Aesculus hippocastanum extract and the main bioactive constituent ß-escin as antivirals agents against coronaviruses, including SARS-CoV-2.

Respiratory viruses can cause life-threatening illnesses. The focus of treatment is on supportive therapies and direct antivirals. However, antivirals may cause resistance by exerting selective pressure. Modulating the host response has emerged as a viable therapeutic approach for treating respiratory infections. Additionally, considering the probable future respiratory virus outbreaks emphasizes the need for broad-spectrum therapies to be prepared for the next pandemics. One of the principal bioactive constituents found in the seed extract of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (AH) is ß-escin. The clinical therapeutic role of ß-escin and AH has been associated with their anti-inflammatory effects. Regarding their mechanism of action, we and others have shown that ß-escin and AH affect NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we have reported the virucidal and broad-spectrum antiviral properties of ß-escin and AH against enveloped viruses such as RSV, in vitro and in vivo. In this study, we demonstrate that ß-escin and AH have antiviral and virucidal activities against SARS-CoV-2 and CCoV, revealing broad-spectrum antiviral activity against coronaviruses. Likewise, they exhibited NF-κB and cytokine modulating activities in epithelial and macrophage cell lines infected with coronaviruses in vitro. Hence, ß-escin and AH are promising broad-spectrum antiviral, immunomodulatory, and virucidal drugs against coronaviruses and respiratory viruses, including SARS-CoV-2.

Ex Vivo Evaluation of the Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Eliminating Enterococcus faecalis from Dentinal Tubules by Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the present study was to investigate ex vivo by confocal laser scanning microscopy the antibacterial effect of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on dentinal tubules in the apical 5 mm of human mandibular premolars contaminated with Enterococcus faecalis. METHODS: Thirty-four teeth were standardized to 20 mm and foraminal anatomic diameters using a #20 K-file (Dentsply Maillefer). Samples were contaminated for 21 days and divided into the following 3 experimental groups (n = 10): the PDT group (instrumented canals and PDT), the passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) group (instrumented canals and PUI), and the PUI-PDT group (instrumented canals, PUI, and PDT), along with a control group (n = 4) (noninstrumented canals). The canals in the experimental groups were instrumented with ProTaper Next (Dentsply Maillefer) up to X3 and rinsed with EDTA and sodium hypochlorite. The photosensitizer used was 0.01% methylene blue with a preirradiation time of 5 minutes and a diode laser with 4 J energy and a 660-nm wavelength. Cross sections were made 5 mm from the apex of all samples, which were analyzed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk and Kruskal-Wallis (Dunn) tests. RESULTS: There was a lower percentage of live bacteria in the PUI-PDT group, with a statistical difference compared with the control and PDT groups (P < .05). There was no statistical difference in the percentage of live bacteria between PUI-PDT and PUI (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: It was concluded that the PUI-PDT association was most effective in disinfecting root canals compared with the control group and PDT.

Aesculus hippocastanum L. seed extract shows virucidal and antiviral activities against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and reduces lung inflammation in vivo.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease and bronchiolitis in children worldwide. No vaccine or specific, effective treatment is currently available. ß-escin is one of the main bioactive constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) seed extract (AH), and both ß-escin and AH have demonstrated a beneficial role in clinical therapy because of their anti-edematous, anti-inflammatory and antioxidative effects. Besides, we have reported that ß-escin and AH show virucidal, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities against the enveloped viruses HSV-1, VSV and Dengue virus in vitro. In this study, we demonstrate that ß-escin and AH have virucidal and antiviral activities against RSV, as well as NF-κB, AP-1 and cytokine modulating activities in RSV infected epithelial and macrophage cell lines in vitro. Besides, in a murine model of pulmonary RSV infection, AH treatment improves the course of acute disease, evidenced by decreased weight loss, reduced RSV lung titers, and attenuated airway inflammation. In contrast, even though ß-escin showed, similarly to AH, antiviral and immunomodulatory properties in vitro, it neither reduces viral titers nor attenuates lung injury in vivo. Thus, our data demonstrate that AH restrains RSV disease through antiviral and immunomodulatory effect.

Estudo de novos dispositivos, instrumentos e materiais empregados no tratamento endodôntico / Evaluation of new devices, instruments and materials used in endodontic treatment

Introdução: O tratamento endodôntico visa manter ou restabelecer a saúde do periodonto através do preparo biomecânico, utilizando instrumentos de níqueltitânio automatizados e associados com insertos ultrassônicos para potencializar a ação dos irrigantes. Os materiais empregados na endodontia que permanecerão em contato com tecidos devem apresentar biocompatibilidade e preferencialmente ser biomineralizador, a fim de selar comunicações (fisiológicas/iatrogênicas), isolando o sistema de canais radiculares. Objetivos: 1- Avaliar a resistência à fadiga cíclica das limas reciprocantes Genius e EdgeFile X1 Small, comparados à lima WaveOne Gold Primary; 2- Avaliar a capacidade de limpeza de um inserto ultrassônico de níquel titânio em ativação da irrigação de forma contínua e passiva; 3- Avaliar a biocompatiblidade e biomineralização do cimento reparador MTA Flow. Material e Métodos: Para avaliar a resistência à fadiga cíclica dos sistemas Genius, EdgeFile e WaveOne Gold, 80 instrumentos foram utilizados (n=20), divididos em 4 grupos experimentais: Genius 25.04, Genius 30.04; EdgeFile X1 Small e Wave One Gold Primary, acionados em um canal artificial de aço inoxidável com ângulo de curvatura de 60o e raio de curvatura de 5 mm. O tempo decorrido da ativação do motor foi gravado em um cronômetro digital e parado assim que a fratura foi detectada. O número de ciclos até a falha (NCF) e o tempo para fratura (TF) foram calculados e os comprimentos dos segmentos fraturados medidos. Para avaliar a capacidade de limpeza do inserto ultrassônico, 45 prémolares inferiores, padronizados em 16 mm foram utilizados. A instrumentação foi realizada até lima 50.04 sob irrigação com hipoclorito de sódio e foram divididos em 3 grupos (n = 15) de acordo com a técnica de ativação final da solução irrigadora: irrigação convencional (IC) (passiva com pressão positiva/sucção concomitante) como controle; ativação ultrassônica passiva (PUI) e ativação ultrassônica contínua (CUI) do irrigante. Os três grupos tiveram os protocolos de ativação/irrigação final em soluções de hipoclorito de sódio e EDTA. As amostras foram clivadas, as imagens obtidas com microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV) e avaliadas quanto à capacidade de remoção da camada de smear layer no terço cervical, médio e apical, por um sistema de escores. Para análise biológica do material reparador MTA Flow, os materiais MTA Angelus e ProRoot MTA foram utilizados para comparação. Quarenta ratos receberam implantes subcutâneo de tubos de polietileno contendo os 3 materiais e tubo vazio como controle (n=10). Após 7, 15, 30 e 60 dias, os animais foram eutanasiados e os tubos removidos com o tecido conjuntivo circundantes. Infiltrado inflamatório e espessura da cápsula fibrosa foram avaliados histologicamente e indução da mineralização analisada por Von Kossa e sob luz polarizada. Os dados foram analisados com testes estatísticos específicos (p<5%). Resultados: Quanto à fadiga cíclica, os instrumentos EdgeFile X1 Small apresentaram maior resistência (NCF: 6175.74 ± 1608.99; TF: 1058.7 ± 275.82), seguido por ambos instrumentos Genius (p<0.05), de forma significativa comparados ao Waveone Gold Primary. O inserto de NiTi aumentou a limpeza, comparado com IC, principalmente no terço apical e CUI mostrou os melhores resultados (p<0.05). Nos resultados biológicos, MTA Angelus induziu a reação mais leve após 15 dias (p<0.05), seguido do MTA Flow. ProRoot MTA induziu uma inflamação severa no dia 7, reduzindo após 15 dias. Nenhuma diferença foi observada entre os materiais após 30 ou 60 dias (p>0.05). Estruturas coradas por Von Kossa e birrefringentes foram positivas para todos os materiais. Conclusões: 1- Os instrumentos EdgeFile X1 Small demonstraram maior resistência à fadiga cíclica que Genius e WaveOne Gold Primary. Ambos instrumentos Genius apresentaram resistência superior à WaveOne Gold Primary. 2- A ativação final do irrigante com o inserto NiTi melhorou a remoção de smear layer, com protocolo CUI superior à PUI ou IC. 3- O MTA Flow mostrou biocompatibilidade e induziu a biomineralização em todos os períodos observados(AU)

Introduction: The endodontic treatment aims to maintain or restore periodontal health through biomechanical instrumentation with nickel-titanium automatized instruments, associated with an ultrasonic tip to activate the irrigant, enhancing cleanness. Materials used in endodontics that will remain in contact with tissues, should demonstrate properties as biocompatibility and biomineralization ability, in order to seal communications (physiological/iatrogenic) isolating the root canal system. Objectives: 1- Evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of reciprocating Genius and EdgeFile X1 Small instruments compared to Waveone Gold Primary instruments; 2- Evaluate the cleaning effectiveness of a nickel-titanium ultrasonic tip in continuous and passive irrigant activation; 3-Evaluate the biocompatibility and biomineralization of MTA Flow repair cement. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the cyclic fatigue resistance of Genius, EdgeFile and WaveOne Gold, 80 instruments were used (n = 20), divided into 4 experimental groups: Genius 25.04, Genius 30.04; EdgeFile X1 Small and Wave One Gold Primary, reciprocating in a stainless steel artificial canal with a 60° angle of curvature and 5mm radius of curvature. The elapsed time of the motor activation was recorded in a digital timer and stopped as soon as the fracture was detected. The number of cycles to fracture (NCF) and time to fracture (TF) were calculated and the fractured segments lengths measured. To evaluate the ultrasonic tip cleanness capacity, forty-five mandibular premolars, standardized at 16 mm were used. The instrumentation was performed until file 50.04 under irrigation with sodium hypochlorite. The specimens were divided into 3 groups (n = 15) according to the final irrigant activation protocol: conventional irrigation (CI) (passive, with positive pressure/simultaneous aspiration) as control; passive ultrasonic irrigant activation (PUI) and continuous ultrasonic irrigant activation (CUI). All groups had the final activation / irrigation protocols with solutions of sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, standardized with same volume. Samples were sodium hypochlorite and EDTA, standardized with same volume. Samples were cleaved and images obtained through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess smear layer removal in the cervical, middle and apical thirds, via a score system. To biologically analyze MTA Flow repair cement, MTA Angelus and ProRoot MTA cements were used as comparison. Forty rats received subcutaneous implants of polyethylene tubes containing the 3 cements and empty tube as control (n = 10). After days 7, 15, 30 and 60, the animals were euthanized and the tubes removed with the surrounding tissues. Inflammatory infiltrate and fibrous capsule thickness were histologically evaluated and mineralization induction assessed by Von Kossa staining and under polarized light. The data were analyzed with specific statistical tests (p<5%). Results: The cyclic fatigue test showed EdgeFile X1 Small with the highest resistance (NCF: 6175.74 ± 1608.99; TF: 1058.7 ± 275.82), followed by both Genius instruments (p<0.05). The nickel-titanium tip enhanced cleanness, compared to CI, mainly in the apical area, whereas CUI showed the best results (p<0.05). In the biological results, MTA Angelus induced the mildest reaction after 7 (p>0.05) and 15 days (p<0.05), followed by MTA Flow. ProRoot MTA induced severe inflammation on day 7, reducing after day 15 (p>0.05). No difference was observed after 30 or 60 days (p>0.05). Von Kossa staining and birefringents structures were positive for all materials. Conclusion: 1- EdgeFile X1 Small instruments demonstrated superior cyclic fatigue resistance than Genius and WaveOne Gold Primary. In addition, both Genius instruments showed superior resistance than WaveOne Gold Primary. 2- The final irrigant activation with the NiTi tip improved smear layer removal, with CUI protocol superior to PUI or CI. 3 - MTA Flow showed biocompatibility and induced biomineralization in all observed periods(AU)

Virucidal, antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ß-escin and Aesculus hippocastanum extract.

OBJECTIVES: ß-Escin, one of the constituents of Aesculus hippocastanum L. (Hippocastanaceae) seed extract (AH), inhibits NF-κB activation, which plays an important role in HSV-1 replication. The aim was to examine the antiherpetic activity of ß-escin and AH, as well as their effect on the activation of NF-κB and AP-1 and cytokine secretion in epithelial cells and macrophages. METHODS: Cell viability was evaluated using MTT assay, and antiviral and virucidal activity was determined by plaque assay. The effect on NF-κB and AP-1 signalling pathways activation was determined by a luciferase reporter assay, and cytokine production was measured by ELISA. KEY FINDINGS: ß-Escin and AH had virucidal and anti-HSV-1 activities, and the antiviral activity was discovered for other enveloped viruses (VSV and Dengue). Moreover, ß-escin and AH significantly reduced NF-κB and AP-1 activation and cytokine production in macrophages stimulated with HSV-1 and TLRs ligands. However, an enhanced activation of these pathways and an increase in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in ß-escin and AH-treated HSV-1-infected epithelial cells were found. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates virucidal and broad-spectrum antiviral activities for ß escin and AH. Besides, ß-escin and AH modulate cytokine production depending on the stimuli (viral or non-viral) and the cell type under study.

Tissue reaction to Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) extracts associated with microorganisms: an in vivo study.

Based on aroeira's (Myracrodruon urundeuva) antimicrobial activity and a future trend to compose intracanal medication, the aim of this study was to assess in vivo inflamatory tissue response to the extracts by edemogenic and histological analysis containing inactivated facultative and anaerobic microorganisms. For edema quantification, eighteen animals were divided into three groups (n = 3, periods: 3 and 6 hours) and 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein under general anesthesia. After 30 min the animals received a subcutaneous injection in the dorsal region of aqueous or ethanolic extract of aroeira or saline (control) containing inactivated bacteria. Samples were collected, immersed in formamide for 72h, and evaluated by spectrophotometry (630 m). For histological analysis, polyethylene tubes with the extracts were implanted in the dorsal of 30 male rats. Analysis of the fibrous capsule and inflammatory infiltrate were performed after 7 and 30 days. The aqueous extract group induced less edema in both postoperative periods compared to the other groups, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Tissue repair was significantly better after 30 days than after 7 days (p < 0.01). The aqueous solution showed less inflammatory response than the ethanolic solution (p < 0.05), with tendency for better results than control after 7 days. After 30 days, the response to both extracts was similar to control. The aqueous and ethanolic aroeira extracts containing inactivated microorganisms showed a trend for better results than saline, even when associated with microorganisms, and facilitated the tissue repair process.

Antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum associated with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate, in vitro, the antimicrobial activity of Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts combined with calcium hydroxide against Enterococcus faecalis and Candida albicans biofilm. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Dentin specimens obtained from extracted bovine incisors were infected during 14 days with E. faecalis ATCC 29212 and C. albicans ATCC 10231. The specimens were filled with calcium hydroxide pastes prepared with the following vehicles: Psidium cattleianum ethanolic, Psidium cattleianum propylene glycolic, distilled water, and saline as control. After 24 h, 3, 7, and 14 days, the canals were irrigated with sterile saline and dried. Dentin samples were collected from the canals with burs of increasing diameters. To determine the number of colony-forming units (CFU), samples were inoculated onto BHI agar supplemented with yeast extract (0.5%), at 37 °C, for 48 h, in CO2 enriched atmosphere. Comparisons among the groups for the variation factors were performed by ANOVA and Tukey's test. RESULTS: Ethanolic and propylene glycolic extracts showed significantly higher antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis (p < 0.01) when compared with distilled water. The ethanolic extract exhibited in 24 h the same antibacterial activity that propylene glycolic extract and distilled water after 7 and 14 days. For C. albicans, all were effective in reducing the number of CFU at all periods. CONCLUSION: The P. cattleianum ethanolic extract presented the fastest and highest antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis, significantly reducing the microbial load in 24 h. All medications were effective against C. albicans. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The antibacterial potential of P. cattleianum and its biological compatibility associated with calcium hydroxide indicate promising applications in the field of dentistry.

Tissue reaction to Aroeira (Myracrodruon urundeuva) extracts associated with microorganisms: an in vivo study

Abstract: Based on aroeira's (Myracrodruon urundeuva) antimicrobial activity and a future trend to compose intracanal medication, the aim of this study was to assess in vivo inflamatory tissue response to the extracts by edemogenic and histological analysis containing inactivated facultative and anaerobic microorganisms. For edema quantification, eighteen animals were divided into three groups (n = 3, periods: 3 and 6 hours) and 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein under general anesthesia. After 30 min the animals received a subcutaneous injection in the dorsal region of aqueous or ethanolic extract of aroeira or saline (control) containing inactivated bacteria. Samples were collected, immersed in formamide for 72h, and evaluated by spectrophotometry (630 m). For histological analysis, polyethylene tubes with the extracts were implanted in the dorsal of 30 male rats. Analysis of the fibrous capsule and inflammatory infiltrate were performed after 7 and 30 days. The aqueous extract group induced less edema in both postoperative periods compared to the other groups, but the differences were not significant (p > 0.05). Tissue repair was significantly better after 30 days than after 7 days (p < 0.01). The aqueous solution showed less inflammatory response than the ethanolic solution (p < 0.05), with tendency for better results than control after 7 days. After 30 days, the response to both extracts was similar to control. The aqueous and ethanolic aroeira extracts containing inactivated microorganisms showed a trend for better results than saline, even when associated with microorganisms, and facilitated the tissue repair process.

Calcium hydroxide associated with a new vehicle: Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts. Tissue response evaluation.

The aim of this study was to evaluate edemogenic activity and subcutaneous inflammatory reaction induced by Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts associated with Ca(OH)2. Thirty male Wistar rats, split equally into three groups [aqueous extract + Ca(OH)2; ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2; and propylene glycol + Ca(OH)2], were assessed every 3 h or 6 h (five animals in each period). Under general anesthesia, 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein and each combination to be evaluated was subcutaneously injected into the dorsal region 30 min thereafter. Edemogenic activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry (λ=630 nm). For inflammatory reaction analysis, 50 rats received four polyethylene tubes (three experimental groups) and an empty tube (control group). The assessments were made at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, followed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and by the assignment of scores for evaluation of tissue response intensity. Ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2 yielded the largest edemogenic activity at 3 h. Intergroup differences at 6 h were not significant. The histological analysis showed progressive repair over time (p<0.05) and aqueous and ethanolic extracts produced similar responses to those of the control and Ca(OH)2 + propylene glycol groups. Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts used as Ca(OH)2 vehicles evoked similar tissue response when compared to Ca(OH)2 associated with propylene glycol.

Calcium hydroxide associated with a new vehicle: Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts. Tissue response evaluation

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate edemogenic activity and subcutaneous inflammatory reaction induced by Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts associated with Ca(OH)2. Thirty male Wistar rats, split equally into three groups [aqueous extract + Ca(OH)2; ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2; and propylene glycol + Ca(OH)2], were assessed every 3 h or 6 h (five animals in each period). Under general anesthesia, 0.2 mL of 1% Evans blue per 100 g of body weight was injected into the penile vein and each combination to be evaluated was subcutaneously injected into the dorsal region 30 min thereafter. Edemogenic activity was analyzed by spectrophotometry (λ=630 nm). For inflammatory reaction analysis, 50 rats received four polyethylene tubes (three experimental groups) and an empty tube (control group). The assessments were made at 7, 15, 30, 60, and 90 days, followed by hematoxylin-eosin staining and by the assignment of scores for evaluation of tissue response intensity. Ethanolic extract + Ca(OH)2 yielded the largest edemogenic activity at 3 h. Intergroup differences at 6 h were not significant. The histological analysis showed progressive repair over time (p<0.05) and aqueous and ethanolic extracts produced similar responses to those of the control and Ca(OH)2 + propylene glycol groups. Psidium cattleianum leaf extracts used as Ca(OH)2 vehicles evoked similar tissue response when compared to Ca(OH)2 associated with propylene glycol.

The Dynamics of Subcutaneous Tissue Response to Microorganisms Associated with the Extract of Araçá (Psidium cattleianum): An Edemogenic and Microscopic Analysis / A Dinâmica da Resposta do Tecido Subcutâneo para Associação de Microorganismos com o Extrato de Araçá (Psidium cattleianum): Uma Análise Microscópica e Edemogênica

Objective: To evaluate in vivo tissue reaction to the extract of araçá (Psidium cattleianum) associated with inactivated microorganisms. Material and Methods: A 0.1 mL suspension was used containing Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Peptostreptococcus micros, and Porphyromonas endodontalis, which were inactivated by heat and mixed into a 1.0 mL saline (control group), an aqueous solution, or a hydroalcoholic extract of araçá. Eighteen male rats (Rattus norvegiccus) under general anesthesia received 0.2 mL of 1% intravenous Evans blue. Thirty minutes later, 0.1 mL of one of the associations was injected into the animals' dorsal region. The animals were euthanized after 3 and 6 hours, and the materials obtained were placed in formamide for 72 hours then analyzed in a spectrophotometer (λ=630 ηm). For the morphological analysis, 30 rats received polyethylene tubes implants with the extracts or the saline with the associations in the dorsal region and euthanized after 7 and 30 days to be analyzed according to an inflammation cell score. Results: No significant difference (p>0.05) was observed in the edema among groups. The optical microscopy results showed a repair in the 30-day-period, which was higher when compared to the 7-day-period (p< 0.0001). Nevertheless, in the 7-day-period, the hydroalcoholic extract presented a significant response compared to the aqueous extract (p=0.05) and a trend for better results than the control group. Conclusion: The aqueous and hydroalcoholic araçá extracts associated with inactivated microorganisms showed similar responses to control, indicating no interference on the toxic effects of the bacterial components in tissue repair. (AU)

Objetivo: Avaliar in vivo a reação tecidual do extrato de araçá (Psidium cattleianum) associado com microorganismos inativados. Material e Métodos: Uma suspensão de 0.1mL foi usada contendo Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Enterococcus faecalis, Peptostreptococcus micros e Porphyromonas endodontalis dos quais foram inativos por aquecimento e misturados a 1,0 mL de soro fisiológico (grupo controle), uma solução aquosa ou hidroalcoólica de araçá. Dezoito ratos machos (Rattus norvegiccus) sob anestesia geral receberam 0,2mL de Azul de Evans a 1% intravenoso. Após trinta minutos, 0,1mL de um dos extratos (associado com microorganismos inativos) foi injetado nos animais na região dorsal. Os animais foram eutanasiados após 3 e 6 horas, e os materiais obtidos colocados em formamida por 72 horas para análise em espectrofotômetro (λ=630 ηm). Para análise morfológica, 30 ratos receberam implante subcutâneo de tubo de polietileno com as associações na região dorsal, eutanasiados após 7 e 30 dias para serem analisados de acordo com um escore de células inflamatórias. Resultados: Não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) no edema entre os grupos. Os resultados obtidos em microscópio óptico apontaram reparo em 30 dias superior ao de 7 dias (p< 0,0001). No período de 7 dias a solução hidroalcoólica apresentou resposta superior a solução aquosa (p=0,05) e uma tendência de melhor resultado que o controle. Conclusão: A solução aquosa e hidroalcoólica de extrato de araçá associadas a microrganismos inativados apresentaram respostas biológicas semelhantes ao controle, indicando que não há interferência sobre os efeitos tóxicos advindos dos componentes bacterianos, no sentido de favorecer o reparo(AU)

Tratamento endodôntico, em sessão única, de seis dentes envolvidos em grande lesão periapical / Single-session endodontic treatment of six teeth involved in a wide periapical lesion

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o tratamento endodôntico de uma lesão periapical em sessão única, ressaltando a eficácia e segurança da técnica. O paciente apresentou-se, sem sintomatologia dolorosa, para exame da bateria anterossuperior, em decorrência de trauma sofrido dois anos antes. Ao exame radiográfico, notou-se uma lesão no periodonto apical, estendendo-se da região do dente 13 ao dente 23. Os dentes foram isolados e procedeu-se à cirurgia de acesso em todas as coroas. Realizou-se limpeza e modelagem (NaOCl 6%) com brocas Gattes-Glidden, com recuo progressivo do número 2 ao número 4. Em seguida, cateterismo com limas manuais #25 até o comprimento de trabalho (NaOCl 6%), confirmado com o localizador foraminal, e limpeza e modelagem de todos os canais, utilizando-se os instrumentos ProTapers F4 e F5 (Dentsply/Maillefer) (NaOCl 6%). Irrigação passiva ultrassônica por 3 minutos, em cada dente, com irrigação contínua de EDTA a 17% e inserto ultrassônico Irrisonic (Helse). Irrigação final com NaOCl 6% e secagem com cones de papel. Colocação de azul de metileno a 0,05% por 5 minutos em cada dente, seguida de uma descarga de laser (terapia fotodinâmica) por 80 segundos, em cada dente. Nova irrigação com NaOCl a 6%, para remoção do restante de azul de metileno. Nova secagem com cones de papel e obturação com cones de guta-percha ProTapers F5, termoplastificados com condensador de guta-percha # 60 e pasta AHPlus. Acompanhamento realizado após dois anos constatou a integridade do procedimento realizado, confirmando o sucesso do tratamento endodôntico, em sessão única, de canais radiculares infectados.

Efeito do laser de baixa potência na dor após a montagem do aparelho ortodôntico / Effect of low level laser for pain relief after the first orthodontic archwire’s placement

Objetivo: avaliar clinicamente a eficácia da Terapia de Laser de Baixa Potência (TLBP) no alívio da dor após a instalação do aparelho ortodôntico e primeiro arco. Materiais e Métodos: 90 voluntários receberam aparelho fixo e colocação do primeiro arco ortodôntico. Foram randomicamente divididos em três grupos: Grupo 1- Controle (n=30), Grupo 2 - Placebo (n=30) e Grupo 3 - Laser (n=30). Foi realizada a TLBP infravermelho (810 nm) com 100 mW de potência e dose de 6 J/cm2 divididas em quatro aplicações por dente. A dor foi avaliada utilizando Escala Visual Analógica (EVA). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística por meio de teste de Kruskal- Wallis (α=0,05). Resultados: Em todos os grupos analisados a dor iniciou-se após 2 horas, houve um pico de dor entre 12 horas e 48 horas e sua diminuição ocorreu em sete dias. O Grupo 3 (Laser) apresentou todos os valores de dor menores em relação aos valores observados nos outros grupos. Houve diferença estatisticamente significante (p<0,05) da dor pós-operatória entre 12 e 48 horas (momento de pico de dor) para o grupo 3 em relação aos grupos 1 e 2. Conclusão: A TLBP mostrou-se eficiente para a redução da dor após a colocação do aparelho fixo e primeiro arco ortodôntico...

Objective: The aim of this study was to clinically evaluate Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) as a method of reducing pain after the first orthodontic archwire placement. Materials and Methods: 90 volunteers received metal braces and the first archwire. They were randomly distributed over three different treatment groups: Group 1- (n=30) Control, patients did not received any LLLT; Group 2- (n=30) Placebo, the LLLT was simulated, the laser was turned off; Group 3- (n=30) Laser patients received LLLT, infra-red with 810 nm wave length and 100 mW power, and it was used 6 J/cm2 as total dose per tooth, divided into four times of 1.5 J/cm2 per 12 seconds per point. Pain intensity experienced was evaluated by a Visual Analogue Scale. Data were tabulated and analyzed through Biostat 4.0 software. Means and standard deviations were calculated and a Kruskal-Wallis statics test was performed (Dunn’s method) (α=0.05). Results: It was possible to observe that the pain started 2 hours after treatment was initiated in the three groups. Higher pain levels occurred between 12 and 48 hours, and pain reduction occurred in 7 days. Group 3 (Laser) presented lower pain data values than the other groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) among post operating pain in times T3, T4 and T5 between group 3 and groups 1 and 2. Conclusion: LLLT reduced the pain after orthodontics braces and archwires placement...

Wnt signal specifies the intrathalamic limit and its organizer properties by regulating Shh induction in the alar plate.

The structural complexity of the brain depends on precise molecular and cellular regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by regional morphogenetic organizers. The thalamic organizer is the zona limitans intrathalamica (ZLI), a transverse linear neuroepithelial domain in the alar plate of the diencephalon. Because of its production of Sonic hedgehog, ZLI acts as a morphogenetic signaling center. Shh is expressed early on in the prosencephalic basal plate and is then gradually activated dorsally within the ZLI. The anteroposterior positioning and the mechanism inducing Shh expression in ZLI cells are still partly unknown, being a subject of controversial interpretations. For instance, separate experimental results have suggested that juxtaposition of prechordal (rostral) and epichordal (caudal) neuroepithelium, anteroposterior encroachment of alar lunatic fringe (L-fng) expression, and/or basal Shh signaling is required for ZLI specification. Here we investigated a key role of Wnt signaling in the molecular regulation of ZLI positioning and Shh expression, using experimental embryology in ovo in the chick. Early Wnt expression in the ZLI regulates Gli3 and L-fng to generate a permissive territory in which Shh is progressively induced by planar signals of the basal plate.

A natural antiviral and immunomodulatory compound with antiangiogenic properties.

Meliacine (MA), an antiviral principle present in partially purified leaf extracts of Melia azedarach L., reduces viral load and abolishes the inflammatory reaction and neovascularization during the development of herpetic stromal keratitis in mice. 1-cinnamoyl-3,11-dihydroxymeliacarpin (CDM), obtained from MA, displays anti-herpetic and immunomodulatory activities in vitro. We investigated whether CDM interferes with the angiogenic process. CDM impeded VEGF transcription in LPS-stimulated and HSV-1-infected cells. It proved to have neither cytotoxic nor antiproliferative effect in HUVEC and to restrain HUVEC migration and formation of capillary-like tubes. Moreover, MA inhibits LMM3 tumor-induced neovascularization in vivo. We postulate that the antiangiogenic activity of CDM displayed in vitro as a consequence of their immunomodulatory properties is responsible for the antiangiogenic activity of MA in vivo, which would be associated with the lack of neovascularization in murine HSV-1-induced ocular disease.

Dose and latency effects of leucine supplementation in modulating glucose homeostasis: opposite effects in healthy and glucocorticoid-induced insulin-resistance states.

Dexamethasone (DEXA) is a potent immunosupressant and anti-inflammatory agent whose main side effects are muscle atrophy and insulin resistance in skeletal muscles. In this context, leucine supplementation may represent a way to limit the DEXA side effects. In this study, we have investigated the effects of a low and a high dose of leucine supplementation (via a bolus) on glucose homeostasis, muscle mass and muscle strength in energy-restricted and DEXA-treated rats. Since the leucine response may also be linked to the administration of this amino acid, we performed a second set of experiments with leucine given in bolus (via gavage) versus leucine given via drinking water. Leucine supplementation was found to produce positive effects (e.g., reduced insulin levels) only when administrated in low dosage, both via the bolus or via drinking water. However, under DEXA treatment, leucine administration was found to significantly influence this response, since leucine supplementation via drinking water clearly induced a diabetic state, whereas the same effect was not observed when supplied via the gavage.

Tratamento endodôntico de incisivo lateral superior após falha da cirurgia parendodôntica / Endodontic treatment of maxillary lateral incisor after failed surgery paraendodontic

O propósito deste artigo é relatar um caso clínico no qual foi realizada uma intervenção cirúrgica parendodôntica no incisivo lateral superior esquerdo em um paciente para remoção de uma lesão no periodonto apical, sem um prévio tratamento endodôntico, tendo a incisão, a enucleação da lesão e a sutura sido feitas de maneira equivocada, provocando uma fenestração tecidual no tecido gengival, expondo o tecido ósseo ao meio bucal, com consequente infecção e grande quantidade de exsudato purulento. Foi realizado um tratamento endodôntico no dente em questão, utilizando-se a limpeza e modelagem do canal com instrumentação rotatória e hipoclorito de sódio a 5,25%, cavitação ultrassônica com EDTA a 17%, curativo intracanal com hidróxido de cálcio e, em uma sessão posterior,obturação com guta-percha termoplastificada e cimento resinoso. Durante o exame clínico radiográfico de proservação realizado após quatro meses de concluído o tratamento endodôntico, foi observado a recuperação do tecido gengival e a radiografia periapical mostrou uma regeneração do tecido ósseo, onde antes existia a lesão.

The intention of this article is to tell a clinical case in which was made a endodontic surgery in a patient to remove a lesion in the apical periodonto and was carried throughan endodontic surgical intervention in the maxillary lateral incisor without a previous endodontic treatment, having the incision, the enucleation of the injury and the been suture made in a mistake way, provoking a tecidual fenestration in the gum of the patient,displaying the osseous tissue to the buccal way, with consequent infection and greatamount of purulent exudates. An endodontic treatment in the tooth in question was carried through, using itself cleaning and shaping of the canal with rotatory instrumentation and 5,25% sodium hypochlorite, ultrasonic cavitation with 17% EDTA, dressing intra canalwith of calcium hydroxide and, in a posterior session, obturation with termoplastificad gutta-percha and resinous sealer. During the clinical examination of flare-up conducted after four months of carried through the endodontic treatment was observed a recovery of the gum tissue and the periapical x-ray showed a regeneration of the osseous tissue,where before the injury existed.

Comparação da taxa de sucesso de quatro soluções anestésicas no bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior em pacientes com pulpite irreversível. Estudo prospectivo, randomizado, duplo-cego

Objetivo: comparar a eficácia de quatro soluções anestésicas para o bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior (BNAI) em pacientes com pulpite irreversível. Métodos: esse estudo prospectivo, randomizado e duplo-cego incluiu 60 pacientes adultos que compareceram ao serviço de atendimento de urgência da PUC-Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil. Os pacientes foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos,com 15 indivíduos cada, e receberam o bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior: Grupo ART - 2 tubetes de articaína 4% com epinefrina 1:100.000; Grupo LID - 2 tubetes de lidocaína 2%com epinefrina 1:100.000; Grupo PRI - 2 tubetes de prilocaína 3% com felipressina 0,03U.I.; e Grupo MEP - 2 tubetes de mepivacaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000. Iniciou-se o acesso cirúrgico após 10 minutos do bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior e o paciente foi instruído a relatar qualquer sensibilidade ou dor que sentisse durante o procedimento.O BNAI foi considerado bem-sucedido quando o procedimento de acesso e instrumentação foi realizado sem dor para o paciente. Se o paciente sentisse dor, o procedimento era interrompido e a anestesia considerada como insucesso.Resultados: foi utilizado o teste estatístico qui-quadrado para analisar os resultados (α=5%) e não houve diferença significativa (p>0,05) na taxa de sucesso do bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior entre os grupos: ART = 53,33%, PRI = 46,66% e MEP = 53,33%. Porém, a taxa no grupo LID foi estatisticamente inferior (20%) à dos demais grupos(p<0,05). Conclusão: nenhuma das soluções anestésicas apresentou um índice de sucesso aceitável para o bloqueio do nervo alveolar inferior em pacientes com pulpite irreversível em molares inferiores. A solução de lidocaína 2% com epinefrina 1:100.000 apresentou o pior resultado, quando comparado ao dos demais grupos

Cytotoxic tirucallane triterpenoids from Melia azedarach fruits.

The phytochemical investigation of the dichloromethane-soluble part of the methanol extract obtained from the fruits of Melia azedarach afforded one new tirucallane-type triterpene, 3-alpha-tigloylmelianol and three known tirucallanes, melianone, 21-beta-acetoxy-melianone, and methyl kulonate. The structure of the isolated compounds was mainly determined by 1D and 2D NMR experiments as well as HPLC-Q-TOF mass spectrometry. The cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds toward the human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line A549 was determined, while no activity was observed against the phytonematode Meloidogyne incognita.

Single-session use of mineral trioxide aggregate as an apical barrier in a case of external root resorption.

External root resorption may occur as a consequence of trauma, orthodontic treatment, bacterial infection or incomplete sealing of the root canal system (bacterial re-infection), and lead to crater formation on the resorbed apex. This would deform the root apex surface, and cause loss of apical constriction. Depending on the extent of the resorptive process, different treatment regimens have been proposed. A 34-year-old male patient presented with an intra-radicular retainer and an inadequate filling on tooth #21, as well as a radiographic image suggesting periapical bone rarefaction. After root canal retreatment, the defect was accessed coronally. The resorption area was chemo-mechanically debrided and since the apical end was very wide, a calcium sulphate matrix was made. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) was used to fill the resorptive defect, and the coronal access was temporarily sealed. After 24 h, the quality of the apical seal was evaluated with the aid of an operating microscope, and then the root canal system was filled. A 12-month follow-up radiograph showed adequate repair of the resorption. Clinically, the tooth was asymptomatic. We concluded that MTA can be successfully used to avoid overextension of the filling material when treating a tooth with external resorption.