RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Lamiophlomis rotata (Benth.) Kudo (L. rotata), the oral Traditional Tibetan herbal medicine, is adopted for treating knife and gun wounds for a long time. As previously demonstrated, total iridoid glycoside extract of L. rotata (IGLR) induced polarization of M2 macrophage to speed up wound healing. In diabetic wounds, high levels inflammatory and chemotactic factors are usually related to high reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. As a ROS target gene, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), influences the differentiation of monocytes to M1/M2 macrophages. Fortunately, iridoid glycosides are naturally occurring active compounds that can be used as the oxygen radical scavenger. Nevertheless, the influence of IGLR in diabetic wound healing and its associated mechanism is largely unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: With macrophages and dermal fibroblasts in vitro, as well as a thickness excision model of db/db mouse in vivo, the role of IGLR in diabetic wound healing and the probable mechanism of the action were investigated. RESULTS: Our results showed that IGLR suppressed oxidative distress and inflammation partly through the NRF2/cyclooxygenase2 (COX2) signaling pathway in vitro. The intercellular communication between macrophages and dermal fibroblasts was investigated by the conditioned medium (CM) of IGLR treatment cells. The CM increased the transcription and translation of collagen I (COL1A1) and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) within fibroblasts. With diabetic wound mice, the data demonstrated IGLR activated the NRF2/KEAP1 signaling and the downstream targets of the pathway, inhibited COX2/PEG2 signaling and decreased the interaction inflammatory targets of the axis, like interleukin-1beta (IL-1ß), interleukin 6 (IL-6), apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), cysteinyl aspartate specific proteinase1 (caspase1) and NOD-like receptor-containing protein 3 (NLRP3).In addition, the deposition of COL1A1, and the level of α-SMA, and Transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) obviously elevated, whereas that of pro-inflammatory factors reduced in the diabetic wound tissue with IGLR treatment. CONCLUSION: IGLR suppressed oxidative distress and inflammation mainly through NRF2/COX2 axis, thus promoting paracrine and accelerating wound healing in diabetes mice.
RESUMO
This study aimed to investigate the effect of fermented spent mushroom substrate from Pleurotus eryngii (SMPE) supplementation on production performance, meat quality and rumen bacterial community structure of Hu sheep. 120 2-month-old Hu sheep with average body weight [(13.50 ± 3.10) kg] were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups with 3 replicates per group and 10 sheep per replicate. The control group (RL1) was fed a total mixed ration (TMR), and group RL2, RL3 and RL4 were fed the basal diets supplemented with 15%, 30% and 45% fermented SMPE, respectively. The pretest period lasted for 10 days and the test period lasted for 150 days. The results showed that: (1) Difference (p < 0.05) was observed in average daily feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) between RL2 and RL4 groups. The eye muscle area (EMA) and grade rule (GR) values in RL2 and RL3 were significantly higher than those in RL1 and RL4 groups (p < 0.05). (2) The contents of threonine, valerine, leucine, lysine, histidine, essential amino acids, flavor amino acids, aspartic acid, serine, glutamic acid and arginine of the longissimus dorsi muscle in RL2 and RL3 groups were significantly higher than RL1 and RL4 (p < 0.05). (3) A total of 1,202,445 valid sequences were obtained from rumen of Hu sheep fed different amounts of fermented feed, and the valid sequences were clustered into 9824 Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs). (4) α diversity analysis showed that the richness and diversity of rumen bacterial communities in Hu sheep in RL1, RL2, RL3 and RL4 groups were significantly higher than RL0 (raw materials of fermented SMPE) group (p < 0.05). ß diversity analysis showed that the bacterial community structure was the most different between RL0 and RL3. (5) At the genus level, compared with RL1, the relative abundance of Christensenellaceae R-7 in RL3 group decreased significantly by 33.59%, the relative abundance of Prevotellaceae UCG001 in RL2, RL3 and RL4 decreased significantly by 50.41%, 62.24% and 49.17%, respectively, and the relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae NK4A214 in RL2 group increased significantly by 35.01% (p < 0.05). In summary, the addition of fermented SMPE to TMR can significantly improve the production performance, meat quality and rumen bacterial community diversity and abundance of Hu sheep.