Cigarette smoking and risk of hip fracture in women: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Whether cigarette smoking can increase the risk of hip fracture in women is unclear. This meta-analysis, which pooled results from 10 prospective cohort studies, was performed to derive a more precise estimation between cigarette smoking and the risk of hip fracture in women. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Pubmed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched to identify relevant studies. A meta-analysis was performed to examine the association among 10 studies. The pooled risk estimates were calculated by using both random- and fixed-effects model. Heterogeneity among articles and their publications bias were also tested. All of the statistical analyses were performed using the software programs STATA (version 12.0). RESULTS: Relative risk was significantly increased in current female smokers (pooled RR, 1.30; 95%CI, 1.16-1.45). The association was significant among the high-dose smokers (more than 15 cigarettes per day) while not among the low-does smokers (less than 15 cigarettes per day). Omission of any single study had little effect on the pooled risk estimate. Former smokers had a similar RR of hip fracture (RR, 1.02; 95%CI, 0.93-1.11) to published papers. Smoking cessation for ≥10 years leads to a significant decline in risk. CONCLUSIONS: Smoking is associated with an increased hip fracture risk in women. Cessation of smoking for ≥10 years had a decreased impact on risk of hip fracture. Given the inconsistency among the studies in the choice of adjustments, the associations between cigarette smoking and risk of hip fracture in women await further investigation.

[Pharmacokinetics studies on tetramethylpyrazine by intravenous administration in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the pharmacokinetics behaviour of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) by intravenous administration in rats. METHODS: Methanol-0.05 mol/L acetate buffer solution (50:50,V/V) was used as mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The UV detection wavelength was 280 nm. RESULTS: The profile of TMP in blood fitted a two-compartment model. The half time of drug distribution and elimination was short. The mean residence time MRT 0-infinity was 141.61 min, and the AUC0-infinity was 7521.70 microg x min/ mL. CONCLUSION: After intravenous injection, the pharmacokinetics behaviour of TMP fit a two-compartment model in rats. Both the distribution and the elimination are fast.