. Analyze the spatial and temporal distribution of infant mortality by an encephaly in Argentina in relation with folic acid fortification phases.Population and methods. Data came from certificates of live births and deaths in children under 1 year, for the 1998-2007 period (Argentine Ministry of Health). The infant mortality rate attributable to an encephaly for Argentina, geographical regions, provinces and departments were estimated according to the different phases of mandatory fortification with folic acid. Secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly and death risk due to anencephaly, spatial distribution by infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly cluster and its correlation to latitude and longitude were also analyzed. Results. Reduced risk of mortality due to anencephaly (53%) was observed at national level. The greatest decline occurred in Cuyo (69%) and lowest in the Northeast (35%) at regional level. Considerable infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly heterogeneity was found at departmental level and less at provincial level. A cluster of 5.15/10 000 infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly was identified in the northeast of Buenos Aires province, consisting of 29 departments, significantly different from the rest of the country. Conclusions. While there was a statistically significant negative secular trend of infant mortality rate attributable to anencephaly, spatial disparities persist. The geographical distribution of anencephaly would guide the search for environmental/ genetic risk factors and strengthen primary prevention strategies, through mandatory fortification, folate intake and folic acid supplementation.