Traditional medicines used by Q'eqchi' Maya to treat diabetic symptoms and their antiglycation potential.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Because of the recent increase in type 2 diabetes and the need for complementary treatments in remote communities in many parts of the world, we undertook a study of treatments for diabetic symptoms used by traditional Q'eqchi' Maya healers of Belize. We used quantitative ethnobotany to rank culturally important taxa and subsequent pharmacological and phytochemical studies to assess bioactivity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antidiabetic plants identified in field interviews with traditional healers were ranked by syndromic importance value (SIV) based on 15 symptoms of diabetes. Species ranked with high SIV were tested in an assay relevant to many diabetes complications, the advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) inhibition assay. Active principles were identified by phytochemical analysis and bioassay. RESULTS: We collected over 70 plant species having a promising SIV score. The plants represented a broad range of neotropical taxa. Selected Q'eqchi' antidiabetic plants with high SIV were collected in bulk and tested in the advanced glycation endproduct (AGE) inhibition assay. All plant extracts showed AGE inhibition and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) ranged from 40.8 to 733 µg/mL, while the most active species was Tynanthus guatemalensis Donn (Bignoniaceae). A linear regression showed a significant relationship between 1/ IC50 and SIV. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of verbascoside, as a major component and active principle of the T guatemalensis which had an IC50 = 5.1 µg/mL, comparable to the positive control quercetin. CONCLUSION: The results reveal a rich botanical tradition of antidiabetic symptom treatments among the Q'eqchi'. Study of highly ranked plants revealed their activity in AGE inhibition correlated with SIV. T. guatemalensis was identified as a promising species for further evaluation and local use.

Anxiolytic activity and active principles of Piper amalago (Piperaceae), a medicinal plant used by the Q'eqchi' Maya to treat susto, a culture-bound illness.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The medicinal plant, Piper amalago L. (Piperaceae), is used traditionally by Q'eqchi' Maya healers for the treatment of "susto" a culture-bound syndrome. Previous research suggests that susto symptoms may be a manifestation of anxiety. The objectives were to characterize the effect of ethanolic extract of P. amalago in behavioral assays of anxiety at doses representative of traditional use and to isolate active principles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Rats treated orally with low dose ethanolic extracts of P. amalago leaves (8-75mg/kg) were tested in several behavioral paradigms including the elevated plus maze (EPM), social interaction (SI), and conditioned emotional response (CER) tests, and compared to diazepam, a positive control. The active anxiolytic principle was isolated by bioassay guided isolation using an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay. RESULTS: Extracts had significant anxiolytic activity in all behavioral tests, with the strongest activity in the SI and the CER paradigms. In an in vitro GABAA competitive binding assay, a 66.5µg/mL concentration of P. amalago ethanol extract displaced 50% of the GABAA-BZD receptor ligand [(3)H]-Flunitrazepam. Bioassay-guided fractionation identified a furofuran lignan, a molecule with structural similarity to yangambin, with high affinity for the GABAA-BZD receptor as the principle bioactive. CONCLUSION: The results suggest that the ethnobotanical use of this plant may have a pharmacological basis in its anxiolytic activity, as demonstrated in animal behaviour tests.

Asociación de otras drogas de abuso en la intoxicación por cocaína / Cocaine intoxication in association with other drugs of abuse

El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido llevar a cabo un análisis de las urgencias atendidas en un hospital urbano de tercer nivel que se han relacionado con el consumo de cocaína. Para ello se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo, con exclusión del área de pediatría y ginecología, durante los años 2005 y 2006. Se revisaron todas las asistencias clínicas que consultaron por intoxicación por cocaína. Los datos fueron analizados con el paquete estadístico SPSS 15.0 para windows. Durante el periodo de estudio se produjeron 1.531 intoxicaciones (1,2% del total de las urgencias). De éstas, 327 eran por cocaína (21,4% de las intoxicaciones). La edad media fue de 31 (8) años y la moda de 26 años. Un 76,5% eran varones. El 69,1% ingresaron en ambulancia. La mayor afluencia se produjo en fin de semana (46,8%) y en horario nocturno (54,1%). El 53,2% eran consumidores habituales y el 25,4% esporádicos. Un 55,7% asociaron más de 2 drogas: el 53,5% alcohol, el 31,2% opiáceos, el 17.4% benzodiacepinas, el 17,1% cannabis, el 11,3% GHB y el resto otras drogas. El 77,1% consumieron en un lugar público. Tenían antecedentes de intoxicaciones previas un 59,3%. El 93% presentaban síntomatología: (52,6% neurológicos, 48% conductuales, 28,4% cardiovasculares, 19% respiratorios y 8,3% digestivos). Se administraron antídotos a un 20,5%. El destino final fue alta en las primeras 12 horas en el 60,9%, con solo un 5,7% de ingresos. Se realizó valoración psiquiátrica en el 21,1%. En conclusión, el perfil del usuario que consulta por intoxicación por cocaína es un varón de 26 años traído en ambulancia de un lugar público, en fin de semana, en horario nocturno, consumidor habitual, con sintomatología cardiológica y neurológica y dado de alta en menos de 12 horas. La intoxicación aguda por cocaína no es pura. Destaca la asociación de alcohol, opiáceos y benzodiacepinas. Menos de una cuarta parte fueron valorados por Psiquiatría (AU)

The main of this study was to analyze all patients with cocaine intoxication attended in the emergency department of a tertiary-care hospital. For this, a retrospective study for the years 2005 and 2006, excluding peadiatric and gynecological areas, has been carried out. All cases in which the main reason for seeking urgent medical care was cocaine intoxication were reviewed. Data were analyzed with the SPSS statistical package (version 15.0) for Windows. During the study period, a total of 1531 subjects with drug of abuse intoxication were attended, which accounted for 1.2% of all patients attended in the emergency department. Cocaine was the drug of abuse responsible for the intoxication in 327 cases (21.4% of all intoxications). The mean (SD) age of the patients was 31 (8) years (mode 26 years). A total of 76.5% were men, and 69.1% arrived to the emergency department in ambulance. A large percentage of subjects were attended on weekends (46.8%) and during the night shift (54.1%). A total of 53.2% were regular cocaine consumers and 25.4% consumed the drug sporadically. In 55.7% of the cases, more than two drugs were concomitantly consumed, including alcohol in 53.5% of cases, opioids in 31.2%, benzodiazepines in 17.4%, cannabis in 17.1%, gamma hydroxybutyric acid in 11.3%, and other drugs in the remaining cases. Drugs were consumed in a public place in 77.1% of cases. History of previous episodes of intoxication was recorded in 59.3% of cases. Symptoms were present in 93% of subjects (neurological in 52.6%, behavioural in 48%, cardiovascular in 28.4%, respiratory in 19%, and gastrointestinal in 8.3%). Antidotes were administered in 20.5% of cases. A total of 60.9% of subjects were discharged from the emergency department within the first 12 hours and only 5.7% were admitted to the hospital. Twenty-one percent of subjects underwent psychiatric assessment. In conclusion, the profile of a subject with cocaine intoxication attended in the emergency department is a man of 26 years of age, transferred in ambulance from a public place, on weekends and at night, regular cocaine consumer, presenting with neurological and cardiological symptoms, and discharged from the emergency department in less than 12 hours after admission. Cocaine intoxication occurred frequently in association with alcohol, opioids, and benzodiazepine use. Less than one fourth of subjects underwent psychiatric assessment (AU)